复杂海空背景下红外弱小目标检测技术研究

为实现舰载红外警戒系统对海空背景下红外弱点目标的检测，根据目标识别系统的组成及目标检测识别信息处理流程，研究了远距离弱小目标的检测识别算法。结合形态学的方法给出一种目标检测算法，该算法可以有效地消除云层、海浪、海天线以及传感器本身引入的杂波和噪声干扰，仿真结果表明采用本文提出的算法有利于对目标的进一步识别，提高舰载红外警戒系统的目标检测性能。     

An improved infrared dim and small target detection algorithm based on the contrast mechanism of human visual system

To achieve higher detection rate and lower false alarm rate in dim and small target detection, this paper proposed an improved algorithm based on the contrast mechanism of human visual system (HVS) for infrared small target detection in an image with complicated background. According to the contrast mechanism of HVS, Laplacian of Gaussian (LoG) filter is exploited to deal with the input image, which can not only suppress the background noise and clutter but also enhances the target intensity significantly. As a result it increases the contrast ratio between target and background. To further eliminate residual clutter, we process the filtered image with morphological method in all directions. True target is finally obtained by applying local thresholding segmentation to the pre-processed image. Experimental results demonstrate its superior and reliable detection performance by high detection rate and low false alarm rate.     

Detection of infrared small target based on fusion of multi-filters北大核心CSCD

Aiming at solving accuracy problem of infrared small target detection in sky and ocean background scenarios of infrared image sequences, a novel infrared small target detection based on multi-filters algorithm fusion method is presented in this paper. Firstly infrared small target and imaging, time and space characteristics of the corresponding background noise are analyzed. Tophat algorithm with improved Robinson guard filter are then integrated to highlight target and suppress clutter background by using infrared small target imaging features. Adaptive threshold segmentation is used to extract candidate targets, while Unger smoothing filter and multi-objects association filter are used to eliminate random noise and false targets in the candidate targets. Multiple experiments of infrared small target image sequences are implemented, and experimental results show that proposed method can detect infrared small targets at 99% detection rate with high reliability and good real-time performance. © 2017, Editorial Board, Journal of Applied Optics. All right reserved.     

基于衬底温度和贝叶斯估计的红外非均匀性校正（英）

分析了红外焦平面阵列(IRFPA)基于定标的非均匀性校正法(NUC)和基于场景的NUC算法各自的优势和问题,在此基础上提出了联合非均匀性校正方法。根据上电时刻焦平面衬底的温度值,从FLASH中提取事先存储的对应温度区间的增益和偏置校正参数,初步消除探测器的非均匀性。通过分析初步校正后图像残余非均匀性噪声的特性,提出了一种自适应非均匀性校正算法NSCT,对经过NSCT分解后的子带图像,利用贝叶斯阈值逐点进行信号方差和噪声方差估计,计算出残余非均匀性噪声后并加以去除。实验结果表明,该算法能有效提高校正精度,并具有更强的环境适应性。     

Smart Sensors

The term “Smart Sensors” refers to sensors which contain both sensing and signal processing capabilities with objectives ranging from simple viewing to sophisticated remote sensing, surveillance, search/track, weapon guidance, robotics, perceptronics and intelligence applications.

Recently this approach is achieving higher goals by a new and revolutionary sensors concept which introduced inside the sensor some of the basic functions of living eyes, such as dynamic stare, non-uniformity compensation, spatial and temporal filtering.

New objectives and requirements are presented for this type of new infrared smart sensor systems.

This paper is concerned with the front end of FPA microbolometers processing, namely, the enhancement of target-to-noise ratio by background clutter suppression and the improvement in target detection by “smart” and pattern correlation thresholding.     

扫描型红外预警系统中弱小目标的检测算法

提出一种基于面阵探测器的全方位红外预警系统的运动弱小目标检测算法.该算法主要基于灰度形态学滤波和目标概率分布函数匹配两种技术.灰度形态学的高帽变换可以有效地检测出红外图像中的特定目标,但没有考虑目标强度分布特征,检测结果的虚警率较高.本文采用了均值偏移算法常用的概率分布函数匹配技术,对检测出的小目标进行二次确认.试验结果表明,该方法能够有效地抑制背景杂波干扰,降低虚警率.     

Detection method for small and dim targets from a time series of images observed by a space-based optical detection system

To revisit cataloged space targets, a space-based optical detection system normally observes space targets continuously in a target tracking mode. In the time series of images produced by continuous observation, there are not only the target but also complicated background clutter (a mass of stars) and noises. The existing method only can detect the target with an signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) greater than 6 from these images. This paper presents a detection method for the target with an SNR less than 6. The proposed method consists of an SNR enhancement algorithm and an adaptive background and noise suppression algorithm. Simulation and analytical results show the proposed method detects the target submerged in noise and background clutter when SNR is equal to 3 and the detection probability and the false alarm probability both reach very high performance. This proposed method can help solve the problem of revisiting some weak cataloged space targets.     

