基于宽光谱应用的波长解复用多重体光栅的光写入特性

针对光通信中波长覆盖范围日益增宽的特点,从理论上研究了用于宽光谱范围波长解复用器件的多重体光栅的布喇格匹配和各波长对应光栅衍射效率的均匀性.计算及实验结果均表明,由于记录介质的色散效应将导致多重体全息光栅读出过程中明显的布喇格失配,并且在写入过程中获得的均匀折射率调制度的多重体光栅,在读出过程中各通信波长对应光栅的衍射效率将不均匀为此,提出了改进多重体光栅的光写入方法,给出了利用角度复用法写入透射型多重体光栅时解复用波长与写入角度的关系,以及写入体光栅过程中记录介质的折射率调制度修正公式.     

Optical Anisotropy of Photonic Crystals of Cubic Symmetry Induced by Multiple Diffraction of Light

The optical spectra of Bragg reflection from opal-like photonic crystals under conditions of the resonant enhancement of the multiple diffraction of light have been studied experimentally and theoretically using the photonic crystal structures prepared of monodisperse polystyrene globules. It is shown that the reflection signal registered in mutually orthogonal configurations of the polarizer and analyzer is related to the intrinsic optical anisotropy of the crystals and is a specific manifestation of the multiple Bragg diffraction in three-dimensional photonic crystals.     

Detection of higher nonlinear harmonics of volume photorefractive gratings in reflection geometry

A comprehensive technique has been used to detect diffraction from the second and the third nonlinear spatial harmonic components, along with the fundamental harmonic of volume photorefractive gratings recorded in a channel waveguide in a LiNbO₃ substrate. For the first time to our knowledge, efficient diffraction from the higher spatial harmonic components of a photorefractive grating has been detected in reflection geometry. The dependence of a Bragg wavelength shift on the order of nonlinearity is also reported.     

Acousto-Optic Deflector with a High Diffraction Efficiency and Wide Angular Scanning Range

A new acousto-optic deflector with a wide angular scanning range and a high diffraction efficiency has been studied. The device uses an additional deflector, which allows the angle of incidence of the input beam to be adjusted in order to fulfill the Bragg phase–matching condition over the entire scanning range of the main deflector. The characteristics of an anisotropic two-crystal deflector based on paratellurite crystals have been measured. It has been established experimentally that the operating bandwidth of the device is 32 MHz for a diffraction coefficient no less than 90%, which determines a light beam scanning angle of 50 mrad.     

Angular splitting of the Bragg diffraction order in an acoustooptical modulator due to a frequency-modulated acoustic wave

Effects of angular splitting of the Bragg diffraction order arising in light acoustooptical diffraction by a frequency-modulated acoustic wave are considered. These effects occur when the size of the light spot in the acoustooptical interaction zone exceeds the characteristic spatial period of the modulating function. The Bragg diffraction order is found to be split into several beams. The directions of the additional beams, their number, and intensities are determined by the modulation parameters. In particular, there occurs a situation where the diffracted field consists of three beams of equal intensity spaced at a distance approximately equal to the diffraction divergence of the incident beam and the diffraction total efficiency is of the order of 100%. Therein lies the difference between this diffraction regime and the case where several independent acoustic waves are generated in the interaction domain and the diffraction total efficiency is limited to the intermodulation arisen. The effect is used in design of modulators for systems of image plotting with the help of high-power lasers.     

Holographic solitons

We propose a new kind of an optical spatial soliton: the holographic soliton. This soliton consists of two mutually coherent field components that interfere, induce a periodic change in the refractive index, and simultaneously are Bragg diffracted from the grating. Holographic solitons are formed when the broadening tendency of diffraction is balanced by phase modulation that is due to Bragg diffraction from the induced grating. Holographic solitons are solely supported by cross-phase modulation arising from the induced grating, not involving self-phase modulation at all.     

Ultrasonic diffraction of Bessel light beams in uniaxial gyrotropic crystals

Specific features of the acousto-optic diffraction of Bessel light beams propagating in the vicinity of the optical axis of a uniaxial gyrotropic crystal have been investigated. The dependences of the diffraction efficiency on the acousto-optic interaction length, ultrasound power, and polarization state of the incident Bessel light beam have been analyzed using the coupled-wave equations and the overlap-integral method. It is shown that polarization-independent diffraction of Bessel light beams is observed in paratellurite crystals, when the Bragg diffraction efficiency is independent of the polarization state of the incident beam. The physical reason for this diffraction has been established (both theoretically and experimentally) to be simultaneous implementation of two processes of anisotropic scattering, at which the Bragg synchronism conditions are satisfied for orthogonal polarized Bessel beams with elliptical polarization.     

