A STUDY OF THE CATASTROPHE AND THE CAVITATION FOR A SPHERICAL CAVITY IN HOOKE’S MATERIAL WITH 1/2 POISSON’S RATIO

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Transient thermal stresses in anisotropic bodies with spherical symmetry

Summary The quasi-static thermo-elastic equations are solved for material which is transversely isotropic about the radius vector. The Laplace transform is used to obtain a general solution of the equations in which all quantities are assumed to depend on the radial co-ordinate and the time only. The particular problems of constant temperature suddenly applied to the surfaces of a solid sphere and a spherical cavity in an infinite solid are considered. Numerical results are presented for the second of these problems.     

Dispersion of radial vibrations of an orthotropic cylindrical tube placed in a magnetic field

The present paper studies the dispersion relation of the radial vibrations of an orthotropic cylindrical tube. The effects of the magnetoelastic interaction on the problem are investigated. The problem is represented by the equations of elasticity taking into account the effect of the magnetic field as given by Maxwell's equations in the quasi-static approximation. The stress free conditions on the inner and outer surfaces of the hollow cylindrical cube are satisfied to form a dispersion relation in terms of the wavelength, the cylinder radii and the material constants. This study shows that waves in a solid body propagating under the influence of a superimposed magnetic field can differ significantly from those propagating in the absence of a magnetic field. The results have been verified numerically and represented graphically.     

Nonaxisymmetric electroelastic vibrations of a hollow sphere made of functionally gradient piezoelectric material

The nonaxisymmetric problem of natural vibrations of a hollow sphere made of functionally gradient piezoelectric material is solved based on 3D electroelasticity. The properties of the material change continuously along a radial coordinate according to an exponential law. The external surface of the sphere is free of tractions and either insulated or short-circuited by electrodes. After separation of variables and representation of the components of the displacements and of the stress tensor in terms of spherical functions, the initially three-dimensional problem is reduced to a boundary-value problem for the eigenvalues expressed by ordinary differential equations. This problem is solved by a stable discrete-orthogonalization technique in combination with a step-by-step search method with respect to the radial coordinate. Moreover, a numerical investigation is performed based on the algorithm used for solving the problem. In particular, we investigate the influence of the geometric and electric parameters on the frequency spectrum at the nonaxisymmetry of natural vibrations of an inhomogeneous piezoceramic thick-walled sphere.     

On the free vibrations of a piezoceramic hollow sphere

The aim of the paper is to analyze the free vibrations of a piezoceramic hollow sphere with radial polarization. Using the cnoidal method and a genetic algorithm solves the equations of a radially inhomogeneous spherically isotropic piezoelastic medium. The Reddy and the cosine laws represent the functionally graded property of material. It is seen that for a piezoceramic hollow sphere, the piezoelectric effect consists in increasing the values for the natural frequencies in the specified classes of vibrations.     

Effects of material anisotropy and inhomogeneity on cavitation for composite incompressible anisotropic nonlinearly elastic spheres

The effects of material anisotropy and inhomogeneity on void nucleation and growth in incompressible anisotropic nonlinearly elastic solids are examined. A bifurcation problem is considered for a composite sphere composed of two arbitrary homogeneous incompressible nonlinearly elastic materials which are transversely isotropic about the radial direction, and perfectly bonded across a spherical interface. Under a uniform radial tensile dead-load, a branch of radially symmetric configurations involving a traction-free internal cavity bifurcates from the undeformed configuration at sufficiently large loads. Several types of bifurcation are found to occur. Explicit conditions determining the type of bifurcation are established for the general transversely isotropic composite sphere. In particular, if each phase is described by an explicit material model which may be viewed as a generalization of the classic neo-Hookean model to anisotropic materials, phenomena which were not observed for the homogeneous anisotropic sphere nor for the composite neo-Hookean sphere may occur. The stress distribution as well as the possible role of cavitation in preventing interface debonding are also examined for the general composite sphere.     

The effect of a spherical inclusion in an anisotropic solid

Summary A spherical domain within an anisotropic crystalline material is considered to have elastic constants differing from those of the remainder of the material; the particular case where the constants vanish within the sphere represents a cavity. The elastic fields inside and immediately outside the spherical domain, together with the interaction energy, are calculated for the case of a uniform stress applied at infinity. Specific examples are given for aluminum, copper, and pyrite, and numerical results are compared with those for isotropic material. The tensile stress concentration is larger for aluminum than for isotropic material while the opposite is true for pyrite. Similarly, the interaction energy of the inhomogeneity is larger for an anisotropic material than an isotropic material, but in pyrite the reverse is found.     

