玉米芯流化床快速热解制取生物油试验研究

本文在流化床上对玉米芯进行了快速热解制取生物油的试验研究.首先在非催化条件下考察了温度、气体流量、床高和物料粒径对热解产物产率的影响,得到了制取生物油的最优工况.在此工况下进行了催化热解试验,研究了FCC催化剂对热解产物产率和生物油品质的影响.结果表明,最优工况下生物油产率为56.8%.同未加催化剂相比,FCC催化剂的存在使得生物油中油组分和焦炭的产率降低,不凝结气体、水分和焦的产率增加.分级冷凝系统的应用较好的实现了重油、轻油和水的分离.对催化条件下第二级冷凝器收集的生物油分析表明,其油组分的氧含量和高位热值分别为13.64%和36.7 MJ/kg,具有很好的应用前景.     

生物质快速热裂解制取生物油试验研究

本文在快速热解试验装置中对片状的白松样品进行制取生物油的试验研究.考察了运行参数对热解产物分布的影响,重点研究了各个参数对热解气体和生物油组分的影响规律.结果表明,气体产物中主要以CO、CO2、H2和CH4为主,CO、H2和CH4的浓度随着温度升高而上升.生物油主要含有有机酸类、苯酚类和糖类等化合物.在同一载气流量下,随着辐射源温度的增加,大分子产物的产量逐渐减少,小分子产物的产量有所增加.在同一辐射源温度下,随着载气流量的减小,小分子产物的产量呈增加趋势.     

太湖藻及模型化合物的分级热解 (cited: 1)

以太湖藻为原料,通过分级热解来制备生物油,分别以棕榈酸、琼脂糖和蛋清粉模拟藻中的脂质、糖类和蛋白质,研究了藻分级热解生物油中主要组分的来源及热解过程中三大组分之间的相互作 用．结果表明,藻生物油中的烃类、十六酸及酯类均源自藻中脂质的热解,藻中蛋白质热解主要生成酚类、吲哚类、吡咯类和小分子酸;生物油中大部分的酰胺和腈类是脂质和蛋白质热解中间物相互作用的产物．藻组分中脂质和糖类的热解主要发生在473～573 K,而蛋白质的热解主要发生在523 K以上．藻生物油中仅有少量的糖类直接热解产物,可能是糖类热解产物在蛋白质热解产生的氨气等的作用下发生了聚合,使473和523 K所得生物油中有相当量的寡聚物;脂质与蛋白质的热解中间物相互作用生成了酰胺,酰胺再脱水又生成了腈类;而脂质与糖类之间相互作用不明显．     

流化床生物质快速热解制取生物油试验研究

本文在小型流化床试验装置中对颗粒状的樟子松进行制取生物油的试验研究.考察了反应温度对热解生物油物理性质和产率的影响,并重点研究了各个参数对热解生物油组分的影响规律.结果表明,在550℃下生物油产率最高,为50.4%(w/w).随着热裂解温度升高,生物油的密度略有增加,生物油的粘度随着含水率的增加而减小.反应温度对生物油的主要化学成分和含量影响不明显,生物油主要含有有机酸类、酚类和糖类等化合物.     

有机盐对生物质快速热解油生成特性的影响

采用浸渍法制备了不同甲酸钙负载量的玉米秸秆样品,通过热解装置对其催化生物质快速热解生油能力进行评价,利用元素分析、GC-MS等技术分析了液体产物组分的变化规律,同时以微晶纤维素、木质素为模化物,深入研究了生物质组分间交互作用对甲酸钙催化热解特性的影响.结果 表明,纤维素与木质素间的交互作用对甲酸钙催化生物质热解生油过程具有促进作用,增强了生物质组分的裂解反应和加氢反应,当甲酸钙含量为5％时,生物油产率获得最大值为301.2 g·kg-1,与秸秆非催化热解相比增幅为6％.甲酸钙对生物油组分具有明显选择性,导致脂肪族化合物含量增加,酚类化合物含量显著降低,而交互作用对二者的形成分别产生了促进和抑制作用效果.     

