Spatial and temporal study of shock waves generated by laser ablation for Ti target

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Self-similar analytical solutions for blast waves in inhomogeneous atmospheres with frozen-in-magnetic field

In the present paper, we have made an attempt to study the effects of the presence of a magnetic field on the cavity formation inside a blast wave propagating into a perfectly conducting gas with density varying as some power of distance from the plane or line of explosion. In order to obtain the closed form solutions for the flow variables inside the blast wave and to solve the problem of cavity formation analytically, a relation is taken between the ordinary pressure and the total pressure. It i s found that if the value of the inhomogeneity index is greater than a critical value (a function of M_A - Alfven Mach Number, - adiabatic index and i - wave geometry index), a contact discontinuity appears at some point inside the blast wave and the cavity formation occurs. The effect of the presence of magnetic field is found to increase the tendency of cavity formation.Received: 21 February 2003, Published online: 4 August 2003PACS: 47.40.-x Compressible flows; shock and detonation phenomena - 47.65.+a Magnetohydrodynamics and electrohydrodynamics     

Scattering of light waves by electron electrostatic waves in laser produced plasmas

The propagation of light waves in an underdense plasma is studied using one-dimensional Vlasov-Maxwell numerical simulation.It is found that the light waves can be scattered by electron plasma waves as well as other heavily and weakly damping electron wave modes,corresponding to stimulated Raman and Brilluoin-like scatterings.The stimulated electron acoustic wave scattering is also observed as a high scattering level.High frequency plasma wave scattering is also observed.These electron electrostatic wave modes are due to a non-thermal electron distribution produced by the wave-particle interactions.The collision effects on stimulated electron acoustic wave and the laser intensity effects on the scattering spectra are also investigated.     

激光技术及强激光与物质相互作用实验

利用科研成果，开设激光技术及强激光与物质相互作用实验，让学生了解强激光与物质相互作用时的2个典型效应：二次非线性光学效应，高压冲击波（光力学）效应，实现了科研与实验教学的紧密结合。     

飞秒激光在铝膜中驱动冲击波的特性

为探索研究飞秒激光在材料中驱动冲击波的相关特性,采用激光脉冲频域干涉测试技术对脉冲宽度35 fs、脉冲能量0.7 mJ、功率密度1014 W/cm2量级的飞秒激光脉冲在200 nm厚铝膜中驱动冲击波的过程进行了实验测量。通过测量冲击波在铝膜中的渡越时间,获得激光脉冲在铝材料中驱动的冲击波平均速度约为6 km/s;通过对不同时刻铝膜自由面频域干涉场测量结果的分析,获得铝材料自由表面速度达1 km/s,根据平面冲击波的关系,推算其冲击压强达到9 GPa。     

Titanium micromachining by femtosecond laser

The ultimate goal of this research was to characterize the ablation depth with respect to pulse energy, translation speed, and consecutive passes in order to obtain the parameters to have smooth microchannel surfaces. A logarithmic dependence of the channel depth on the laser pulse energy was observed with two different distinct ablation regimes. Although the same fluence values were used with two different lens sizes, the slopes of these ablation regimes were quite different. 100 mm lens has a small optical penetration length with steeper ablation slope in the first regime, whereas the 15 mm lens has the opposite. In the second part of the ablation regime, the slope was lower for 100 mm lens as compared to 15 mm lens. Furthermore, spike formation has been seen in 100 mm lens study at 0.308, 0.370, 0.431, and 0.493 J/cm² fluence values yet no spike formations have been seen in 15 mm lens study.     

Numerical modeling of ultrashort-pulse laser ablation of silicon

Silicon ablation by a single ultrashort laser pulse is simulated through a computer model. The agreement between results obtained through the model and experimental data found in the literature supports the hypothesis made by the authors in considering thermal evaporation as the dominant ablation mechanism in silicon. Two distinctive thresholds are defined for the ablation procedure leading to a better interpretation of experimental data. The dependence of ablation fluence thresholds on both wavelength and pulse width is discussed. An approximate analytical model describing the crater formation process is proposed and indicative results are presented.     

Numerical simulation of the ultrasonic waves generated by ring-shaped laser illumination patterns

The generation of ultrasound in aluminum plate subjected to ring-shaped laser beam illumination has been studied quantitatively by using the finite element method. The superposition effects of surface acoustic waves on the top surface and the bulk ultrasonic waves on the rear surface of specimen have been obtained in a single simulation. The typical displacement profiles of the bulk ultrasonic wave at various depths along the central axis of the ring are obtained for three different radii, and the effect of the ring radius on the focal depths of the compression and shear mode are determined. The numerical results confirm that the focal depth of a bulk acoustic mode is determined by the directivity patterns of the acoustic mode generated by point-like laser sources via a thermoelastic mechanism, which depends on the physical constants of elastic medium.     

