甲烷氧化偶联Na2WO4-Mn/SiO2催化剂热效应的研究

采用固定床微型反应装置,研究了甲烷氧化偶联反应过程中Na2WO4-Mn/S iO2催化剂床层的热效应和催化性能的关系,考察了反应炉温、CH4/O2比和反应气体空速对催化剂床层热点分布的影响.研究结果表明,甲烷氧化偶联催化剂床层的热效应强烈依赖于反应条件.反应炉温越高,CH4/O2比越低,反应气体空速越大,催化剂床层的热点温度越高.结合催化性能和热效应关系的研究,为优化甲烷氧化偶联的反应操作提供了实验依据.     

La—Ba—Na—O催化剂上甲烷氧化偶联宏观反应动力学研究

甲烷氧化偶联反应在不同催化剂体系上动力学的研究各不相同,我们已报道了La-Ba-O系复合氧化物催化剂对此反应的优良催化性能。本文则是对该催化剂上的甲烷氧化偶联反应的动力学进行初步探讨。     

Li－La－Mn－O钙钛矿型甲烷氧化偶联催化剂的研制

Ｌｉ－Ｌａ－Ｍｎ－Ｏ钙钛矿型甲烷氧化偶联催化剂的研制赵静，王大祥，李永丹（天津大学化工系工业催化教研室，天津３０００７２）关键词甲烷，氧化偶联，催化剂，钙钛石型化合物自１９８２年Ｋｅｌｌｅｒ等［１］首先研究甲烷氧化偶联反应以来，含锂催化剂是至今所开发...     

Li／La2O3的表面活性氧及其在甲烷氧化偶联中的催化行为

甲烷氧化偶联反应近年来研究十分活跃。Lunsford等报道了载有碱金属的碱土氧化物是对此反应有效的催化剂,并提出晶格取代型活性中心[M~ O~-〕和表面活化、气相偶联的反应机理。Otsuka等系统地研究了稀土氧化物的甲烷氧化偶联活性,本文通过氧化镧中添加锂前后的对比,运用骤冷技术与ESR法研究了催化剂的表面活性氧,以低温TPD法研究了甲烷在催化剂表面上的吸附与活化,以及在甲烷氧化偶联中的催化行为。     

等离子体电离耦合催化的研究进展

等离子体电离活化能够在较为温和的条件下活化反应物分子,经过活化的底物分子在催化剂上进一步转化为目标产物。这种耦合过程有望克服一些反应过程温度高、能耗高、低反应效率的问题。近些年等离子体电离耦合催化技术已经取得了显著的进步,展现出一些独特的优势。本文详细总结了等离子电离耦合催化转化在甲烷氧化偶联、脱氢偶联、挥发性有机物氧化、CO₂电离耦合催化转化以及合成氨等反应中的进展,并对电离耦合催化技术的应用前景进行展望。     

La-Ba-Sn(Sm,Ce)体系催化剂上的甲烷氧化偶联

报道了La-Ba-Sn(sm,Ce)体系催化剂上甲烷氧化偶联反应(OCM)的催化性能.实验结果表明:第三组分Sn、Sm、Ce的添加显著提高了OCM催化活性和C₂烃选择性.不同催化剂制备方法对催化活性的影响不同,混浆法低温焙烧有利于低温OCM反应;干混法高温焙烧能在最佳OCM反应条件下获得较高的C₂烃收率和选择性.     

添加物对钛基甲烷氧化偶联催化剂性能影响的研究Ⅰ．添加Li、La对TiO_2晶型转变的影响及其催化行为

添加物对钛基甲烷氧化偶联催化剂性能影响的研究Ⅰ．添加Ｌｉ、Ｌａ对ＴｉＯ＿２晶型转变的影响及其催化行为龚茂初，陈豫，张卫东，秦代毅，陈耀强，周建略（四川大学化学系及分析测试中心，成都６１００６４）关键词：甲烷氧化偶联，ＴｉＯ＿２基催化剂，添加物，相转变...     