正丁烷和异丁烷低压热解的产物鉴定及质谱分析

利用同步辐射真空紫外光电离质谱技术研究了正丁烷和异丁烷在流动反应器中的低压热解,实验温度为823～1823 K. 通过扫描光电离效率(PIE)谱探测并鉴定了20多种热解产物,特别是多种自由基和同分异构体. 在质谱分析的基础上讨论了正丁烷和异丁烷热解的不同特性,从而为丁烷同分异构体分解路径的讨论提供了实验依据. 通过讨论可以发现,丁烷的同分异构体结构对它们的主要分解路径具有强烈的影响,从而导致了它们质谱和PIE谱的差异,如不同的主要产物和丁烯产物结构等. 此外与正丁烷热解相比,异丁烷热解在较低的温度下即可生成苯,这与后者中炔丙基和C4物种等苯前驱体的生成得到了加强是密切相关的,也为解释支链烷烃碳烟生成趋势高于直链烷烃的现象提供了实验线索.     

玉米秸秆生物油-柴油乳化油的燃烧特性

试验用生物油是玉米秸秆快速热解液化的产物,主要成分为含氧有机混合物和水,不宜直接作为燃料使用,但与柴油乳化后可实现其在发动机中应用.在一台未作改动的直喷式柴油机上研究了玉米秸秆生物油质量分数分别为10%(B10)和20%(B20)的生物油-柴油乳化油的燃烧特性.结果表明:与0号柴油相比,乳化油的滞燃期延长,预混燃烧放热...     

O_2/CO_2气氛下焦炭氮转化的实验研究

利用热重-傅里叶红外联用(TG-FTIR)的方法对O2/CO2和O2/Ar气氛下大同煤焦燃烧过程中焦炭氮的转化进行了实验研究.结果表明,两种气氛下煤焦燃烧过程中焦炭氮会转化为HCN、HNCO、N2O等.与O2/Ar气氛下的实验结果相比,O2/CO2气氛下焦炭氮的转化时间延长,含氮气体产物的质量分数也存在差异.热解制焦温...     

催化剂的性质对超临界乙醇条件下热解木质素液化的影响

研究了在超临界乙醇中、氢气存在下,一系列金属-酸双功能催化剂的酸性、孔径大小、负载的金属对热解木质素加氢裂解过程的影响．制备并采用N₂等温吸附和BET比表面、X射线衍射、NH₃-程序升温脱附技术对催化剂进行表征．实验结果表明催化剂酸性增强可促进热解木质素的缩聚反应,从而产生大量的焦炭和水,导致其液化效率降低．微孔催化剂比介孔催化剂孔径小,与强酸共同作用会导致热解木质素裂解生成更多的小分子气体．在催化剂上负载金属Ru可有效地抑制热解木质素的缩聚反应,促进其裂解液化．     

窑街油页岩及热解产物的FTIR分析

本文应用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和曲线拟合方法,对窑街油页岩流化床热解产物的表面官能团进行表征,揭示了页岩油中甲苯不溶物(TIM)的组成,并研究了热解温度和固相停留时间对热解半焦官能团变化的影响规律。结果显示,页岩油中TIM主要成分为脂肪族物质和矿物质,其红外光谱与飞灰和页岩油组合光谱高度吻合,证实了页岩油中TIM由超细飞灰和重质页岩油结合形成;随着热解温度上升,油页岩热解由热分解阶段进入缩合和芳构化阶段,脂肪族和含氧官能团逐渐减小至最终消失;停留时间主要影响热解反应中热分解和缩和反应比率,随着固相停留时间延长,反应逐渐从热分解占主导地位变为缩合占主导地位。     

生物油及生物质炭电催化制氢

报道了以生物质热裂解产物-生物油和生物质炭为原料,利用双固定床反应器和电催化水蒸气重整方法高效制氢过程研究．获得的最大绝对氢产率达到110.9 g H₂/1 kg干生物质,气相产物包括72%H₂、26%CO₂、1.9%CO和痕量的CH₄．研究了添加生物质炭对生物油制氢效果的影响,以及重整反应温度、通入催化床的电流等反应条件对生物油和生物质炭制氢效果的影响．结果表明,生物质炭的添加使绝对氢产率增加了大约20%～45%,提     

Pyrolysis of sewage sludge under conditions relevant to applied smouldering combustion

