Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy of Biological Tissues

Abstract

This article reviews some of the recent advances on FTIR spectroscopy in areas related to natural tissues and cell biology. It is the second review publication resulting from a detailed study on the applications of spectroscopic methods in biological studies and summarizes some of the most widely used peak frequencies and their assignments. The aim of these studies is to prepare a database of molecular fingerprints, which will help researchers in defining the chemical structure of the biological tissues introducing most of the important peaks present in the natural tissues. In spite of applying different methods, there seems to be a considerable similarity in defining the peaks of identical areas of the FTIR spectra. As a result, it is believed that preparing a unique collection of the frequencies encountered in FTIR spectroscopic studies can lead to significant improvements both in the quantity and quality of research and their outcomes. This article is the first review of its kind that provides a precise database on the most important FTIR characteristic peak frequencies for researchers aiming to analyze natural tissues by FTIR spectroscopy and will be of considerable assistance to those who are focusing on the analysis of cancerous tissues by FTIR spectroscopy.     

七种牛肝菌的红外光谱鉴别

运用傅里叶变换红外光谱、二维相关谱及主成分分析对7种同属牛肝菌进行分析鉴别。结果显示：7种牛肝菌的原始光谱总体特征相似,主要由蛋白质、多糖等的吸收峰组成,但在吸收峰强度、位置仍存在差异。对样品进行二维相关红外光谱分析,在二维相关红外光谱1 680～1 300 cm-1范围内,茶褐牛肝菌和双色牛肝菌出现了6个明显的自动峰;小美牛肝菌出现了5个明显的自动峰;灰褐牛肝菌和美柄牛肝菌出现4个明显自动峰;美味牛肝菌和铜色牛肝菌自动峰相对较少,只出现了3个明显的自动峰;而且自动峰和交叉峰的强度、位置也存在较大差异。同样在二维相关红外光谱1 150～920 cm-1范围内,不同牛肝菌的同步谱中自动峰和交叉峰的数量、强度和位置也不同。对光谱1 800～800 cm-1范围内的二阶导数进行主成分分析,所有样品均区分开,其分类正确率达100%。结果表明,傅里叶变换红外光谱结合二维相关红外光谱或者主成分分析可以有效地区分茶褐牛肝菌、小美牛肝菌、双色牛肝菌、灰褐牛肝菌、美柄牛肝菌、美味牛肝菌和铜色牛肝菌。该方法对于分类鉴别蘑菇是一种快速、准确、有效的方法。     

柳树病叶的傅里叶变换红外光谱研究

利用傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱技术对三种柳树正常叶和病叶,同一枝条的幼叶、成叶、黄叶、病叶进行光谱测试,旨在分析柳树病叶发生的一些生理变化,并探讨柳树病变对系统聚类的影响。谱图显示不同阶段的叶片光谱变化主要在1800~800cm-1。对此波段进行二阶导数处理,清晰可看到蛋白质和木质素的叠加区域1700~1500cm-1,草酸钙特征峰1621、1318cm-1,糖类特征峰1075cm-1附近峰强有明显变化,用吸光度比A1621/A3390、A1318/A3390、A1075/A3390来比较草酸钙和糖类相对含量变化,用1700~1500cm-1波段的拟合峰面积比S酰胺I/S木质素、S酰胺Ⅱ/S木质素和S酰胺Ⅱ/S酰胺I来比较蛋白质相对含量变化。结果显示,病叶的草酸钙相对含量增加、多糖和蛋白质相对含量在减少。将叶片1800~800cm-1范围的二阶导数进行系统聚类,发现病叶化学成分的改变没有影响聚类效果,聚类正确率达100%。     

FTIR结合主成分分析对棕榈科植物鉴别研究

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)结合主成分分析(PCA)对棕榈科植物2个亚科4个族的植物叶片进行了光谱研究。结果显示,棕榈科同族不同种和同科不同族的植物在红外光谱上表现出差异。用二阶导数光谱进行主成分分析,显示可以将样品进行正确分类。研究表明傅里叶变换红外光谱在鉴别分类植物方面具有应用潜力。     