表面偶联甲基自由基实现低温高效甲烷氧化偶联

天然气作为一种低碳清洁能源,其储量大,价格低,被认为是最有前途的石油替代资源之一.而以天然气的主要成分——甲烷为原料来生产高价值化学品被认为是石化工业中实现天然气取代石油为原料新化工路线的技术基础,具有极为可观的社会经济价值.目前甲烷的化学利用主要采用间接转化法,即先从甲烷制合成气,再由合成气制备各种化工原料和油品.但该路线流程复杂,能耗大,生产成本高及投资大,具有明显的局限性,这促使着人们不断探索能量效率更高的甲烷直接转化技术.甲烷氧化偶联(OCM)是最重要的甲烷直接转化技术之一.自1982首次报道以来,人们开发了1000多种OCM催化剂,涉及元素超过68种,但C₂烃类(乙烷和乙烯)的收率普遍低于30%,尚未实现工业化.传统研究认为,OCM反应遵循“多相-均相”催化反应机理,甲烷在催化剂表面活化产生甲基自由基后,在气相中进行偶联生成乙烷和乙烯等产物.由于高温下甲基自由基很容易脱附到气相,传统的OCM催化剂一般只在甲基自由基的产生这一步发挥作用.而随后在气相中发生的甲基自由基均相反应并不受催化剂控制,在热力学驱动下,会倾向于深度氧化生成CO2等副产物,因此OCM反应中C₂的收率上限为25%–28%.理论上来说,只有当催化剂能够在甲基自由基偶联这一步发挥作用时,C₂物种的收率才可能打破上限,但目前尚未有催化剂实现甲基自由基可控表面偶联.本文提出并证实5wt%Na₂WO₄/SiO₂(5NaWSi)具有催化甲基自由基表面偶联的能力.在低温下,5NaWSi本身对于OCM没有催化活性,但是它的加入能够显著提高La₂O₃催化剂的C₂选择性,进而提高C₂收率,使其在570℃的低温下即可达到10.9%的C₂收率.在La₂O₃和5NaWSi之间加入一层甲基自由基淬灭剂——石英砂,这种提升作用随即消失,表明甲基自由基在5NaWSi上的表面偶联可能是C₂选择性和收率提升的主要原因.本文进一步采用同步辐射光电离质谱技术原位检测了反应过程中的自由基中间体,结果发现,La₂O₃表面产生的甲基自由基确实可以在5NaWSi表面进行偶联,进而提高C₂的选择性和收率.通过对5NaWSi的组成和结构进行分析,发现5NaWSi中的Na₂WO₄纳米团簇可能是甲基自由基偶联的活性位点,该位点不仅具有很强的甲基自由基吸附能力,为甲基自由基表面偶联提供机会,同时不会深度氧化C₂物种,有效地提高了C₂选择性.以此为基础建立理论模型,我们通过DFT计算对甲基自由基在5NaWSi表面的偶联机制进行了研究.结果表明,5NaWSi对甲基自由基具有很强的吸附能力,而吸附后的甲基自由基更倾向于偶联生成C₂产物,而不是β-H消除生成HCHO等副产物,表明5NaWSi确实是很好的甲基自由基表面偶联催化剂.甲基自由基表面偶联的证实为OCM催化剂的开发开辟了新方向.从双功能催化剂设计的角度出发,将OCM反应分解成甲烷活化和甲基自由基偶联这两个部分,并分别针对这两个部分来筛选和优化催化剂,将有望突破C₂收率上限,进而推进OCM的工业化进程.     

ABO3型稀土铝酸盐的表面状态及其催化性能

大量文献资料表明,甲烷催化氧化偶联反应中,催化剂的表面状态起着关键作用.本文初步探讨了LnAlO_3对甲烷偶联反应的催化性能,并用X光衍射(XRD)技术表征了催化剂的体相性质,用X光电子能谱(XPS)和程序升温脱附(TPD)技术研究了表面状态、组成和表面碱性,并同催化性能进行了关联.1 实验方法     

甲烷氧化偶联CaF2／Sm2O3催化剂的研究

甲烷氧化偶联ＣａＦ_２／Ｓｍ_２Ｏ_３催化剂的研究周水琴，龙瑞强，黄亚萍，万惠霖，蔡启瑞（厦门大学化学系，固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室，厦门，３６１００５）关键词甲烷氧化偶联，氟化钙，三氧化二钐，离子交换，氧物种甲烷氧化偶联制乙烯是催化领域中最活跃的?..     

1,1,3,3-四(全氟己基乙基)二锡氧烷二聚体在环氧化合物开环反应中的催化作用

采用氟碳-有机溶剂两相催化体系,考察了1,1,3,3-四(全氟己基乙基)二锡氧烷二聚体(1)在环氧化合物开环反应中的催化作用.结果表明,催化剂(1)在氟碳-有机溶剂两相体系中使环氧苯乙烯和甲醇的开环反应产率高达95%,¹³CNMR谱表明,开环反应的区域选择性为100%.在氟碳-有机溶剂两相催化体系中以一锅法制备了3-苯基丙酸2-甲氧基-2-苯乙醇酯,收率高,方法简便,催化剂几乎可以定量回收循环使用.     

