Thermal degradation of polyquinoxalines

A systematic investigation of the thermal stability of nine structurally related polyquinoxalines has been conducted. The relative oxidation resistance of these polymers is controlled by two opposing structural effects. Phenyl sidegroup substitution in the heterocycle greatly improves oxidative stability, while the introduction of oxygen into the main polymer chain, in the form of ether groups, produces a negative effect of equal magnitude. These results are discussed from a mechanistic point of view. Simultaneous, dynamic thermal analysis in vacuum up to 1400°C and analysis of volatile and nonvolatile products indicates three major decomposition regions. Between 500 and 640°C, main polymer degradation takes place involving the heterocycle. This event is followed by dehydrogenation of a stable degradation product between 640 and 690°C. Above 1360°C an exothermic reaction takes place to yield highly condensed aromatic residues.     

Phenylated polyquinoxalines from bis(phenylglyoxaloyl)benzene

Phenyl-substituted polyquinoxalines of unusually high oxidative-thermal stability were prepared by one-step solution condensations of aromatic tetraamines with 1,4-bis-(phenylglyoxaloyl)benzene and 1,3-bis(phenylglyoxaloyl)benzene. The final polymers thus obtained show exceptionally good solubility in a variety of common organic solvents, such as chloroform, tetrachloroethane, dichlorobenzenes, and certain phenols. Polymerizations in these solvents lead to polyquinoxalines of high molecular weight at reaction rates which depend upon the solvent used. The phenylated polyquinoxalines exhibited glass transition temperatures between 253 and 317°C and polymer decomposition temperatures between 515 and 540°C, depending upon structure. Isothermal decomposition at 400°C in air showed a strong dependency of weight loss on structure. Tough, flexible films were cast from solutions.     

Synthesis and Properties of Unsymmetrical Phenyl-substituted Porphyrazines

3-Amino-1,1-dichloro-5/6-phenyl-1H-isoindole hydrochloride was reacted with 5-amino-2-imino-3,4-diphenyl-2H-pyrrole or 5-amino-2-imino-3,4-ethylenedithio-2H-pyrrole to obtain unsymmetrical phenyl-substituted porphyrazines.     

Isothermal crosslinking studies on polyquinoxalines by dynamic mechanical methods

Torsional braid analysis was used to investigate the crosslinking behavior of linear quinoxaline polymers with and without reactive side groups. The kinetic parameter followed was the glass transition temperature during isothermal exposure in an inert atmosphere. With high molecular weight polyamide-quinoxaline copolymers (PPAQ), an initial decrease in T_g was observed during heat exposure which was followed by a subsequent increase in T_g. This was attributed to simultaneous chain scission and crosslinking reactions. Since the effect of random chain scission on the initial change in T_g of the highest molecular weight polymer samples is much stronger than on low molecular weight analogues, a T_g minimum was observed only on the highest molecular weight polymers. Because of the complexity of the reactions occurring one must consider the activation energies obtained from the Arrhenius plots as “apparent” activation energies. No attempt was made to elucidate the mechanisms of these reactions. It has been shown that isothermal heat exposure of high-temperature aromatic polymers in an inert atmosphere leads to crosslinking. In general, however, linear polymers that have reactive side groups such as methyl or carboxyphenyl groups along the polymer chain crosslink more rapidly than the analogs without these groups.     

A New Approach to Studying the Stability of Phenyl-substituted Silylium Ions

A new route to triphenylsilane tritium-labeled in the benzene ring was developed: condensation of diphenylsilane with tritium-multilabeled benzene. Triphenylsilane labeled with tritium at the Si-H position was prepared. The labeled silanes can serve as precursors of the triphenylsilylium ion and the corresponding isomeric carbon-centered species; the relative stability of these ions can be judged from the structure of products formed by reactions of these species under identical conditions.     

Phenyl-substituted porphyrins: III. Relative reactivity in the nitration reaction

Study on the nitration of phenyl-substituted porphyrins showed that protonation of the porphyrin macroring does not affect the relative reactivity of the meso- and β-positions and phenyl groups.     

乙烯基溴化镁与苯基取代氯甲烷反应的CIDNP效应

化学诱导动态核极化(CIDNP)巳广泛地用于研究溶液中的各种自由基反应。CIDNP研究表明,在Grignard试剂的生成以及Grignard试剂与卤代烃的反应中,很多是按自由基历程进行的。我们曾报道,乙烯基溴化镁(1)与三苯基氯甲烷(2)反应时,生成三苯基甲烷(4)和乙炔(5),并检测到反应溶液中三苯甲基自由基的ESR谱;1与二苯基氯甲烷(6)反应生成1,1,2,2-四苯基乙烷(7),二苯基甲烷(8),3,3-二苯基丙烯(9),1,3-丁二烯(10)和溴乙烯(11),并提出这些反应可能是通过自由基中间体进行的。为了进一步探讨反应机理,我们对题目化合物的反应进行了CIDNP实验,取得了一些很有意义的结果。     

Pyrolysis—field ionization mass spetrometric investigation of polymeric heterocycles: I. polyquinolines and polyquinoxalines

Pyrolysis—field ionization mass spectrometry was used for the investigation of the mechanism of the thermal degradation of polymeric heterocycles. Heat-resistant polymers containing aromatic and heterocyclic units such as polyquinolines and polyquinoxalines have a strong tendency to form large condensed systems during pyrolysis, and finally will carbonize. In the course of this process, side-groups (phenyl) and small fragments (NH₃, HCN, acetonitrile, acrylonitrile, etc.) are split off. In addition, large heteroatom-containing fragments such as nitriles can be identified. These, together with some fragments that contain the complete heterocyclic ring, are characteristic of the chain building units (“key fragments”). Furthermore, compounds generated by recombination reactions and intramolecular cyclization are constituents of the pyrolysate.     