The Remarkable Nature of Radially Symmetric Deformation of Spherically Uniform Linear Anisotropic Elastic Solids

Antman and Negron-Marrero [1] have shown the remarkable nature of a sphere of nonlinear elastic material subjected to a uniform pressure at the surface of the sphere. When the applied pressure exceeds a critical value the stress at the center r=0 of the sphere is infinite. Instead of nonlinear elastic material, we consider in this paper a spherically uniform linear anisotropic elastic material. It means that the stress-strain law referred to a spherical coordinate system is the same for any material point. We show that the same remarkable nature appears here. What distinguishes the present case from that considered in [1] is that the existence of the infinite stress at r=0 is independent of the magnitude of the applied traction σ0 at the surface of the sphere. It depends only on one nondimensional material parameter κ. For a certain range of κ a cavitation (if σ0>0) or a blackhole (if σ0<0) occurs at the center of the sphere. What is more remarkable is that, even though the deformation is radially symmetric, the material at any point need not be transversely isotropic with the radial direction being the axis of symmetry as assumed in [1]. We show that the material can be triclinic, i.e., it need not possess a plane of material symmetry. Triclinic materials that have as few as two independent elastic constants are presented. Also presented are conditions for the materials that are capable of a radially symmetric deformation to possess one or more symmetry planes. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Stress singularities near the apex of a cylindrically polarized piezoelectric wedge

Summary In this paper, the stress singularities for a cylindrically polarized piezoelectric wedge are investigated. The characteristic equations are derived analytically by using the extended Lekhnitskii formulation. The piezoelectric material (PZT-4) is polarized in the radial, circular or axial direction, respectively. Similar to the rectilinearly polarized piezoelectric problem, the inplane and antiplane stress fields are uncoupled. The results show the variations of the singularity orders with the changes of the wedge angle, material constants, polarized direction, and the boundary conditions.     

3D electroelastic fields in a functionally graded piezoceramic hollow sphere under mechanical and electric loadings

Summary  The problem of a piezoceramic hollow sphere is investigated analytically based on the 3D equations of piezoelasticity. The functionally graded property of the material along the radial direction can be taken arbitrarily in the paper. Displacement and stress functions are introduced, and two independent state equations with variable coefficients are derived. By employing the laminate model, the two state equations are transformed into ones with constant variables from which the state variable solution is easily obtained. Two linear relationships between the state variables at the inner and outer spherical surfaces are established. Numerical calculations are performed for different boundary conditions imposed on the spherical surfaces. Received 28 February 2001; accepted for publication 26 June 2001     

Large deflections of deep orthotropic spherical shells under radial concentrated load: asymptotic solution

Nonlinear behavior of deep orthotropic spherical shells under inward radial concentrated load is studied. The singular perturbation method is developed and applied to Reissner’s equations describing axially symmetric large deflections of thin shells of revolution. A small parameter proportional to the ratio of shell thickness to the sphere radius is used. The simple asymptotic formulas describing load–deflection diagrams, maximum bending and membrane stresses of the structure are derived. The influence of boundary conditions on the behavior of the shell by large deflections is considered. Obtained asymptotic solution is in close agreement with the experimental and numerical results and has the same accuracy (in the asymptotic meaning) as the given equations of nonlinear theory of thin shells.     

Damage evolution in an expanding/contracting hollow sphere at large strains

A generalization of one of the classical problems of plasticity theory, expansion/contraction of a hollow sphere, is proposed assuming that the conventional constitutive equations for rigid plastic, hardening material are supplemented with an arbitrary ductile damage evolution law. No restriction is imposed on the hardening law in the analytic part of the solution. The initial/boundary value problem is reduced to two equations in characteristic coordinates. A numerical scheme to solve these equations is proposed. An illustrative example is given.     

Revisiting the elastic solution for an inner-pressured functionally graded thick-walled tube within a uniform magnetic field

In this paper, the mechanical responses of a thick-walled functionally graded hollow cylinder subject to a uniform magnetic field and inner-pressurized loads are studied. Rather than directly assume the material constants as some specific function forms displayed in pre-studies, we firstly give the volume fractions of different constituents of the functionally graded material (FGM) cylinder and then determine the expressions of the material constants. With the use of the Voigt method, the corresponding analytical solutions of displacements in the radial direction, the strain and stress components, and the perturbation magnetic field vector are derived. In the numerical part, the effects of the volume fraction on the displacement, strain and stress components, and the magnetic perturbation field vector are investigated. Moreover, by some appropriate choices of the material constants, we find that the obtained results in this paper can reduce to some special cases given in the previous studies.     

