纳米二氧化钛对辣根过氧化酶催化作用

将辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)固定在二氧化钛(TiO2)纳米颗粒或纳米管修饰玻碳电极(GC)上,形成纳米TiO2微粒/HRP修饰GC电极和TiO2纳米管/HRP修饰GC电极.比较了HRP在纳米TiO2微粒、TiO2纳米管电极上的直接电子转移反应.实验表明,HRP在TiO2纳米管电极表面更能有效地促进它的电活性中心发生电子交换反应.此外,还测定了HRP标记抗体的电化学性能,为抗原抗体免疫反应信号的选择提供了参考依据.     

抗人乳腺癌糖蛋白单克隆抗体及相应抗原免疫反应的电化学阻抗 免疫分析研究

报道了一种用于抗人乳腺癌糖蛋白单克隆抗体(GP1D8)及相应抗原免疫反应的电化学阻抗免疫分析法。本方法采用将抗体直接定向组装到石英晶片/金电极上,实验中设计的阻抗传感测量只响应免疫信号。结果显示,当组装单克隆抗体的金电极被插入特殊抗原的溶液中时,电化学阻抗谱(EIS)发生明显的变化,成功地检测了组装抗体和相应抗原的免疫反应。     

抗人乳腺癌糖蛋白单克隆抗体及相应抗原免疫反应的电化学阻抗免疫分析研究

报道了一种用于抗人乳腺癌糖蛋白单克隆抗体(GP1D8)及相应抗原免疫反应的电化学阻抗免疫分析法。本方法采用将抗体直接定向组装到石英晶片/金电极上,实验中设计的阻抗传感测量只响应免疫信号。结果显示,当组装单克隆抗体的金电极被插入特殊抗原的溶液中时,电化学阻抗谱(EIS)发生明显的变化,成功地检测了组装抗体和相应抗原的免疫反应。     

基于碳纳米管固定抗原的电化学免疫传感器法测定IgG抗体

以1-萘酚磷酸酯为底物,将IgG抗原吸附固定在碳纳米管修饰玻碳电极的表面,利用待测IgG抗体和碱性磷酸酯酶标记IgG抗体共同竞争免疫传感器表面的IgG抗原,研制了一种新型的电化学免疫传感器用于IgG抗体的测定。碱性磷酸酯酶可以催化底物1-萘酚磷酸酯水解生成1-萘酚,在电极表面氧化产生电信号。在电位为+0.30 V(vs.SCE)时,响应电流与IgG抗体浓度在5.0×10-9～5.0×10-7g/mL范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出限为2.0×10-9g/mL。     

基于壳聚糖-溴化氰改性褐藻酸钠凝集作用的日本血吸虫安培免疫传感器

研制了一种基于壳聚糖和溴化氰改性褐藻酸钠凝集作用的日本血吸虫安培免疫传感器.褐藻酸钠-抗体复合物通过静电吸附作用被凝集到含石墨-石蜡-壳聚糖组分的电极表面,然后与抗原和酶标抗原进行竞争反应,以邻氨基酚(o-AP)为电子媒介,通过测定酶催化下双氧水对其氧化的电流大小来间接测定抗原的浓度.研究表明这种免疫传感器具有很低的非特异吸附性能,而且在经过简单的处理后可以重复使用,其重现性和灵敏度良好.传感器对日本血吸虫抗原的响应在0.64～40μg/mL之间呈线性关系.检测限为0.64μg/mL.将电极应用于兔血清中日本血吸虫抗原的测定,取得了满意结果.     

基于纳米金／壳聚糖掺杂碳纳米管修饰金电极非标记免疫传感器的研究

应用吸附法将羊抗人IgG抗体直接固定于纳米金(GNPs)/壳聚糖(Chit)掺杂碳纳米管(CNTs)修饰的金电极表面,制备了用于人IgG抗原检测的非标记电化学免疫传感器.利用循环伏安法和交流阻抗研究了修饰电极表面的电化学特性,用差分脉冲伏安法研究了测试底液的pH值对免疫传感器性能的影响.实验表明,在含不同浓度人IgG的...     