碘化1-甲基-2,3-二芳基咪唑啉的合成及苯基取代的一碳单元转移反应

四氢叶酸辅酶(1,Tetrahydrofolate,简写为 THF)在生物合成和代谢过程中的作用是传递不同氧化态的一碳单元(one carbon unit)。除二氧化碳外,相应于甲醇、甲醛和甲酸各氧     

新型含苯基取代嘧啶基磺酰脲衍生物的设计、 合成及生物活性

将苯基引入到嘧啶环的4位, 设计、 合成了2个系列共24个结构新颖的磺酰脲类衍生物, 并对其生物活性进行了研究. 抑菌实验结果表明, 目标化合物对苹果轮纹病菌和小麦纹枯病菌表现出优异的抑制率, 其中化合物9f对5种病菌的抑制率均超过65%. 进一步研究发现, 化合物9f对苹果轮纹病菌的EC₅₀值为8.63 mg/L, 略高于对照药百菌清(7.33 mg/L); 化合物8k和9k对小麦纹枯病菌的EC₅₀值分别为5.48和6.09 mg/L, 与百菌清(4.26 mg/L)接近. 同时, 盆栽法除草测试结果表明, 在75 g/ha剂量下, 化合物8d和9d对油菜具有较好的芽前除草活性, 分别为86%和73%; 化合物9h对反枝苋的土壤处理抑制活性为100%, 优于对照药氯磺隆(96%).     

Phenyl-substituted polycyclic aromatic compounds as intermediate products during pyrolytic reactions involving coal tars, pitches and related materials

Summary Several so far unreported phenyl-substituted polycyclic, aromatic compounds were detected in coal tars, coal tar pitches and ring furnace flue gases by their gas chromatographic retention and mass spectra. In the case of thiophene-derived compounds, the elemental sulfur traces obtained by GC-AED supplied further evidence of their identity. Pure authentic substances were synthesised and analysed by GC-MS and GC-AED to prove the identity of the unknown compounds. Concentration profiles of phenyldibenzofurans and phenyldibenzothiophenes in different coal tars, coal tar pitches and ring furnace flue gases are reported. Reaction mechanisms are proposed which suggest that during oxidative pyrolysis phenyldibenzofurans and phenyldibenthiophene are the intermediate products on the path from dibenzofuran and dibenzothiophene to triphenyleno[1,12-bcd]furan and benzobisbenzofurans, and the respective thiophenes.     

Phenyl-substituted 1,4-benzoquinone diazides 2. Nitrogen coupling of 2,6-diphenyl-1,4-benzoquinone diazide with Β-dicarbonyl compounds

Conclusions A number of azo derivatives of 2,6-diphenyl-1,4-benzoquinone diazide have been prepared. In the crystalline state, these generally exist in the azophenol form. After prolonged standing in CDCl₃ solution, they slowly isomerize to the hydrazo form, an equilibrium being established.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp. 405–408, February, 1979.     

Synthesis and properties of new fluorene‐based polyquinoxalines with an ether linkage in the main chain for light‐emitting diodes

A new series of fluorene‐based polyquinoxalines with an ether linkage in the main chain were prepared by the polycondensation reaction between a tetraketone monomer and 3,3′,4,4′‐tetraaminodiphenyl ether. The polycondensation was usually carried out in m‐cresol. The resulting polymers ( P1 – P3 ) [ P1 = poly(quinoxaline‐co‐9,9‐dihexyl‐2,7‐dimethyl‐9H‐fluorene) P2 = poly(quioxaline‐co‐9,9‐dihexyl‐9‐pentyl‐2,7‐di‐p‐tolyl‐9H‐fluorene) P3 = poly(quioxaline‐co‐9,9‐bis‐(4‐methoxy‐phenyl)‐2,7‐dimethyl‐9H‐fluorene)] showed good solubility in common organic solvents and high thermal stability with only a 5% weight loss up to 440 °C. P1 and P2 had very high glass‐transition temperatures of 212 and 223 °C, respectively, whereas P3 did not show any phase‐transition temperature in repeated scans up to 300 °C. All the polymers in photoluminescence showed blue emissions in the range of 432–465 nm, both in chloroform solutions and in thin films. Light‐emitting diode devices of the configuration indium tin oxide/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)/polymer:poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) blend (2:8)/LiF/Al were fabricated with P1 or P2 and emitted blue light with electroluminescence peak wavelengths of 434 and 448 nm, respectively. The maximum brightness and the external quantum efficiency of P1 were 0.56 μW/cm² at 29 V and 0.056%, whereas P2 showed 0.50 μW/cm² at 34 V and a relatively low value of 0.015%, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry studies revealed that these polymers possessed low‐lying ionization potential energy levels ranging from ?5.49 to ?5.86 eV and low‐lying electron affinity energy levels ranging from ?2.65 to ?2.88 eV. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 1189–1198, 2006