Measurement of nitrogen dioxide in cigarette smoke using quantum cascade tunable infrared laser differential absorption spectroscopy (TILDAS)

Although nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) has been previously reported to be present in cigarette smoke, the concentration estimates were derived from kinetic calculations or from measurements of aged smoke, where NO(2) was formed some time after the puff was taken. The objective of this work was to use tunable infrared laser differential absorption spectroscopy (TILDAS) equipped with a quantum cascade (QC) laser to determine if NO(2) could be detected and quantified in a fresh puff of cigarette smoke. A temporal resolution of approximately 0.16s allowed measurements to be taken directly as the NO(2) was formed during the puff. Sidestream cigarette smoke was sampled to determine if NO(2) could be detected using TILDAS. Experiments were conducted using 2R4F Kentucky Reference cigarettes with and without a Cambridge filter pad. NO(2) was detected only in the lighting puff of whole mainstream smoke (without a Cambridge filter pad), with no NO(2) detected in the subsequent puffs. The measurement precision was approximately 1.0 ppbVHz(-1/2), which allows a detection limit of approximately 0.2 ng in a 35 ml puff volume. More NO(2) was generated in the lighting puff using a match or blue flame lighter (29+/-21 ng) than when using an electric lighter (9+/-3 ng). In the presence of a Cambridge filter pad, NO(2) was observed in the gas phase mainstream smoke for every puff (total of 200+/-30 ng/cigarette) and is most likely due to smoke chemistry taking place on the Cambridge filter pad during the smoke collection process. Nitrogen dioxide was observed continuously in the sidestream smoke starting with the lighting puff.     

HPLC-ELSD法测定生物柴油中游离甘油含量

建立了高效液相色谱(HPLC)-蒸发光散射(ELSD)法测定生物柴油中游离甘油的方法。用水萃取生物柴油中的甘油,选用强酸型阳离子交换柱(Ultimate XB-SCX)分离甘油和杂质,流动相为乙腈-水(25:75,V:V),柱温35℃;ELSD漂移管温度30℃,载气压力360 kPa。结果表明:在7.12～307.31 mg/kg范围内,甘油峰面积和其浓度的对数具有良好的线性相关性,相关系数r为0.9929。甘油的回收率为96.3%～105.6%,RSD均小于2.0%(n=5)。最低检测限(LOD)和最低定量限(LOQ)分别为2.50 mg/kg、7.12 mg/kg。该研究为生物柴油中游离甘油的提取和检测提供了一种快速高效的方法。     

Solvent-dependent interconversions between Rh(I), Rh(II), and Rh(III) complexes of an aryl-monophosphine ligand

Reaction of the aryl-monophosphine ligand alpha(2)-(diisopropylphosphino)isodurene (1) with the Rh(I) precursor [Rh(coe)(2)(acetone)(2)]BF(4) (coe=cyclooctene) in different solvents yielded complexes of all three common oxidation states of rhodium, depending on the solvent used. When the reaction was carried out in methanol a cyclometalated, solvent-stabilized Rh(III) alkyl-hydride complex (2) was obtained. However, when the reaction was carried out in acetone or dichloromethane a dinuclear eta(6)-arene Rh(II) complex (5) was obtained in the absence of added redox reagents. Moreover, when acetonitrile was added to a solution of either the Rh(II) or Rh(III) complexes, a new solvent-stabilized, noncyclometalated Rh(I) complex (6) was obtained. In this report we describe the different complexes, which were fully characterized, and probe the processes behind the remarkable solvent effect observed.     

HPLC study of tissue distribution of loganin in rats

A rapid, sensitive and selective high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed and validated for determination of loganin in rat tissues. Samples were prepared based on a simple protein precipitation. Separation of loganin was achieved on a reversed-phase C(18) column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5 microm) with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and water (16:84, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 236 nm and the temperature of the column was kept at 30 degrees C. The method was applied to study tissue distribution of loganin in rats after a single administration of loganin at a dose of 20 mg/kg. The highest level was observed in kidney, then in stomach, lung and small intestine. The lowest level was found in brain. The peak levels were attained at 90 min in most tissues. It was indicated that kidney was the major distribution tissue of loganin in rats, and that loganin had difficulty in crossing the blood-brain barrier. It was also found there was no long-term accumulation of loganin in rat tissues.     

X-ray absorption spectroscopy study of H2S sorption on iron-rich soil: characterization of iron-sulfur species

Iron-rich soil after sorption of H(2)S was characterized using X-ray absorption near-edge structural (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) for determination the possible products in the present work. EXAFS revealed that the main Fe-S species in the sulfided sample were FeS (troilite) and Fe(1-x)S (pyrrohotite). Iron in the sulfided sample was found to possess a Fe-S bond distance of 2.36 A and a Fe-O bond distance of 1.72 A in the Fe-K-edge spectra whereas the Fe-S bond distance of 2.25 A was determined in the sulfur K-edge spectra. In the second shells, the bond distance of Fe-O-Si or Fe-O-Al with 3.28 A was also observed. No FeS2 (pyrite) was included in the sulfided sample. The formation of Fe(1-x)S was probably attributed to the presence of Fe(3)O(4), a type of spinel structure with a lattice deficiency.     