基于蛋白A/纳米金/壳聚糖分散的多壁碳纳米管修饰的电位型甲胎蛋白免疫传感器的研究

将壳聚糖分散的多壁碳纳米管(MWNT-CS)滴涂于金电极(Au)表面,利用壳聚糖大量的氨基将纳米金(nano-Au)固定到金电极表面,再利用蛋白A(PA)的定向固定效应将甲胎蛋白抗体(anti-AFP)固定到纳米金修饰的金电极表面,从而制得高灵敏、高稳定电位型甲胎蛋白免疫传感器。蛋白A为抗原和抗体的反应提供了合理的基础,纳米金的存在提高了抗体在电极表面的固定量,多壁碳纳米管(MWNT)促进了电子的传递,从而缩短电极的响应时间。在优化的实验条件下,该传感器响应的电极电位与甲胎蛋白浓度的对数在7.0~190.0μg/L的范围内保持良好的线性关系,检出限(S/N=3)为3.9μg/L。     

基于多层酶/纳米金固定甲胎蛋白免疫传感器的研究

>利用自组装技术和静电吸附作用, 将甲胎蛋白抗体(anti-AFP)固定在多层辣根过氧化物酶/纳米金及L-半胱胺酸修饰的金电极表面, 制备出用于检测甲胎蛋白抗原(AFP)的无试剂型免疫传感器. 通过交流阻抗技术、循环伏安法和计时电流法考察了电极的电化学特性, 并对该免疫传感器的作用机理及性能进行了详细的研究. 用计时电流法测得AFP的线性范围为1.0～10.0和10～200 ng•mL^－1, 检出限为0.5 ng•mL^－1. 实验结果表明, 该方法提高了抗体的固定量, 增强了传感器的灵敏度和稳定性, 且该传感器响应迅速、选择性好, 血清中常见抗原不干扰测定. 将其用于临床血清检验, 与放射免疫测定法(RIA)的符合率为86.7%.     

阵列电化学免疫传感器同时检测甲胎蛋白和癌胚抗原

本实验利用共价键合法将肿瘤标示物甲胎蛋白(AFP)和癌胚抗原(CEA)的抗体固定在碳阵列印制电极表面,再与相对应的抗原(AFP和CEA)反应,然后结合与之对应的人抗山羊的AFP/CEA的夹心抗体,以辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)标记的兔抗山羊IgG识别夹心抗体,以对苯二酚为底物,利用夹心免疫分析法建立了同时检测甲胎蛋白和癌胚抗原的高灵敏度电化学分析方法.     

基于网状混合自组装膜的压电免疫传感器及其应用

结合纳米金及混合自组装技术, 制备了一种新型网状混合膜, 提出了一种新的生物分子固定化方法, 研制了一种用于检测人血清抗精子抗体的压电免疫传感器. 首先, 将纳米金溶胶、巯基丙酸和1,6-二巯基己烷按一定的比例混合制得网状混合自组装膜, 然后将此膜组装到压电石英晶振的金电极表面, 经EDC/NHS活化后, 再将抗原固定到电极上, 实现对抗精子抗体的检测. 结果表明, 该方法能明显提高抗体抗原结合效率, 从而提高传感器的灵敏度, 并降低传感界面的非特异性吸附. 将此传感器应用于人血清抗精子抗体的检测, 线性范围为10~800 mU/mL, 检出限为7 mU/mL. 此传感器为抗精子抗体的临床检测提供了新平台.     

Electrochemical Sensor Based on Thioether Oligomer Poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone)‐modified Gold Electrode for Bisphenol A Detection

Presently, bisphenol A (BPA) has been added to the list of substances of very high concern as endocrine disruptors. According to the literature, exposure to bisphenol A even at low doses may result in adverse health effects. In this study, electrochemical sensor of Bisphenol A based on thioether DDT‐Poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone) oligomer has been developed. The thioether oligomer, which is capable of recognizing BPA, was prepared and used for gold electrode modification. The characterization of the modified gold electrode and the synthesized thioether oligomer were carried out by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H NMR) and Size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Obtained results indicate that the modified electrode shows good electrochemical activity, good sensitivity and reproducibility for BPA detection. It exhibited a good linear relationship ranging from 1 to 20 pg/mL, and the detection limit was found to be 1.9 pg/mL at S/N=3. Several interfering species such as hydroquinone, phenol and resorcinol were used and their behaviors on the modified gold electrode were investigated.     