Sub-micron ablation of metallic thin film by femtosecond pulse laser

The ability to machine very small features in a material has a wide range of applications in industry. We ablated holes into thin film of 100 nm thickness made from various metals by femtosecond pulsed laser ablation. Using a Ti:Sapphire laser which supplies a laser pulse of 150 fs duration at central spectrum wavelength of 400 nm, we have produced a series sub-micron holes, whose diameters are less than 200 nm with a focused laser spot of 1.7 μm. We found that the material damage threshold has a great influence on the quality of the produced features. Experimental results shows that the heat-affected zone and the degree of being affected reduce with the increase of threshold value.     

Motion and acceleration of electrons in high-intensity laser standing waves

The motion and the energy of electrons driven by the ponderomotive force in linearly polarized high-intensity laser standing wave fields are considered. The results show that there exists a threshold laser intensity, above which the motion of electrons incident parallel to the electric field of the laser standing waves undergoes a transition from regulation to chaos. We propose that the huge energy exchange between the electrons and the strong laser standing waves is triggered by inelastic scattering, which is related to the chaos patterns. It is shown that an electron's energy gain of tens of MeV can be realized for a laser intensity of 10²⁰ W/cm².     

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利用时空分辨的测量技术,测定了XeCl紫外激光烧蚀金属Cu消融粒子的发射光谱随时间与空间的强度分布。通过在不同的氢气压强下拍摄到的XeCl308nm紫外激光烧蚀金属Cu消融粒子的发光羽照片,发现激光消融粒子发光羽的颜色在不同区域有不同的颜色,不同区域的发光羽颜色随环境气压的改变而变化。随环境气压的增大,发光羽不仅逐渐变小,而且逐渐变淡。对激光消融粒子发光羽的机理进行了探讨,激光消融粒子发光羽的发光动力学模式在不同区域有不同的发光模式,且随环境气压的变化而改变。定性地解释了所观察的实验现象。     

弹丸激波在激光光幕靶测量中的影响分析

分析了弹丸在飞越激光光幕靶时弹丸激波对激光传播的影响。针对难于实际测量由激波形成的空气折射率分布问题,应用弹丸超音速绕流场的数值计算结果和折射定律,借助SolidWorks软件分析了激波内折射率为常数的情况下光线穿过激波时的折射和出射轨迹,并用模拟实验验证了其正确性。讨论了激波对激光光幕靶测量的影响,为光幕靶的设计与应用提供了依据。     

ArF-excimer laser ablation experiments on Cycloolefin Copolymer (COC)

To determine the capability of Cycloolefin Copolymer (COC) for excimer laser microstructuring, ablation experiments have been performed at 193 nm using an ArF excimer laser workstation. A matrix of square holes was structured in COC, the ablated structures were examined qualitatively and quantitatively by optical methods and scanning electron microscopy. It turned out that COC can be structured with high accuracy and is therefore suited for laser rapid prototyping of micro optical and microfluidic devices. The maximum ablation depth of COC (0.17 μm/pulse) is smaller than of PMMA (0.58 μm/pulse), but is sufficient for prototyping and allows fine depth tuning. Flat structures less than 200-μm deep nearly show no amount of redeposited material and yield smooth surfaces.     

Fractional ionization in plasmas produced by pulsed laser ablation

A pulsed infrared laser (Q-switched Nd:Yag) is employed to irradiate different metal targets having atomic number from Z =13 up to Z =82. The high laser fluence deposited on the metals, of the order of 100 v J/cm, produces high ablation yield and a plasma generation at the target surface. The emitted species are neutral and ionized atoms. Both components have been investigated in terms of yield emission, time-of-flight measurements and angular distribution. Results indicate that the main emission occurs mainly along the normal to the target surface, that the etching, at high fluence, is of the order of 10 v atoms/ pulse, that the atoms velocities are of the order of 10 v m/s, that the maximum ion energies are of the order of keV. During the laser irradiation, expanding and non-equilibrium plasma is produced in front of the target. The plasma has a fraction ionization depending by the metal species and generally within 10% and 80%. The plasma'temperature, at high fluence, can be theoretically calculated and reaches about 10 v K. The fractional ionization of the plasma, experimentally measured, has been investigated as a function of the laser fluence and of the energy binding of the target molecules. The ion emission yield is presented and discussed in view of the possibility to realize a laser ion source for ion accelerators.     