Four-Mode Coupling in Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors Using Full Fields of the Fundamental Modes

Abstract

The four-mode coupling in shear-strain-loaded fiber Bragg grating sensors has been demonstrated to have influence on the measured spectra and, thus, on the application of embedded fiber Bragg gratings for strain field measurements. In a recent work, these coupling coefficients were derived using a set of assumptions on the properties of the fiber's modes. However, the validity of these approximations was not explicitly tested. Here, the required coupling coefficients are computed, making use of the full-field components. It is demonstrated that additional terms will appear; however, they are negligible in practical fibers, and thus, the made approximations are valid.     

Anisotropic light diffraction in crystals with a large acoustic-energy walk-off

The influence of energy walk-off in an acoustic beam on the characteristic of anisotropic Bragg diffraction of light has been investigated by the example of paratellurite crystal. The angular and frequency characteristics of acousto-optic diffraction have been calculated in wide ranges of ultrasound frequencies and Bragg angles using the modified Raman-Nath equations. It is shown that the walk-off of an acoustic beam may change (either widen or narrow) significantly the frequency and angular ranges. The calculation results have been experimentally checked on an acousto-optic cell made of 10.5°-cut paratellurite crystal.     

Bragg diffraction of light beams by ultrasound with a curved wave front in gyrotropic cubic crystals

We have investigated Bragg diffraction of light beams by ultrasound in gyrotropic cubic crystals for strong acoustoopitc interaction. We have obtained analytical solutions of the vector-matrix coupled-wave equations in partial derivatives relative to the spatial distributions of the light beams and their angular spectra. We consider the asymptotic form of the solutions in different regimes and the diffraction efficiencies. We study the transformation of the amplitude and polarization distributions with respect to the angular spectrum of the diffracted radiation under strong-interaction conditions in the field of an ultrasonic beam with a curved wave front.Tomsk Institute of Automated Control Systems and Radioelectronics. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 273–288, March, 1994.     

Bragg diffraction of light beams in an ultrasonic field with an inhomogeneous amplitude-phase distribution in gyrotropic cubic crystals

We study Bragg diffraction of light beams by ultrasound with an inhomogeneous amplitude-phase distribution represented by nonlinear model functions in gyrotropic cubic crystals with strong acoustooptical interaction. Analytical solutions of the vector-matrix equations of coupled waves in partial derivatives with respect to the spatial distributions of light beams and their angular spectra are obtained. The transfer functions of acousto-optical interaction are determined. The solution asymptotics is considered for different modes and diffraction efficiencies.State Academy of Control Systems and Radio-Electronics, Tomsk. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 38, No. 9, pp. 939–960, September, 1995.     

Triple Bragg diffraction in paratellurite crystal

Triple Bragg diffraction in a paratellurite crystal has been considered for the case when the plane of diffraction is oblique to the optical axis of the crystal. It has been shown that effective photoelastic constants for isotropic and anisotropic diffraction depend on the inclination of the plane of diffraction insignificantly. Triple Bragg diffraction of 0.63-μm coherent radiation in paratellurite at a 47.3-MHz slow acoustic wave has been experimentally demonstrated. For an optical power of 0.69 W delivered to a piezoconverter, the relative intensities of diffraction orders equal ~0.4, 0.4, 0.1, and 0.1, respectively.     

Two-dimensional lateral ordering of self-assembled Ge islands on patterned substrates

Stacks of Ge islands layers, separated by thin Si spacer layers, have been grown on prepatterned Si (0 0 1) substrates. The sample topography, obtained by atomic force microscopy, exhibits a regular two-dimensional island arrangement. The vertical alignment is confirmed in cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy images. X-ray diffraction reciprocal space maps around the (0 0 4) Bragg point reveal exceptional lateral and vertical ordering of the Ge islands. Photoluminescence spectra taken at 5 K show well-separated peaks of the no-phonon and the transverse-optical phonon replica of these ordered islands, which is achieved too, due to the excellent island size uniformity.     

光栅周期包含的Bragg层数对Bragg型凹面衍射光栅的影响

单个衍射光栅周期所包含的Bragg周期层数是连续Bragg齿型凹面衍射光栅的主要参数之一,该参数可改变光栅齿结构,对凹面衍射光栅的分辨力.自由光谱范围及衍射效率有重要影响.本文通过理论分析与仿真模拟,对比了4种不同层数的Bragg型凹面衍射光栅的特性参数.研究结果表明:在衍射光栅尺寸不变的情况下,改变单个光栅周期包含的Bragg周期层数不会显著提高器件主衍射级次的分辨力;单个光栅周期包含的Bragg周期层数与光栅可衍射的级次数成正相关.单周期层数的Bragg凹面衍射光栅的主衍射级次效率最高,其可衍射的级次数最少,且其他衍射级次分散的能量最少;增加单个光栅周期所包含的Bragg周期层数会降低主衍射级次的自由光谱范围.该研究对于设计低插损、高分辨率、宽工作波段的波分复用器或光栅光谱仪具有重要的指导意义.     