Narrow‐band UVB‐induced Externalization of Selected Nuclear Antigens in Keratinocytes: Implications for Lupus Erythematosus Pathogenesis†

The aim of this study was to analyze whether sera obtained from patients with lupus erythematosus (LE) react with membrane structures found on keratinocytes irradiated with narrow‐band ultraviolet B (NB‐UVB). We applied atomic force microscopy (AFM) to visualize cell surface structures expressing nuclear antigens upon apoptosis following NB‐UVB irradiation. Immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaT) were cultured under standard conditions, irradiated with 800 mJ cm^?2 NB‐UVB light and imaged by AFM mounted on an inverted optical microscope. It was observed that NB‐UVB irradiation provoked significant alterations of the keratinocyte morphology and led to the membrane expression of antigens recognized by anti‐La and anti‐Ro 60 kDa sera but not by antidouble‐strand DNA sera. The presence of La and Ro 60 kDa antigens on keratinocyte surfaces after NB‐UVB irradiation was limited mainly to the small bleb‐like protrusions found on the keratinocytes by AFM. A closer investigation by AFM also revealed that some structures positively stained with anti‐Ro 60 kDa serum were also located submembranously. We hypothesize that the externalization of some nuclear antigens because of NB‐UVB exposure might be responsible for exacerbation of skin symptoms in patients suffering from LE.     

Pd-gate MOS sensor for detection of methanol and propanol

The present paper focused on the detection of methanol and propanol using Pd-gate metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) sensor. Surface mor- phology and composition of the gate film were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The response of the sensor for propanol and methanol was measured as shift in capacitance-voltage (C-V) and conductance-voltage (G-V) curves of the MOS structure. The sensitivity of the sensor towards methanol was found to be greater than that towards propanol. It was 58.2% for methanol and 32% for propanol (at 0.6 V, 1 MHz) in terms of capacitance measurements, while in terms of conductance results the sensitivity was found to be 57.2% for methanol and 38.9% for propanol at 1 kHz. The discontinuities or cracks present in the microstructure of the gate material are believed to be mainly responsible for the high sensitivity of the sensor, going with the decomposition of gas molecules and subsequent hydrogen permeation through Pd.     

Synthesis of block copolymer poly (n-butyl acrylate)-b-polystyrene by DPE seeded emulsion polymerization with monodisperse latex particles and morphology of self-assembly film surface

Synthesis of poly (n-butyl acrylate)-b-polystyrene (PnBA-b-PSt) with high molecular weight in an environmentally benign medium was carried out in seeded emulsion polymerization, using a novel chain transfer active DPE (1,1-diphenylethylene) agent. Seed latex containing precursor P(nBA-DPE) was prepared first, and the second monomer styrene was swelled into seed latex particles, yielding block copolymer at high conversion. Structures as well as molecular weight of precursor and block copolymer were characterized by FTIR, (1)H NMR, and SEC, respectively. Furthermore, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) observation and Laser Light Scattering (LLS) manifested that monodisperse latex particles were obtained. Self-assembly morphology of block copolymer membrane surface was examined by atom force microscopy (AFM). Phase separation was observed clearly, which was confirmed by the observation of two glass transitions in DSC curve.     

Derivatized humic acids modified gold electrode: electrochemical characterization and analytical applications

The preparation and application of a humic acids modified gold electrode (HA-CME) have been described. Derivatization of HAs as β-thioesters caused their partial fragmentation and, thus, a consequent separation by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was necessary.The CME prepared with functionalized HAs having an average MW of 52000 demonstrated to be effective for trace As(III) determination (LOQ = 0.3 μg L⁻¹). This CME has been characterized both by electrochemical techniques and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The HA-CME provided reliable measurements in natural waters at different salinity with no need of desalting the sample. Total inorganic arsenic could be determined after reduction of As(V) with SO₂. Under these conditions, organic arsenic species were not mineralized and did not interfere.     

Controlled copolymerization of 1‐octene and butyl methacrylate via RAFT and their nonisothermal model‐free thermokinetic decomposition study

Reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) copolymerization of 1‐octene and butyl methacrylate (BMA) was carried out for the first time using 4‐cyano‐4‐(phenylcarbonothioylthio)pentanoic acid as RAFT agent in N,N′‐dimethyl formamide. Poly(1‐octene‐co‐BMA) copolymers with well‐controlled molecular weights and narrow molecular weight distribution were obtained throughout the polymerization. The copolymers have been well characterized by different analytical techniques such as SEC, FT‐IR, NMR, SEM, AFM, XRD, and TG analyses. FT‐IR and NMR analyses confirmed the synthesis of poly(1‐octene‐co‐BMA) copolymers. SEM and AFM analyses demonstrated the wavy‐lamellar morphological structure of the copolymers. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed good thermal stability of poly(1‐octene‐co‐BMA) copolymers synthesized via RAFT mediated polymerization. The thermokinetic parameters were evaluated by adopting model‐free methods of Friedman and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa using the nonisothermal thermogravimetric data. The multivariate nonlinear regression analysis established the most appropriate kinetic model and the corresponding kinetic parameters of thermal decomposition of poly(1‐octene‐co‐BMA) copolymers were also calculated. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 2093–2103     