鹅膏菌的傅里叶变换红外光谱研究

利用傅里叶变换红外光谱对云南野生鹅膏科蘑菇子实体及孢子进行了研究,二者的光谱差异显著。子实体光谱的最强峰出现在蛋白质酰胺Ⅰ的特征峰1 655 cm-1附近,在碳水化合物的C—O特征振动峰1 077, 1 042 cm-1附近也有强吸收,表明鹅膏科蘑菇子实体的主要成分是蛋白质和碳水化合物;孢子的三个强峰在2 926,2 855,1 747 cm-1,归属为脂类物质的吸收。在1 800～750 cm-1,不同属、不同种的鹅膏科蘑菇光谱有区别,以此可以区分不同种类的蘑菇。此外,隐花青鹅膏菌不同部位的光谱也有差异,表明蘑菇的化学组分在子实体的不同部位有不同分布。利用傅里叶变换红外光谱可以区分不同种类的蘑菇。     

利用X射线衍射技术与红外光谱分析真菌侵蚀的木材

为了弄清真菌侵蚀木材的微细结晶构造与主成分官能团的变化,利用X射线衍射技术和红外光谱研究了分别经过黄孢原毛平革菌(PC)和棉腐卧孔菌(PP)侵蚀不同时间后毛白杨木材的结晶度、晶胞内层间距、晶粒宽度和主成分官能团的变化情况。结果表明：(1)PC与PP的侵蚀对木材纤维素结晶区的晶格构造没有影响,纤维素结晶区衍射2θ角和层间距基本保持不变,但纤维素结晶度和晶粒宽度随侵蚀时间增加而呈减小的趋势,并且受PP侵蚀的要比受PC侵蚀的明显,表明PP侵蚀对纤维素的破坏程度要大于PC侵蚀;(2)半纤维素在侵蚀过程中其木聚糖被不同程度的降解,使得产物中羰基含量增加,PC与PP对半纤维素的降解效果与纤维素几近相同;(3)木质素受PC侵蚀后苯环被氧化裂解生成链烃,而受PP侵蚀的变化不明显。     

傅里叶变换红外光谱和近红外傅里叶变换拉曼光谱法无损鉴定中国字画

利用傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)和近红外傅里叶变换拉曼(NIR FT-Raman)光谱法鉴定了中国字画,结果表明：与荧光光谱法相比,根据谱峰的强度和位置可更容易地将真伪字画区别开来。拉曼光谱和红外光谱相互印证,互相补充,在鉴定中具有快速、准确、操作简单、重复性好、不需对样品进行预处理的优点,适于珍贵字画的无损鉴定。     

Identification of Plant-Pathogenic Fungi Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometric Analyses

Identification of plant-pathogenic fungi is time-consuming due to cultivation and microscopic examination and can be influenced by the interpretation of the micro-morphological characters observed. The present investigation aimed to create a simple but sophisticated method for the identification of plant-pathogenic fungi by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. In this study, FTIR-attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectroscopy was used in combination with chemometric analysis for identification of important pathogenic fungi of horticultural plants. Mixtures of mycelia and spores from 27 fungal strains belonging to nine different families were collected from liquid PD or solid PDA media cultures and subjected to FTIR-ATR spectroscopy measurements. The FTIR-ATR spectra ranging from 4 000 to 400 cm-1 were obtained. To classify the FTIR-ATR spectra, cluster analysis was compared with canonical vitiate analysis (CVA) in the spectral regions of 3 050～2 800 and 1 800～900 cm-1. Results showed that the identification accuracies achieved 97.53% and 99.18% for the cluster analysis and CVA analysis, respectively, demonstrating the high potential of this technique for fungal strain identification.     

镰刀菌的傅里叶变换红外光谱鉴别

傅里叶变换红外光谱结合多元统计方法应用于微生物的快速鉴定及分类是近几年发展起来的一门新型技术。文章用傅里叶变换红外光谱研究了镰刀菌属五种6株镰刀菌。在获得分辨率高、重现性好的镰刀菌全细胞组分的红外谱图基础上,分析了主要吸收峰的归属,确定了镰刀菌红外谱图3 000～2 800 cm-1,1 800～1 600 cm-1与指纹区3个分析灵敏区。根据分析灵敏区的差异性区分了不同种的镰刀菌,并在此基础上进行了系统聚类分析并对镰刀菌种间进化亲缘关系进行了比较。结果表明,可根据光谱峰位、峰值及吸收强度比鉴别镰刀菌,而系统聚类分析方法能更科学合理地鉴别镰刀菌及呈现种间相似性程度,但不适合反映镰刀菌遗传亲缘关系。傅里叶变换红外光谱技术所具有快速、精确,易操作等优点是必将成为微生物研究领域的一个重要工具。     