基于双层局部对比度的红外弱小目标检测方法

针对传统基于人类视觉系统的检测方法在复杂背景下容易造成检测虚警的问题,提出一种基于双层局部对比度的红外弱小目标检测方法.首先,通过双层对角灰度差对比度分析机制,充分利用小目标局部对比度的先验信息,提高目标对比度的同时抑制背景杂波及噪声;之后,利用自适应阈值分割法获取待检测的真实目标.实验结果表明,与主流基于人类视觉系统的检测方法相比,所提方法的背景抑制因子平均提高9.3倍以上,信杂比率增益平均提高7.8倍以上,在不同的复杂场景下均具有更好的检测性能.     

热释电IRFPA非均匀性校正实验系统研究

采用虚拟仪器技术,设计了基于LabVIEW软件平台的热释电IRFPA（红外焦平面阵列）非均匀性校正系统。该系统可通过控制面板选择校正算法,选取3种不同的标准像元的标准校正曲线。可以对IRFPA待校正的像元输出进行采集,对非均匀性参数进行测试,还可以进行非均匀性校正。系统通过三维波形以及图像的显示来观察校正前后对比,并能计算出校正前后的NU（非均匀性）值大小。对像元数为120160的热释电IRFPA输出的视频信号进行了非均匀性校正实验,对非均匀性校正算法进行了统计对比,对仿真结果及数据进行了分析总结。经过校正实验验证了系统的可行性,结果证明基于平均值法的两点定标算法对热释电IRFPA非均匀性校正后的NU值是最小的。通过统计数据得出校正后的NU可平均下降30%。     

基于局部纹理分析的红外小目标检测及其DSP实现

在红外小目标图像中,目标具有与其邻域背景明显不同的纹理和频率特征,在不同尺度和不同频率通道上有不同的表现,利用小波的多尺度分析理论,可将小目标与其邻域背景区分开。采用适合在低信噪比下小目标检测的局部纹理分析方法实现了小目标检测。为了满足红外小目标检测的实时性要求,采用TI公司的高性能数字多媒体DSP芯片实现了小目标检测系统。通过软件程序的优化设计来进一步提高程序运行速度与流水效率,具有良好的软硬件体系结构。通过对实测红外序列图像进行实验表明,所设计的系统能实时地、稳定地检测复杂背景下的1~3个像素的运动小目标。     

基于PDE的前视红外成像舰船目标检测

针对复杂环境下的海面目标提取问题,提出一种基于偏微分方程（PDE）的红外舰船检测算法。首先采用基于PDE理论的滤波模型对初始图像滤噪并进行背景估计,然后结合邻域差分进行背景抑制后分割提取目标。实验表明,该算法能够有效检测强杂波背景中的目标,方法适应性强。     

一种基于恒定统计的红外图像非均匀性校正算法

对红外焦平面阵列成像系统而言,基于场景的非均匀校正技术是处理固定图案噪声的关键技术。现有的非均匀校正算法主要被收敛速度和鬼像问题所限制。提出一种新的基于恒定统计算法的自适应场景非均匀校正技术。利用红外图像序列的时域统计信息结合提出的α修正均值滤波来估计探测器的参数,通过减少样本的渐进方差估计,完成成像系统的非均匀性校正。通过模拟和真实的非均匀性图像对算法的性能进行评价。实验结果表明,在继承恒定统计算法快速收敛的同时,图像峰值信噪比较恒定校正法及常系数α校正算法分别有44.5%和32.9%的提升,图像鬼像问题有明显改善。     

Optical Differentiation Phase Measurement Using the Bias Shifting Method

A new optical phase measurement method using a differentiation filter is proposed. The new method uses two images obtained by shifting the filter. This method has an advantage in that non-uniformity of the wavefront intensity does not produce errors. We present herein the theory of the newly proposed method and verify the theory by computer simulation. The effects of non-uniformity of the wavefront intensity, noise, and bias shifting length for errors are discussed. The system has been demonstrated for a plane wave and a spherical wave. For the proposed method, although the number of errors due to noise increases, the number of errors due to non-uniformity decreases. Therefore, the proposed method is useful for the phase measurement of a wavefront for which the intensity is not uniform. In addition, it improves the accuracy of the phase measurement system using a differentiation filter.     