Atomic force microscopy demonstrates that disulfide bridges are required for clustering of the yeast cell wall integrity sensor Wsc1

In yeasts, cell surface stresses are detected by a family of plasma membrane sensors. Among these, Wsc1 contains an extracellular cysteine-rich domain (CRD), which mediates sensor clustering and is believed to anchor the sensor in the cell wall. Although the formation of Wsc1 clusters and their interaction with the intracellular pathway components are important for proper stress signaling, the molecular mechanisms underlying clustering remain poorly understood. Here, we used the combination of single-molecule atomic force microscopy (AFM) with genetic manipulations to demonstrate that Wsc1 clustering involves disulfide bridges of the CRD. Using AFM tips carrying nitrilotriacetate groups, we mapped the distribution of individual His-tagged sensors on living yeast cells. While Wsc1 formed nanoscale clusters on native cells, clustering was no longer observed after treatment with the reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT), indicating that intra- or intermolecular disulfide bridges are required for clustering. Moreover, DTT treatment resulted in a significant increase in cell surface roughness, suggesting that disulfide bridges between other cell-wall proteins are crucial for proper cell surface topology. The remarkable sensor properties unravelled here may well apply to other sensors and receptors with cysteine-rich domains throughout biology. Our combined method of AFM with genetic manipulations offers great prospects to explore the mechanisms underlying the clustering of cell surface proteins.     

Organic nanoparticles whose size and rigidity are finely tuned by cross-linking the end groups of dendrimers

Dendrimers with molecular weights ranging from ca. 2700 to 11 000 and from 16 to 64 homoallyl ether end groups were cross-linked using the Grubbs ring-closing metathesis reaction. A combination of SEC, MALDI-TOF-MS, and AFM were used to characterize the cross-linked nanoparticles. The data suggest a significant decrease in volume with cross-linking and a concomitant increase in rigidity, both of which can be controlled independently with a fair degree of precision.     

DNA hybridization electrochemical biosensor using a functionalized polythiophene

A simple and label-free electrochemical sensor for recognition of the DNA sensor event was prepared by electrochemical polymerization of 4-hydroxyphenyl thiophene-3-carboxylate. Poly(4-hydroxyphenyl thiophene-3-carboxylate) (PHPT) was synthesized electrochemically onto glassy carbon electrode and characterized by cyclic voltammetry, FTIR and AFM measurements. An ODN-probe was physisorbed onto PHPT film and tested on hybridization with complementary ODN segments. A biological recognition can be monitored by comparison with electrochemical signal (cyclic voltammogram) of single and double strand state oligonucleotide. The oxidation current of double strand state oligonucleotide is lower than that of single strand, that is corresponding to the decrease of electroactivity of PHPT with the increase of stiffness of polymer structure. Physisorbed ODN-probe and its hybridization were observed morphologically onto ITO electrodes using AFM. The sensitivity of the electrochemical sensor is 0.02 μA/nmol, detection limit is 1.49 nmol and it has good selectivity.     

Biomimetic piezoelectric quartz sensor for caffeine based on a molecularly imprinted polymer

A piezoelectric quartz sensor coated with molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) for caffeine was developed. The MIP was prepared by co-polymerizing methacrylic acid (MAA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) in the presence of azobis(isobutyronitrile) as initiator, caffeine as template molecule, and chloroform as solvent. The MIP suspension in polyvinyl chloride/tetrahydrofuran (6:2:1 w/w/v) solution was spin coated onto the surface of the electrode of a 10 MHz AT-cut quartz crystal. The sensor exhibited a linear relationship between the frequency shift and caffeine concentration in the range of 1×10^–7 mg mL^–1 up to 1x10^–3 mg mL^–1 [correlation coefficient (r)=0.9935] in a stopped flow measurement mode. It has a sensitivity of about 24 Hz/ln(concentration, mg mL^–1). A steady-state response was achieved in less than 10 min. The performance characteristic of the sensor shows a promising and inexpensive alternative method of detecting caffeine. Surface studies were carried out for the reagent phase of the sensor using SEM, AFM, and XPS analysis in order to elucidate the imprinting of the caffeine molecule. The SEM micrograph, AFM image, and XPS spectra confirmed the removal of caffeine by Soxhlet extraction in the imprinting process and the rebinding of caffeine to the MIP sensing layer during measurement.