人胸膜间皮瘤与结核型胸膜炎的傅里叶红外光谱分析

研究以上皮型胸膜间皮瘤,纤维型胸膜间皮瘤,结核型胸膜炎与正常胸膜组织为材料, 通过傅里叶变换红外光谱分析组织中生物大分子的结构及含量的改变。研究发现,四种胸膜组织的傅里叶红外光谱较为相似,但存在明显区别,四种胸膜组织红外光谱数据方差差异极显著(sig.<0.001), 说明胸膜间皮瘤中生物大分子的含量及结构发生了明显变化,主要包括: (1)胸膜间皮瘤蛋白质酰胺Ⅰ带及酰胺Ⅱ带,核酸1 232 cm-1峰强,脂类物质2 922 cm-1峰强均显著高于正常人胸膜组织,与正常胸膜组织存在显著区别;纤维型胸膜间皮瘤中,蛋白质酰胺Ⅰ带及酰胺Ⅱ带峰强,与核酸密切相关的1 078 cm-1峰强,以及与脂类物质相关的2 922和2 854 cm-1峰强均显著高于上皮型胸膜间皮瘤(p<0.05);结核型胸膜炎蛋白质酰胺Ⅰ带及酰胺Ⅱ、核酸1 232和1 078 cm-1峰强略有增加,但与正常胸膜组织差异不显著(p>0.05),与脂类物质含量有关2 922 cm-1峰强、2 854 cm-1峰强,极显著地高于正常胸膜组织(p<0.01),显著高于胸膜间皮瘤(p<0.05)。(2)蛋白质、核酸、脂类物质的相对峰强I_{1 641}/I_{2 922}, I_{1 641}/I_{1 232}, I_{1 232}/I_{1 078}, I_{1 078}/I_{1 546}, I_{1 078}/I_{2 854}, I_{2 922}/I_{1 232}, I_{1 458}/I_{1 400}能有效放大四类胸膜组织间的差异,其效果优于峰强效果,可作为胸膜间皮瘤诊断的优化指标。(3)上皮型胸膜间皮瘤中指示核酸分子中磷酸二酯键的C-C/C-O的1 078 cm-1峰强以及指示脂类物质的2 854 cm-1峰强显著低于纤维型胸膜间皮瘤和正常胸膜组织(p<0.05),表明上皮型胸膜间皮瘤中磷酸二酯键断裂程度较高,DNA受损严重,膜脂过氧化降解明显。说明上皮型胸膜间皮瘤恶化程度高于纤维型胸膜间皮瘤。(4)胸膜间皮瘤蛋白质酰胺Ⅰ带、Ⅱ带谱带、核酸1 232 cm-1峰、脂类物质1 458 cm-1处CH₂振动及1 400 cm-1处CH₃振动红移,说明蛋白质分子间的氢键受到破坏,核酸分子的氢键结合力减弱,核酸分子的双链结构受到一定程度的破坏,肿瘤组织中膜脂的亚甲基链趋向无序。(5)傅里叶红外光谱能有效区分纤维型胸膜间皮瘤、上皮型胸膜间皮瘤、结核型胸膜炎、正常胸膜组织,为胸膜间皮瘤与结核型胸膜炎的早期、快速诊断提供了可靠的数据。     

普洱茶的傅里叶变换红外光谱鉴别研究

利用傅里叶变换红外光谱法研究了云南省思茅地区所产不同等级的普洱生茶和熟茶。结果显示:生普和熟普的红外光谱虽然整体上十分相似,但由于生普和熟普的生产工艺不同,其化学成分的组成比例也各异,因而生普和熟普均具有其各自的特征红外光谱,且不同品质的生普和不同品质的熟普之间,其红外光谱均有明显的差异。根据红外光谱的特征峰形和吸光度比不仅可以区分生普和熟普,而且有可能区分生普或熟普的不同品质级别。傅里叶红外光谱法快速、简便、直观且样品不需要分离提取,适用于普洱茶的级别鉴别。     

Characterization of Proteins in Mouse Blood by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of blood plasma and blood cells from two control female mice and four bred female mice were obtained using the blood component sample films formed on polyethylene IR cards. The protein level in each component was found to remain relatively constant for the control mice. Spectral differences due to variations in protein contents, however, were observed for the pregnant mice. The results show that the FTIR‐IR card method can be simple and effective at probing total blood protein changes.     

