N330炭黑增强天然橡胶材料力学性能的实验研究

为了研究炭黑对橡胶材料力学性能的影响,对9种不同体积含量的炭黑填充橡胶材料进行了准静态力学实验研究。利用循环拉伸加卸载实验分析了炭黑对橡胶Mullins效应及能量损耗的影响,通过单轴拉伸实验研究了炭黑对橡胶材料刚度和起始模量的影响,采用多步松弛拉伸加卸载实验研究了炭黑对橡胶材料应力行为的应变历史相关性的影响。实验结果表明:炭黑填充量越高,橡胶材料的刚度越大,初始模量越大,Mullins效应也越明显;随着炭黑填充量的增加,橡胶在加卸载循环中所产生的迟滞损耗、Mullins效应相对能量损耗以及残余应变都呈现出非线性增长趋势;随着炭黑填充量的升高,橡胶在加卸载过程中的应力松弛现象越明显,其平衡态迟滞损耗以及与时间相关部分的迟滞损耗也越大。     

炭黑颗粒对丁苯橡胶材料力学性能的影响

利用电子万能材料试验机,对不同体积分数的炭黑填充丁苯橡胶复合材料进行了单向拉伸和循环拉伸加卸载等准静态力学试验,研究了炭黑填充橡胶材料单向拉伸应力应变关系、Mullins效应、调制应变相关性和拉伸断裂力学行为等.试验结果表明:调制应变越大,橡胶材料的刚度越小,橡胶的非线性应力应变关系越明显;炭黑含量越高,橡胶材料的初始模量和刚度越大,应力反翘现象和Mullins效应越显著;同时,随着炭黑体积分数的增加,炭黑填充丁苯橡胶材料的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率将呈现先增大后减小的趋势.     

较大变形范围内炭黑填充胶料超弹性力学性能温度相关性的实验研究

基于含温度箱的自动网格法试验系统,本文对不同温度下炭黑颗粒填充胶料的超弹性力学行为进行了实验研究.研究表明,填充胶料在较大范围内的超弹性力学行为存在着温度相关性,其特点是:胶料随着温度的升高而"先变软后变硬".在温度升至临界温度以前,胶料中分子热运动增强所导致的软化趋势占主导作用,所以胶料随温度升高而变软;当温度超过临界温度后,胶料的熵弹性效应占据主导作用,即胶料将随温度升高而变硬.研究结果还表明,修正八链模型可以较准确表征不同温度下轮胎胶料的超弹性力学行为.     

炭黑增强对橡胶复合材料温度相关力学行为的影响

利用含温度箱的自动网格法测试系统,对不同炭黑含量的橡胶复合材料开展不同温度下的超弹性性能试验,考察了炭黑增强对其温度相关力学行为的影响。结果表明,温升过程中炭黑颗粒对橡胶基体的增强作用在逐渐减弱,与之相关的内能弹性效应也逐渐减小,加上橡胶基体本身的熵弹性效应,这两者共同决定了炭黑增强胶料会随着温度的升高"先变软后变硬",而非如纯胶料般随着温度的升高直接变"硬"。换言之,温度变化对颗粒与基体间相互作用造成的影响,使得炭黑增强橡胶的温度相关力学行为比不含炭黑的纯橡胶更为复杂。另外,依据试验研究的结果,本文还推导了修正八链模型的温度相关显式表达式,它能较好地表征胶料超弹性力学行为与温度的相关性。     

填充橡胶温度依赖的非弹性力学行为实验研究

填充橡胶具有复杂的非弹性力学行为,主要包括应变率依赖的粘弹性效应和变形历史依赖的Mullins效应.当前大多数对填充橡胶的实验研究集中于室温条件,针对以上问题,本论文通过单轴压缩实验系统地研究了温度对氟橡胶粘弹性和Mullins效应这两种非弹性行为的影响.首先采用多次循环加载获得了完全消除了Mullins效应的预处理试样.通过对原试样和预处理试样的单轴加卸载实验应力响应进行对比,发现Mullins效应不受变形温度和应变率的影响.通过对消除Mullins效应橡胶材料应力松弛实验结果进行分析,发现粘弹性行为不仅与变形的温度、应变率相关,还受加载应变的影响,表现为较大的加载应变会抑制氟橡胶的应力松弛.     