Pyrolysis of sewage sludge under conditions relevant to applied smouldering combustion was carried out in this study to investigate the influences of gas flow rate, oxidative atmosphere, and inert porous medium involvement on the properties of products. The experiments were carried out at 300–600 °C under atmospheres of N₂, 5% O₂/95% N₂, 10% O₂/90% N₂, and 15% O₂/85% N₂, with Darcy flow rates of 1.0 and 3.5 cm/s, respectively, with dried sewage sludge loaded individually or as a mixture with sand. As a result, both the increment of gas flow rate and involvement of sand leaded to lower yields of char and higher yields of bio-oil and gas under N₂ at temperature of ≤500 °C, due to the enhanced efficiency of pyrolysis reaction and gas transportation. However, when temperature increased to 600 °C, the influencing trends on product distributions changed due to the mechanisms of secondary cracking reaction and volatile-char interaction. The involvement of oxygen in fraction of ≤15 vol% at temperatures of 400–500 °C would lead to the intense decreasing yields of char and bio-oil, and increasing yield of the gaseous (dominated by CO₂ and CO), due to the involved oxidation reaction during pyrolysis. Both increment of temperature and oxygen fraction would lead to the delay of ignition and the increase of activation energy of the produced char, except for that of char produced at 400 °C under 5% O₂/95% N₂, whose calculated activation energy was lower and volatile content was higher compared to that of char produced from pyrolysis at 400 °C under N₂. The bio-oil from pyrolysis under N₂ was dominated by aliphatic acids, phenols, steroids, amides, and indoles, etc., and the involvement of partial oxidation would lead to the weakened formation of aromatics, phenols, and S/Cl/F-containing compounds in bio-oil.     

Biomass pyrolysis mechanism for carbon-based high-value products

The utilization of biomass, the only carbon-bearing renewable energy source, is critical for environmental and energy sustainability as well as carbon neutrality. Pyrolysis is the efficient conversion of biomass to fuel gas, liquid oil, and solid char. It is necessary to understand the mechanism of biomass pyrolysis for valuable and efficient utilization. In this review, recent progress with respect to biomass pyrolysis properties, the pyrolysis process, and product upgrading strategies focusing on carbon-based high-value liquid fuels and carbon-bearing materials are summarized. First, the correlations between the pyrolysis behavior and biomass structure and process conditions are considered. The mechanisms of the biomass pyrolysis of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin as well as the potential effect of inorganic matter on biomass pyrolysis are discussed. Furthermore, the regulation and controlling strategies for the biomass pyrolysis of high-value products are outlined. Finally, the challenges and prospects are discussed in order to provide a comprehensive picture of biomass pyrolysis development, which is significant for the understanding of biomass pyrolysis and the development of biomass utilization technology.     

压汞法分析生物质焦孔隙结构

对于稻壳、树叶、棉花杆、玉米杆四种生物质焦,通过压汞法测量了其在大孔和部分中孔范围内的孔隙结构,发现热解温度、热解保持时间、热解快／慢速都会影响着焦样的比表面积和平均孔径。四种生物质中,树叶焦样的比表面积最大,玉米杆的比表面积最小;稻壳焦样的平均孔径最小,玉米杆的平均孔径最大。不同生物质焦样的孔径分布规律有很大不同。热解温度、热解速度和热解保持时间对孔径分布规律的影响不大,决定孔径分布规律的是生物质本身。在中孔和大孔的范围内,四种生物质焦样的孔径分布曲线都呈现出双峰结构。     

污泥的热解提油-半焦燃烧工艺的实验研究

本文提出了双流化床中污泥的热解提油-半焦燃烧工艺,组织实验论证并进行了探索研究。结果表明,双流化床中可以实现污泥热解提油工艺和半焦燃烧工艺的耦合,即获得了污泥热解产生的油和气,又实现了污泥的焚烧无害化处理。污泥在双流化床中发生热解反应时,干燥无灰基污泥的油产率为24.1%,是煤的2.4倍,干燥无灰基污泥的轻油产率为8.44%,是煤的9倍。该工艺中,污泥中热量的43.1%转化为油,10.4%转化为热值10.54MJ/m~3的气体燃料,46.5%的热量残留在污泥半焦中,在燃烧炉内燃烧放热。     

生物质热裂解生物油特性的分析研究

基于生物油广泛应用的目的,对生物油的理化特性进行了深入的研究。结合色质联机技术分析了由流化床热裂解水曲柳获得的生物油主要组分的分布。生物油由于高含氧量需要进一步改性才能高端应用。     

Effect of pyrolysis conditions on gasification reactivity of woody biomass-derived char