偏最小二乘法在傅里叶变换红外光谱中的应用及进展

偏最小二乘法(PLS)是一种应用非常广泛的化学计量方法,它综合了多元线性回归法(MLR)和主成分回归法(PCR)的优势,具有预测能力强和模型相对简单等优点。PLS使傅里叶变换红外光谱的应用范围不断扩大,同时算法也得到了改进和完善。文章介绍了偏最小二乘法在傅里叶变换红外光谱中的应用,对改进算法,如移动窗口PLS(MWPLS)、稳健PLS(RPLS)、加权PLS(WPLS)和非线性PLS等进行了介绍。同时,对应用PLS时数据的预处理、变量的选择、噪声的处理和非线性模型的建立进行了综述。     

食用菌的傅里叶变换红外光谱鉴别

利用傅里叶变换红外光谱法(FTIR)研究了担子菌木耳目、非褶菌目和伞菌目6个科9个属的10种食用菌的子实体。将光谱分为5个区S1区(3 050～2 800 cm-1),S2区(1 750～1 500 cm-1),S3区(1 500～1 200 cm-1),S4区(1 200～950 cm-1),S5区(950～700 cm-1);在5个区中,强峰出现在S4区的1 080 cm-1附近和1 040 cm-1(1 020 cm-1)附近,以及S2区的1 640 cm-1附近,1 640 cm-1附近的峰为酰胺Ⅰ振动峰,前两峰为糖类振动峰。根据5个区光谱峰值和吸收强度比,可以鉴别不同的食用菌。700～950 cm-1范围有可能作为区分不同属蘑菇间的指纹区。     

滇丹参与丹参的傅里叶变换红外光谱对比研究

本文采用傅里叶变换红外光谱方法(FTIR)对中药材滇丹参和丹参及中成药复方丹参片进行了对比研究,比较了它们的红外光谱的异同.研究表明,滇丹参和丹参的红外光谱的部分吸收峰各峰之间构成相互对应关系,表明滇丹参与丹参所含的主要化学成分相似;滇丹参与丹参的红外光谱在1263、1062、668～541 cm-1三处峰形存在明显的...     

Application of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy in the Study of Atmospheric Heterogeneous Processes

Abstract

Atmospheric heterogeneous processes associated with the complex behavior of atmospheric particles may play a crucial role in atmospheric chemistry and global climate change. Many of these heterogeneous processes have been widely investigated in detail over the years, including heterogeneous reactions on the surface of aerosol particles, aerosol hygroscopicity, as well as aerosol chemical compositions. As a fast, sensitive, precise, nondestructive, in situ, and online experimental technique, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has played a significant role in investigating atmospheric heterogeneous processes. On the basis of the mechanisms and characteristics of various FTIR techniques, this work presents a review of the applications of in situ FTIR spectroscopy in atmospheric heterogeneous processes study, and future development directions for FTIR spectroscopy are proposed considering current and future research needs for heterogeneous processes.     

普洱熟茶和普洱生茶的FTIR研究

文章利用傅里叶变换红外光谱法, 对云南省普洱地区不同厂家所生产的不同贮存年限的熟茶和生茶样品进行鉴别研究。实验结果表明, 普洱熟茶和生茶的红外光谱十分相似, 但由于加工工艺不同, 贮存年限不同, 其主要化学成分的组成比例不同, 因而熟茶和生茶、自然发酵和人工发酵的熟茶等均具有各自的特征谱。根据红外光谱的特征吸收, 不仅可以区别熟茶和生茶, 还可以区别自然发酵和人工发酵的熟茶, 区别贮存时间的长短。用傅里叶变换红外光谱法鉴别茶叶, 有快速、简便和直观的特点。     

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of Skin Cancer Cells and Tissues

Abstract

The aim of this review is to combine all the information related to the characterization of skin tissues and cells, focusing on the identification of the specific biochemical characteristics of skin cancer. We have characterized two types of melanoma by FTIR spectroscopy: a murine melanoma (B16F10 cell line) and a human melanoma (C8161 cell line). The cells were deposited on IR transparent CaF₂ windows, the spectral range used lay between 900-4000 cm^{? 1}, transmission mode with 2 cm^{? 1} resolution, and 32 scans. A biochemical association is presented for all the absorption bands identified in this study. Besides the characterization of both cell lines above, a collection of works done in the area of skin cancer was also carried out, in this review; some interesting results obtained by different authors with respect to the characterization of different samples (melanomas, follicle sheath, basal cell carcinoma, epidermis tissues, dermis tissue, and human stratum corneum) are presented and compared to the chemical and biological associations performed in each case. The identification of biochemical injuries provides important information that, associated with clinical examination, can assist the diagnosis of diseases. Several FTIR techniques can be used in the diagnosis of biochemical changes in biological tissues, by identifying molecular markers associated with malignant and benign changes or variations in the composition of amino acids in tissues and cells. In the near future, a further study to compare histopatological analysis and biochemical characterization by FTIR spectroscopy would be interesting, in order to verify the accuracy and validate the applicability of this technique in the diagnosis of skin lesions from a statistical viewpoint.     