Bragg diffraction of light by a set of parallel phase gratings: Analysis and applications

Bragg diffraction of light by a set of parallel phase gratings is considered, utilizing two-dimensional coupled-wave theory. The diffraction characteristics of a Bragg-type spatial light modulator are presented. It is shown that the resolution limit and the accuracy of spatial light modulation are determined by the geometry parameter of the grating. The results obtained are used for the choice of the design parameters of various optical Bragg processors.     

簿膜结构分析中的低角X射线衍射方法

利用带折射修正的布喇格衍射定律和薄膜光学理论分析了低角Ｘ射线衍射谱中出现的一系列现象，导出了多层膜周期厚度和周期中不同材料间的配比率的计算公式，对多层膜的低角Ｘ射线衍射谱中主峰间的次峰现象作出了解释，并对低角Ｘ射线衍射测量单层膜厚度进行分析，给出了精确的测厚公式。     

Novel spatial solitons in light-induced photonic bandgap structures

The study of wave propagation in periodic systems is at the frontiers of physics, from fluids to condensed matter physics, and from photonic crystals to Bose-Einstein condensates. In optics, a typical example of periodic system is a closely-spaced waveguide array, in which collective behavior of wave propagation exhibits many intriguing phenomena that have no counterpart in homogeneous media. Even in a linear waveguide array, the diffraction property of a light beam changes due to evanescent coupling between nearby waveguide sites, leading to normal and anomalous discrete diffraction. In a nonlinear waveguide array, a balance between diffraction and self-action gives rise to novel localized states such as spatial “discrete solitons” in the semi-infinite (or total-internal-reflection) gap or spatial “gap solitons” in the Bragg reflection gaps. Recently, in a series of experiments, we have “fabricated” closely-spaced waveguide arrays (photonic lattices) by optical induction. Such photonic structures have attracted great interest due to their novel physics, link to photonic crystals, as well as potential applications in optical switching and navigation. In this review article, we present a brief overview on our experimental demonstrations of a number of novel spatial soliton phenomena in light-induced photonic bandgap structures, including self-trapping of fundamental discrete solitons and more sophisticated lattice gap solitons. Much of our work has direct impact on the study of similar discrete phenomena in systems beyond optics, including sound waves, water waves, and matter waves (Bose-Einstein condensates) propagating in periodic potentials.     

Novel spatial solitons in light-induced photonic bandgap structures

The study of wave propagation in periodic systems is at the frontiers of physics, from fluids to condensed matter physics, and from photonic crystals to Bose-Einstein condensates. In optics, a typical example of periodic system is a closely-spaced waveguide array, in which collective behavior of wave propagation exhibits many intriguing phenomena that have no counterpart in homogeneous media. Even in a linear waveguide array, the diffraction property of a light beam changes due to evanescent coupling between nearby waveguide sites, leading to normal and anomalous discrete diffraction. In a nonlinear waveguide array, a balance between diffraction and self-action gives rise to novel localized states such as spatial “discrete solitons” in the semi-infinite (or total-internal-reflection) gap or spatial “gap solitons” in the Bragg reflection gaps. Recently, in a series of experiments, we have “fabricated” closely-spaced waveguide arrays (photonic lattices) by optical induction. Such photonic structures have attracted great interest due to their novel physics, link to photonic crystals, as well as potential applications in optical switching and navigation. In this review article, we present a brief overview on our experimental demonstrations of a number of novel spatial soliton phenomena in light-induced photonic bandgap structures, including self-trapping of fundamental discrete solitons and more sophisticated lattice gap solitons. Much of our work has direct impact on the study of similar discrete phenomena in systems beyond optics, including sound waves, water waves, and matter waves (Bose-Einstein condensates) propagating in periodic potentials.      

光纤Bragg光栅的饱和效应

光纤 Bragg光栅的饱和效应可引起二阶衍射,并使一阶衍射的峰值反射率下降.本文利用折射率变化模型和耦合模理论,模拟了饱和情况下 Bragg光栅的一阶和二阶衍射谱,并讨论了饱和系数对一阶和二阶衍射的 Bragg波长和峰值反射率的影响.数值模拟结果与参考文献中的实验结果相吻合.     

Direct measurement of the delay time for a neutron in a crystal in the case of the Laue diffraction

The dynamical Laue diffraction has been studied for a direct beam diffracted from a thin (～3.5 cm) α-quartz crystal at the Bragg angles close to 90°. It is shown that diffraction occurs at Bragg angles up to 87°. The time-of-flight method is used to measure the time of the neutron presence in the crystal under the diffraction conditions. The time delay for a scattered neutron inside the crystal predicted earlier for the Bragg angles close to 90° confirmed experimentally. The effective velocity of the neutron propagation in a crystal measured at the incident-neutron velocity of 810 m/s and the diffraction angle of 87° equals (43±1) m/s. The result obtained confirms the possibility of increasing, by an order of magnitude, the sensitivity of the diffraction method of determining the dipole moment of a neutron at Bragg angles close to 90° predicted earlier theoretically.