The effect of pyrolysis conditions on char reactivity has been studied using Raman spectroscopy. This paper reports on the relationship between the properties of biomass char and the gasification rate. The gasification kinetics of biomass char have been revealed by measuring the rate of weight loss during its reaction with CO₂ as a function of temperature. First-order kinetic rate constants are determined by fitting the weight loss data using a random pore model. The relationship between the char structure and CO₂ gasification reactivity was investigated in the range of 15–600 °C/min at a constant pyrolysis pressure (0.1 MPa), and 0.1–3.0 MPa at a constant heating rate (15 °C/min). The experimental results reveal that the reactivity of biomass char is determined by the pyrolysis condition. The CO₂ gasification rates in char generated at 0.1 MPa exhibited approximately twice the values as compared to those obtained at 3 MPa. This is because the uniformity of the carbonaceous structure increases with the pyrolysis pressure. The uniformity of carbonaceous structures would affect the CO₂ gasification reactivity, and the decreasing uniformity would lead to the progression of cavities on the char surface during the CO₂ gasification process. The gasification rate of biomass char increases with the heating rate at pyrolysis. This is due to the coarseness (surface morphology) of biomass char and rough texture, which increases with the heating rate.     

Ultrasonic-assisted catalytic transfer hydrogenation for upgrading pyrolysis-oil

Recent interest in biomass-based fuel blendstocks and chemical compounds has stimulated research efforts on conversion and upgrading pathways, which are considered as critical commercialization drivers. Existing pre-/post-conversion pathways are energy intense (e.g., pyrolysis and hydrogenation) and economically unsustainable, thus, more efficient process solutions can result in supporting the renewable fuels and green chemicals industry. This study proposes a process, including biomass conversion and bio-oil upgrading, using mixed fast and slow pyrolysis conversion pathway, as well as sono-catalytic transfer hydrogenation (SCTH) treatment process. The proposed SCTH treatment employs ammonium formate as a hydrogen transfer additive and palladium supported on carbon as the catalyst. Utilizing SCTH, bio-oil molecular bonds were broken and restructured via the phenomena of cavitation, rarefaction, and hydrogenation, with the resulting product composition, investigated using ultimate analysis and spectroscopy. Additionally, an in-line characterization approach is proposed, using near-infrared spectroscopy, calibrated by multivariate analysis and modeling. The results indicate the potentiality of ultrasonic cavitation, catalytic transfer hydrogenation, and SCTH for incorporating hydrogen into the organic phase of bio-oil. It is concluded that the integration of pyrolysis with SCTH can improve bio-oil for enabling the production of fuel blendstocks and chemical compounds from lignocellulosic biomass.     

Simultaneous in-situ measurements of gas temperature and pyrolysis of biomass smoldering via X-ray computed tomography

In-situ X-ray computed tomography (XCT) imaging is employed to investigate the smoldering dynamics of biomass at the sub-millimeter scale. This technique provides simultaneous and spatially-resolved information about the gas temperature and the biomass density, thereby enabling tracking of the pyrolysis and char oxidation fronts. To achieve well-controlled heating and flow conditioning, oak biomass samples are instrumented above a diffusion flame inside a tube, with total oxygen concentrations of 6% and 11% per volume. Experiments are performed on a laboratory XCT system. The flow is diluted with Kr to increase X-ray attenuation in the gas phase thus allowing for simultaneous 3D measurements of sample density and surrounding temperature. XCT scans are acquired every 90 s at a spatial resolution of 135 µm. The high spatial resolution enables the volumetric visualization of the smoldering process that is associated with pyrolysis and char oxidation. These measurements show how the grain structure affects flame stabilization and induces fingering of the pyrolysis front, while crack formation accelerates the char oxidation locally. Evaluations of the sample mass via XCT are compared with load cell measurements, showing good agreement. A low-order model is developed to evaluate the propagation speeds of pyrolysis and oxidation fronts from the X-ray data over time, and comparisons are made with the surface recess speed.     

Tar formation variations during fluidised bed pyrolytic biomass conversion

A 3D Eulerian/Lagrangian simulation incorporating multi-step reaction mechanisms has been used to study fast pyrolysis of biomass in a 100 g/h fluidised bed reactor. The overall goal to optimise the production of bio-oil from fast pyrolysis is largely dependent on the thermochemical degradation process inside fluidised bed reactors. The discrete representation of biomass and sand particles in the simulation bridges accurate numerical modelling with reproducing realistic phenomena seen experimentally. Herein, the hydrodynamic bed behaviour causes temperature variations among batches of biomass particles injected at different times. It is found that such disparity affects the instantaneous tar release, causing relatively large differences in tar quantity and quality.