红参类中药注射剂红外光谱法宏观质量控制标准的研究

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱法(FTIR)并结合二阶导数谱和二维相关红外光谱技术(2D-IR),对三种红参类中药注射剂(参附、参麦、生脉)进行了三级鉴定(别)研究。跟踪并找出了批次间、种类间以及中药注射剂与原药材之间谱图的变化规律,根据混合物体系主体成分掩盖的特点,进行了谱图的整体解析,指出了红参类中药注射剂的共有峰和差异特征峰,初步建立了红参类中药注射剂的宏观质量控制标准。提供了宏观质量控制的重要参考数据和评价依据。     

农作物锈病叶傅里叶变换红外光谱检测方法研究

在农作物生产中,不合理使用化学农药来防治植物病害的现象普遍存在,严重影响产品品质及食用安全,快速鉴别植物病害并采取合理的防治措施对提高农作物品质具有重要意义。利用红外光谱三级鉴别法（傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、二阶导数红外光谱（SD-IR）及二维相关红外光谱（2D-IR））对蚕豆、玉米、葱和蒜正常叶、锈病叶病斑处及病斑附近绿色部位进行了研究。结果显示,正常叶、病斑附近绿色部位及锈病叶病斑处的光谱吸收峰强度和形状存在微小差异。原始光谱中正常叶、病斑附近绿色部位及锈病叶病斑处的几个吸收强度比存在差异,蚕豆的正常叶、病斑附近绿色部位及锈病叶病斑处的吸收强度比A_{1 410}/A_{1 646}分别为0.698,0.624和0.616,A_{2 926}/A_{1 646}相应比值分别为0.665,0.638和0.552;玉米的相应比值A_{1 649}/A_{1 055}分别为0.813,0.696,0.691,A_{1 382}/A_{1 055}相应比值分别为0.552,0.478和0.465,A_{2 926}/A_{1 055}相应比值分别为0.574,0.467和0.469;葱的相应比值A_{1 382}/A_{1 061}分别为0.843,0.821和0.704,A_{2 923}/A_{1 061}相应比值分别为0.707,0.680和0.489;以上锈病叶病斑处及病斑附近绿色部位的几个峰强比均比正常叶小。二阶导数红外光谱在1 800～800 cm-1范围内,正常叶、病斑附近绿色部位及锈病叶病斑处的吸收峰的形状及强度显示明显差异。二维相关红外光谱显示,正常叶、锈病叶病斑处及病斑附近绿色部位在860～1 690 cm-1范围内自动峰和交叉峰的位置、数目及强度存在显著差异。蚕豆正常叶出现4个强自动峰,2组强的正交叉峰;病斑附近绿色部位出现5个强自动峰,4组强正交叉峰;锈病叶病斑处出现2个最强自动峰和5个中强自动峰,5组强正交叉峰;蚕豆锈病叶病斑处自动峰强度最强,而正常叶的各个自动峰的强度最低。玉米正常叶出现9个强自动峰,12组强的正交叉峰;病斑附近绿色部位出现11个强自动峰,3组最强的正交叉峰和11组中强正交叉峰;锈病叶病斑处出现6个强自动峰,3组强正交叉峰;蒜正常叶出现9个强自动峰,8组强的正交叉峰;病斑附近绿色部位出现2个最强自动峰和9个次强自动峰,10组强正交叉峰;锈病叶病斑处出现6个强自动峰,1组强正交叉峰;玉米和蒜病斑附近绿色部位的各个自动峰的强度最强,而锈病叶病斑处自动峰和交叉峰强度最弱。葱正常叶出现9个强自动峰,5组强的正交叉峰;病斑附近绿色部位出现8个强自动峰,3组强正交叉峰;锈病叶病斑处出现3个强自动峰,无正交叉峰出现。葱正常叶的各个自动峰的强度最强,而锈病叶病斑处自动峰强度最弱。结果表明,利用傅里叶变换红外光谱结合二阶导数红外光谱及二维相关红外光谱能简单、快速地鉴别研究农作物锈病叶,有望为农作物病害提供一种光谱检测方法。