双向加载条件下尼龙6-橡胶复合材料的应力松弛研究

在双向测试系统上进行了不同纵向应变与不同横向应变的双向松弛实验,研究了在双向拉伸载荷作用下单向尼龙6-橡胶复合材料的应力松弛特性．为了预测尼龙6-橡胶复合材料的应力松弛规律,提出了一个松弛型本构模型．当试件承受双向拉伸载荷作用时,将松弛型本构模型获得的理论曲线和实验数据进行了对比,二者取得了较好的一致性．     

炭黑颗粒增强橡胶界面脱粘单向拉伸力学行为研究

利用岛津万能试验机对天然橡胶与丁苯橡胶共混的胶料(NSBR)进行常温下多步松弛循环加卸载试验,拟合材料参数。通过电镜实验观察复合材料截面,发现炭黑体积分数较大时,炭黑颗粒存在聚集现象。建立了圆形炭黑颗粒增强橡胶复合材料二维多颗粒随机分布RVE模型,并运用ABAQUS软件对炭黑颗粒增强橡胶界面脱粘和颗粒聚集行为进行仿真。对比不同体积分数和不同粒径分布形态等情况下单轴拉伸的宏观力学响应,结果表明:炭黑体积分数越大,炭黑增强橡胶界面开始发生脱粘的应变越小,越容易发生脱粘。针对炭黑的不同聚集程度,并考虑颗粒的界面脱粘,发现考虑颗粒聚集的模型应力集中程度更高,更容易发生脱粘。因此,炭黑体积分数越高,越不能忽略颗粒与基体的界面脱粘以及炭黑颗粒团聚。     

炭黑填充橡胶材料的修正三链模型和Mullins模型

论文探讨了炭黑颗粒填充橡胶材料的本构模型.考虑到橡胶单个分子链与周围分子网络的约束作用和炭黑颗粒对橡胶的补强作用,提出了一种修正三链模型,用Edwards管模型描述分子链之间的相互作用和约束,采用应变放大因子来考虑炭黑含量的影响.并在修正三链模型的基础上,利用橡胶分子网络重构理论,提出了一种适合表征橡胶Mullins现象的本构模型.通过与实验数据比较分析,修正三链模型可较准确地表征未填充橡胶材料不同变形模式的力学性能和炭黑颗粒填充橡胶材料的单向拉伸力学行为,Mullins模型也可较好地描述橡胶材料的Mullins现象.     

橡胶粘结颗粒材料粘弹性性能的试验研究与离散元模拟

制备了颗粒规则四方排列和六方排列的橡胶粘接颗粒材料试样,实验测试了所制备试样在单向拉伸载荷下的应力松弛曲线和不同应变率时的应力应变曲线。基于所测试的应力松弛曲线,采用曲线拟合方法得到了所测试材料的宏观Burger’s粘弹性本构模型参数。采用离散元模型中单元间连结模型代表颗粒间橡胶粘接剂的作用,并基于试样的宏观Burger’s模型参数与离散元模型中细观Burger’s连结模型参数间的关系,建立了橡胶粘接颗粒材料的无厚度胶结离散元分析模型。最后采用所建立的离散元模型计算了所测试试样的松弛和拉伸力学性能。离散元预测结果与实验结果的对比表明,采用无厚度胶结离散元模型能较好的计算颗粒规则排列的橡胶粘接颗粒材料松弛和拉伸力学性能,但基于应力松弛实验拟合而来参数不能准确反应橡胶粘接剂在高应变率条件下其力学性能的应变率相关性。     

自动网格法在轮胎橡胶力学行为测试中的应用

本文利用自动网格法光学测量技术的非接触、高精度以及可以获得全场变形信息等优点，建立了一套包含图像采集功能的载荷－变形同步测试,实验轮胎橡胶单向拉伸较大变形力学行为的测试。试验结果表明自动网格法适用于轮胎橡胶等软试件较大变形力学行为的测试，同时也验证了加和卸载过程中，胎面碳黑填充橡胶（以下简称胎面胶）具有明显的迟滞效应、Mullins效应以及残余变形；而纵横向平均应变的数据则有力的证明了在单向拉伸的较大变形范围内，胎面胶是可压缩的，且体积比随轴向拉伸应变增大而逐渐增大。     

Brain tissue deforms similarly to filled elastomers and follows consolidation theory