多尺度形态算子融合图像滤波技术及滤波质量评价

针对舰载红外警戒系统的红外和电视图像,提出了一种新的海空背景下受强杂波、噪声污染的图像目标滤波算法和滤波效果的定量评价算子。算法采用多尺度的形态算子对输入的图像并行滤波,大尺度形态算子抑制图像噪声,小尺度形态算子提取目标边缘细节信息。处理后的图像进行基于树状小波帧变换的图像信息融合,融合图像可完备提取不同尺度滤波后的图像信息。针对目标检测跟踪的图像滤波算法的评价,提出了目标与背景的交叉分辨力评价算子及评价准则。仿真实验表明。该滤波算法要优于中值滤波、自适应滤波、小波变换滤波算法,滤波质量的定量评价算法是合理的、有效的。算法适用于舰载红外警戒系统。     

红外搜索系统中弱小目标检测算法研究

 复杂背景下低信噪比弱小目标的检测是红外搜索系统中的重点和难点,为解决红外搜索系统中杂波干扰多、目标信噪比低等问题,提出一种模板匹配滤波的目标检测方法。该算法在预测背景的同时,通过对图像背景灰度值进行动态的阈值处理,自适应地进行背景抑制。当背景包含较多复杂因素时,采用模板匹配滤波的目标检测方法,消除背景抑制后的残留杂波,实现弱小目标的提取。试验结果表明：当场景较复杂且图像信噪比较低时,使用该算法处理后可使图像信噪比达到4 dB以上,从而提高了弱小目标的检测概率。     

基于MOS电阻阵列的红外目标模拟器非均匀性校正技术研究

红外成像目标模拟器是红外成像半实物仿真系统中的关键组成部分,基于微机械技术发展起来的MOS电阻阵列是红外图像生成器的重要发展方向。其中红外图像生成的质量是设计和研制红外成像目标模拟系统需重点考虑的问题。多种原因导致电阻阵列具有一定的非均匀性,因此在使用之前必须对其进行非均匀性校正。结合实际应用,阐述了基于MOS电阻阵列的红外成像目标模拟器的非均匀性产生机理,建立红外目标模拟器的非均匀性修正数据库对红外目标模拟器的图像数据源进行校正和补偿,产生校正后的图像数据,完成对红外目标模拟器存在非均匀性的离线修正。     

Causes of the reconstructed cross appearing in lensless Fourier transform digital holography

Causes of the bright cross appearing in the reconstructed field of lensless Fourier transform digital hologram (LFDH) are presented. Firstly, as LFDH's reconstruction was directly performed by Fourier transform algorithm, the intensity distribution of reconstructed image plane was just LFDH's spectrum, and three parts of the reconstructed field are imaged in the spectral plane. Meanwhile their intensities were almost the same. Hence, the ratio of signal to noise of the reconstructed image was obviously lower than that of the conventional digital hologram. Further, non-uniformity of the background intensity and random noises usually existed in a practical LFDH. Meanwhile their spectra spread through the central and the edge areas; this also led to decrease in the ratio of signal to noise of the reconstructed image. Specially, as the two-dimensional Fourier transform algorithm was performed row by row, and then column by column, the low-frequency spectrum induced by the non-uniformity of the background and random noises along the directions of rows and columns would concentrate on the central column and row, respectively, and what is gotten looked like a cross. Therefore, the cross appearing in LFDH's reconstructed field should be attributed to the combination of the background and the Fourier transform algorithm itself.     

一种背景自适应调整的弱点目标探测算法

针对因复杂背景导致低信噪比的弱点目标探测率降低的问题,首先分析了从红外图像中探测弱点目标时,由于复杂和缓变背景下潜在目标探测率不同,而导致目标探测率降低的理论依据;并在该分析的基础上,提出了一种基于背景自适应调整的红外点目标探测算法。该方法利用鲁宾逊(Robinson)保护滤波器从经过预处理的图像中提取潜在目标;通过复杂背景模糊隶属度函数将图像映射到模糊特征平面,并由该特征平面计算背景调整因子,以对提取的潜在目标进行加权调整,从而降低了复杂背景的影响。实验结果表明,该算法可以显著提高复杂背景下红外点目标的检测概率,并且能够探测出信噪比为1的目标。     

Principal curvature for infrared small target detection

Small target detection in infrared image with complex background and low signal–noise ratio is an important and difficult task in the infrared target tracking system. In this paper, a principal curvature-based method is proposed. The principal curvatures of target pixels are negative and their absolute values are larger than that of background pixels and noise pixels in a Gaussian-blurred infrared image. The proposed filter takes a composite function of the curvatures for detection. An approximate model is also built for optimizing the parameters. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is effective and adaptable for infrared small target detection in complex background. Compared with several popular methods, the proposed algorithm demonstrates significant improvement on detection performance in terms of the parameters of signal clutter ratio gain, background suppression factor and ROC.     

Infrared small target enhancement based on variance difference

In surveillance and early warning systems, the enhancement of targets is a very important stage for the high reliability detection and tracking in Infrared images with complex backgrounds. In order to enhance small targets in an Infrared image and suppress the background clutter, consequently increasing the contrast between them, this paper proposes a method using a model for the target area with a three-layer patch-image model and based on the difference between the variance of the layers in the neighboring areas of the investigated pixel. Results of the experiments indicate that the proposed method is quite effective on the enhancement of small targets as well as suppression of the background clutter in IR images with a minimum false alarm rate. This is realized while the runtime of the proposed method is minimal compared to other commonly used methods, which makes it effective to be used in real time applications.