CAVITATION BIFURCATION FOR COMPRESSIBLE ANISOTROPIC HYPERELASTIC MATERIALS

I. INTRODUCTION The cavitation bifurcation problem, sudden formation and growth of voids in solid materials, haslong attracted much attention because of the fundamental role it plays in the local failure and fractureof materials. For hyperelastic materi…     

Residual-stress determination of concentric layers of cylindrically orthotropic materials

Equations have been obtained for determining residual stresses in the wall of a hollow, axially symmetric body consisting of concentric layers of elastically dissimilar materials, all having cylindrical elastic orthotropy. These equations permit residual normal stresses in the radial, circumferential, and axial directions and residual shear stresses on planes normal to the axis of the body to be calculated from measurements of the strains developed on the inner or outer cylindrical surface of the body as thin layers of stressed material are serially removed from the outer or inner surfaces, respectively. The equations are applied to a parametric study of stresses in an elastically isotropic, two-component body to determine the nature of the differences in stresses between the composite body and a homogeneous body as a function of the difference in elastic constants.     

Cavitated bifurcation for composed compressible hyper-elastic materials

The cavitated bifurcation problem in a solid sphere composed of two compressible hyper-elastic materials is examined. The bifurcation solution for the composed sphere under a uniform radial tensile boundary dead-load is obtained. The bifurcation curves and the stress contributions subsequent to the cavitation are given. The right and left bifurcation as well as the catastrophe and concentration of stresses are analyzed. The stability of solutions is discussed through an energy comparison. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 19802012).     

Designing isotropic composites reinforced by aligned transversely isotropic particles of spheroidal shape

The aim of this paper is to study the design of isotropic composites reinforced by aligned spheroidal particles made of a transversely isotropic material. The problem is investigated analytically using the framework of mean-field homogenization. Conditions of macroscopic isotropy of particle-reinforced composites are derived for the dilute and Mori–Tanaka's schemes. This leads to a system of three nonlinear equations linking seven material constants and two geometrical constants. A design tool is finally proposed, which permits to determine admissible particles achieving macroscopic isotropy for a given isotropic matrix behavior and a given particle aspect ratio. Correlations between transverse and longitudinal moduli of admissible particles are studied for various particle shapes. Finally, the design of particles is investigated for aluminum and steel matrix composites.     

Behaviour of an incrementally elastic thick walled sphere under internal and external pressure

The behaviour of a thick walled sphere underinternal and external pressure is considered. The material of the sphere is assumed to obey an incrementally elastic constitutive law. There is no restriction on the size of the deformation and a solution is given in terms of special functions associated with the non-linear differential equations of the problem.As a numerical example the behaviour of a spherical shell, subjected to internal pressure, is described. It is shown that at a certain critical pressure instability of the second kind (inflation) is obtained.     

Non-Isotropic Length Scales During the Compression Stroke of a Motored Piston Engine

For the case of axial compression the two-point velocity correlation equations of axisymmetric homogeneous turbulence are derived. Appropriate integrations then lead to equations for the components of the Reynolds stress tensor as well as to those for the two independent integral length-scales characterizing axisymmetric homogeneous turbulence. These equations contain a certain number of empirical constants. Values for these constants are taken from the literature, or were adjusted from the present data.The resulting model is validated using data from a motored piston engine. The flow field, which has negligible swirl and tumble, has been measured using particle image velocimetry (PIV). Since turbulence is axisymmetric and homogeneous in the counter region, two-dimensional PIV provides the time history of the axial and radial length-scales. The experimental data are compared with the mathematical model.     

Dynamical formation of cavity in transversely isotropic hyper-elastic spheres

The cavity formation in a radial transversely isotropic hyper-elastic sphere of an incompressible Ogden material, subjected to a suddenly applied uniform radial tensile boundary dead-load, is studied fllowing the theory of finite deformation dynamics. A cavity forms at the center of the sphere when the tensile load is greater than its critical value. It is proved that the evolution of the cavity radius with time follows that of nonlinear periodic oscillations. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10272069) and Shanghai Key Subject Program