Slow, large deformations of human brain tissue—accompanying cranial vault deformation induced by positional plagiocephaly, occurring during hydrocephalus, and in the convolutional development—has surprisingly received scarce mechanical investigation. Since the effects of these deformations may be important, we performed a systematic series of in vitro experiments on human brain tissue, revealing the following features. (i) Under uniaxial (quasi-static), cyclic loading, brain tissue exhibits a peculiar nonlinear mechanical behaviour, exhibiting hysteresis, Mullins effect and residual strain, qualitatively similar to that observed in filled elastomers. As a consequence, the loading and unloading uniaxial curves have been found to follow the Ogden nonlinear elastic theory of rubber (and its variants to include Mullins effect and permanent strain). (ii) Loaded up to failure, the “shape” of the stress/strain curve qualitatively changes, evidencing softening related to local failure. (iii) Uniaxial (quasi-static) strain experiments under controlled drainage conditions provide the first direct evidence that the tissue obeys consolidation theory involving fluid migration, with properties similar to fine soils, but having much smaller volumetric compressibility. (iv) Our experimental findings also support the existence of a viscous component of the solid phase deformation.Brain tissue should, therefore, be modelled as a porous, fluid-saturated, nonlinear solid with very small volumetric (drained) compressibility.     

不同循环加载应力下花岗岩Kaiser效应特征的试验研究

为了更准确地获取花岗岩的Kaiser效应点对应的应力值σAE,利用RMT-100B岩石力学伺服试验机和Micro-Ⅱ Express型声发射监测系统,研究不同循环加载应力σci下岩石Kaiser效应特征.结果表明:相比单次加载,在循环加载作用下,试样的应力-应变曲线在加载初期下凸减弱,压密阶段变短;由于试样的加卸载曲线...     

An experimental study of uniaxial creep,cyclic creep and relaxation of aisi type 304 stainless steel at room temperature

Following previous work (Krempl, 1979), a servocontrolled testing machine and strain measurement at the gage length were used to study the uniaxial rate(time)-dependent behavior of AISI Type 304 stainless steel at room temperature. The test results show that the creep strain accumulated in a given period of time depends strongly on the stress-rate preceding the creep test. In constant stress-rate zero-to-tension loading the creep strain accumulated in a fixed time-period at a given stress level is always higher during loading than during unloading. Continued cycling causes an exhaustion of creep ratchetting which depends on the stress-rate. Periods of creep and relaxation introduced during completely reversed plastic cycling show that the curved portions of the hysteresis loop exhibit most of the inelasticity. In the straight portions, creep and relaxation are small and there exists a region commencing after unloading where the behavior is similar to that at the origin for virgin materials. This region does not extend to zero stress.The results are at variance with creep theory and with viscoplasticity theories which assume that the yield surface expands with the stress. They support the theory of viscoplasticity based on total strain and overstress.     

Cyclic stress-softening model for the Mullins effect in compression

This paper models the cyclic stress softening of an elastomer in compression. After the initial compression the material is described as being transversely isotropic. We derive non-linear transversely isotropic constitutive equations for the elastic response, stress relaxation, residual strain, and creep of residual strain in order to model accurately the inelastic features associated with cyclic stress softening. These equations are combined with a transversely isotropic version of the Arruda–Boyce eight-chain model to develop a constitutive relation that is capable of accurately representing the Mullins effect during cyclic stress softening for a transversely isotropic, hyperelastic material, in particular a carbon-filled rubber vulcanizate. To establish the validity of the model we compare it with two test samples, one for filled vulcanized styrene–butadiene rubber and the other for filled vulcanized natural rubber. The model is found to fit this experimental data extremely well.     

Modelling large deformation behaviour under loading–unloading of semicrystalline polymers: Application to a high density polyethylene

In this work, the large deformation behaviour under monotonic loading and unloading of a high density polyethylene (HDPE) is studied. To analyze the nonlinear time-dependent response of the material, mechanical tests were conducted at room temperature under constant true strain rates and stress relaxation conditions. A physically-based inelastic model written under finite strain formulation is proposed to describe the mechanical behaviour of HDPE. In the model, the inelastic mechanisms involve two parallel elements: a visco-hyperelastic network resistance acting in parallel with a viscoelastic–viscoplastic intermolecular resistance where the amorphous and crystalline phases are explicitly taken into consideration. The semicrystalline polymer is considered as a two-phase composite. The influence of the crystallinity on the loading and unloading behaviour is investigated. Numerical results are compared to experimental data. It is shown that the model is able to accurately reproduce the experimental observations corresponding to monotonic loading, unloading and stress relaxation behaviours at different strain levels. Finally, the model capabilities to capture cyclic loading–unloading behaviour up to large strains are discussed. To demonstrate the improved modelling capabilities, simulations are also performed using the original model of Boyce et al. [Boyce, M.C., Socrate, S., Llana, P.G., 2000. Constitutive model for the finite deformation stress–strain behavior of poly(ethylene terephthalate) above the glass transition. Polymer 41, 2183–2201] modified by Ahzi et al. [Ahzi, S., Makradi, A., Gregory, R.V., Edie, D.D., 2003. Modeling of deformation behavior and strain-induced crystallization in poly(ethylene terephthalate) above the glass transition temperature. Mechanics of Materials 35, 1139–1148].     