电子在线极化相对论强度驻波场中的散射研究

研究了线极化相对论激光驻波场中的电子运动,分析了偏振面内入射的电子在激光驻波场中的散射与电子初始位置、能量以及激光强度的关系.结果表明,电子在驻波场中的散射情况与电子对激光的相对能量γ₀/a₀密切相关.对于同样的激光强度,电子初始能量存在一个能够发生前向或背向散射的临界值.光强越大,电子发生前向散射的初始能量临界值越大.用电子相对能量来衡量,这个临界值大约在1.0一1.25范围内.当相对能量超过该值,电子运动会从背向变为前向散射.电子在驻波场中的振荡中心和有质动力逆转效应的存在也是有条件的,二者只有电子相对能量γ₀/a₀在一定取值范围内才可能存在.相对能量越小,电子能发生前向散射的入射驻波面越小,而低能电子更倾向于从波节透过.在偏振面内入射的电子在高强度驻波场中会发生非弹性散射,电子与场会发生高能量交换.     

化学激光器用文氏咀流场特性的数值模拟

 基于现有的文氏咀流量供给管道,提取出轴对称2维计算模型,计算了不同背压下文氏咀及下游管道的流场特性。计算结果显示,随着背压的升高,激波在管道内经历了3种状态,在直管道内为斜激波,到转接段时为拟正激波,进入文氏咀后则为正激波。在进行文氏咀流量计的设计时,应尽量将正激波控制在文氏咀喉道或向下游延伸的一小段距离内,此时是文氏咀的最佳工作状态。另外,采用壁面开孔法在文氏咀下游选取测压点时,为了准确测量截面上的静压,应将测压点选取在距离直管道入口数倍管径处,一般不低于8倍管径。     

Fabrication of high-aspect-ratio microstructures using excimer laser

An excimer laser micromachining system is developed to study the ablation of high-aspect-ratio microstructures. The study examines the ablation efficiency, specifically, the impact of changing major laser operating parameters on the resulting microstructural shapes and morphology. The study focuses on glass, although results on silicon and aluminum are also included for comparison. In ablating grooved structures, the ablation depth has been observed to be linearly proportional to the operating parameters, such as the pulse number and fluence. The results specifically indicate that ablation at low fluence and high repetition rates tends to form a V-shaped cross-section or profile, while a U-shaped profile can be obtained at high fluence and low repetition rate. The ablation rate or ablated volume has then been quantified based on the ablation depth measured and the ablated profile observed. The threshold fluence has also been obtained by extrapolating experimental data of ablation rate. The extrapolation accuracy has been established by the good agreement between the extrapolated value and the one predicted by Beer's law. Moreover, a one-dimensional analytical solution has been adopted to predict the ablated volume so as to compare with the experimental data. The reasonable agreement between the two indicates that a simple analytical solution can be used for guiding or controlling further laser operations in ablating glass structures. Finally, the experimental results have shown that increasing the repetition rate favors the morphology of ablated surfaces, though the effect of repetition rate on ablation depth is insignificant.     

Silicon substrate temperature effects on surface roughness induced by ultrafast laser processing

We report the effect of substrate temperature (T_sub) in the range 300-900 K on the surface roughness of silicon wafer resulted from femtosecond laser ablation. The surface roughness observed at the laser fluences less then 0.3 J/cm² increases with increasing T_sub. However, the surface roughness decreases with increasing T_sub for the laser fluences between 0.5 and 1.0 J/cm². If the laser fluence is higher than 2.0 J/cm², the surface roughness is independent of T_sub. The effect of T_sub on the surface roughness can be understood in terms of the temperature dependence of optical absorption coefficient of silicon substrate, which eventually alters a mechanism underlying the fs-laser-material ablation process between optical penetration and thermal diffusion processes.     

激光驱动高压下材料状态方程实验研究进展

利用激光驱动冲击波进行材料状态方程实验研究已逐渐成为实验室获得材料TPa以上高压状态方程数据的重要途径.文章简述了激光状态方程实验研究方面的进展,重点介绍了激光驱动冲击波的基本特性,激光状态方程实验测量方法,激光驱动冲击波平面性、稳定性及干净性研究,以及激光状态方程实验研究等方面的成果.