A constitutive equation for filled rubber under cyclic loading

This paper describes experiments and the development of constitutive equations to predict the steady-state response of filled rubber under cyclic loading. An MTS servo-hydraulic machine was used to obtain the dynamic hysteresis curves for a filled rubber compound in uniaxial tension-compression. The material tests were performed with mean strains from −0.1 to 0.1, strain amplitudes ranging from 0.02 to 0.1, and strain rates between 0.01 and 10 s⁻¹. Temporary material set, the Payne effect and rate-dependence were observed from the experimental results. A hyper-viscoelastic constitutive model was developed to characterize the dynamic response of the rubber. A cornerstone of this constitutive modeling was to devise a scheme to evaluate material set and a finite strain, non-linear viscoelastic law from the test data. Predictions of the dynamic hysteresis curves using the proposed constitutive equation were found to be in good agreement with the uniaxial test results.     

A generalized anisotropic hardening rule based on the Mroz multi-yield-surface model for pressure insensitive and sensitive materials

In this paper, a generalized anisotropic hardening rule based on the Mroz multi-yield-surface model for pressure insensitive and sensitive materials is derived. The evolution equation for the active yield surface with reference to the memory yield surface is obtained by considering the continuous expansion of the active yield surface during the unloading/reloading process. The incremental constitutive relation based on the associated flow rule is then derived for a general yield function for pressure insensitive and sensitive materials. Detailed incremental constitutive relations for materials based on the Mises yield function, the Hill quadratic anisotropic yield function and the Drucker–Prager yield function are derived as the special cases. The closed-form solutions for one-dimensional stress–plastic strain curves are also derived and plotted for materials under cyclic loading conditions based on the three yield functions. In addition, the closed-form solutions for one-dimensional stress–plastic strain curves for materials based on the isotropic Cazacu–Barlat yield function under cyclic loading conditions are summarized and presented. For materials based on the Mises and the Hill anisotropic yield functions, the stress–plastic strain curves show closed hysteresis loops under uniaxial cyclic loading conditions and the Masing hypothesis is applicable. For materials based on the Drucker–Prager and Cazacu–Barlat yield functions, the stress–plastic strain curves do not close and show the ratcheting effect under uniaxial cyclic loading conditions. The ratcheting effect is due to different strain ranges for a given stress range for the unloading and reloading processes. With these closed-form solutions, the important effects of the yield surface geometry on the cyclic plastic behavior due to the pressure-sensitive yielding or the unsymmetric behavior in tension and compression can be shown unambiguously. The closed form solutions for the Drucker–Prager and Cazacu–Barlat yield functions with the associated flow rule also suggest that a more general anisotropic hardening theory needs to be developed to address the ratcheting effects for a given stress range.     

Transient response of fluid pressure in a poroelastic material under uniaxial cyclic loading

Poroelasticity is a theory that quantifies the time-dependent mechanical behavior of a fluid-saturated porous medium induced by the interaction between matrix deformation and interstitial fluid flow. Based on this theory, we present an analytical solution of interstitial fluid pressure in poroelastic materials under uniaxial cyclic loading. The solution contains transient and steady-state responses. Both responses depend on two dimensionless parameters: the dimensionless frequency Ω that stands for the ratio of the characteristic time of the fluid pressure relaxation to that of applied forces, and the dimensionless stress coefficient H governing the solid-fluid coupling behavior in poroelastic materials. When the phase shift between the applied cyclic loading and the corresponding fluid pressure evolution in steady-state is pronounced, the transient response is comparable in magnitude to the steady-state one and an increase in the rate of change of fluid pressure is observed immediately after loading. The transient response of fluid pressure may have a significant effect on the mechanical behavior of poroelastic materials in various fields.