基于聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯薄膜的石墨烯/金纳米粒子/葡萄糖氧化酶柔性电极的制备及检测葡萄糖

采用化学气相沉积法生长多晶石墨烯(Graphene, G),转移至聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)薄膜表面,通过控制金溶胶蒸发速率,在多晶石墨烯表面组装均匀分布的亚单层金纳米粒子(AuNPs);然后修饰巯基乙酸,通过共价交联反应将葡萄糖氧化酶固定于AuNPs表面,构建基于PET膜的石墨烯/金纳米粒子/葡萄糖氧化酶(G/AuNPs/GOD)柔性电极.此电极在工作电位0.6 V(vs.SCE电极)、pH 7.0磷酸盐缓冲溶液、室温25℃条件下,差分脉冲伏安法响应电流与被测葡萄糖浓度在0.05~10.55 mmol/L范围内呈线性关系,线性方程为I(108A)=0.2629 C(mmol/L)+1.4149,线性相关系数 r=0.9955,检出限1 μmol/L (3σ). G/AuNPs/GOD柔性电极的制备可为特定环境和可穿戴设备的葡萄糖检测提供了新的途径和方法,拓展了葡萄糖检测的应用范围.     

丙烯酸酯共聚物表面活性剂/多异氰酸酯乳液的制备及表面施胶性能

以低分子量甲氧基聚乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯(MPEG350MA)和甲基丙烯酸丁酯(BMA)为单体,通过自由基聚合反应制得具有两亲结构的共聚物P(MPEGMA-co-BMA)。测得最佳单体比例下,P(MPEGMA-co-BMA-3)的表面张力为0.77 g/L。以P(MPEGMA-co-BMA)分散1,6-己二异氰酸酯三聚体(HDIT),制得HDI三聚体分散液(LHAHT分散液)。考察了共聚物P(MPEGMA-co-BMA)中亲疏水单体质量比[m(MPEGMA)/m(BMA)]对LHAHT分散液粒径、稳定性和施胶性能的影响。结果表明:[m(MPEGMA)/m(BMA)]为3/1时,LHAHT-3分散液的平均粒径为147.70nm、PDI指数为0.143、TSI为0.58,适用期为6.5 h。以100 g质量分数为10%的LHAHT-3分散液与350 g浓度为10%的聚乙烯醇(PVA1799)复配成1000 g施胶液对木浆原纸进行表面施胶,测得纸张耐折度为128次,抗张指数为55.32 Nm/g,纸张施胶度为26 s,纸张与水接触角为110.49°。     

纳米金-还原氧化石墨烯修饰葡萄糖氧化酶传感器的制备及其电流法检测饮料中的葡萄糖

利用纳米金(Au NPs)与还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)复合纳米材料制备了葡萄糖氧化酶生物传感器并用于饮料中葡萄糖含量的检测。将壳聚糖作为还原剂及稳定剂,通过一步法合成了Au NPs-rGO复合材料,并通过物理吸附固定葡萄糖氧化酶(GOx)来制作GOx生物传感器。该传感器在磷酸盐缓冲溶液(0.1 mol/L,p H6.0)中,-0.45 V(vs.Ag/Ag Cl)电位下电流法检测葡萄糖含量,线性检测范围为0.01~0.88 mmol/L,灵敏度为22.54μA·mmol-1·L·cm-2,检出限为1.01μmol/L,且表观米氏常数为0.497 mmol/L。该传感器用于多种饮料中葡萄糖含量的直接检测,结果满意。     

Electrochemical detection of benzo(a)pyrene and related DNA damage using DNA/hemin/nafion–graphene biosensor

A novel electrochemical biosensor, DNA/hemin/nafion–graphene/GCE, was constructed for the analysis of the benzo(a)pyrene PAH, which can produce DNA damage induced by a benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) enzyme-catalytic product. This biosensor was assembled layer-by-layer, and was characterized with the use of cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and atomic force microscopy. Ultimately, it was demonstrated that the hemin/nafion–graphene/GCE was a viable platform for the immobilization of DNA. This DNA biosensor was treated separately in benzo(a)pyrene, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and in their mixture, respectively, and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) analysis showed that an oxidation peak was apparent after the electrode was immersed in H₂O₂. Such experiments indicated that in the presence of H₂O₂, hemin could mimic cytochrome P450 to metabolize benzo(a)pyrene, and a voltammogram of its metabolite was recorded. The DNA damage induced by this metabolite was also detected by electrochemical impedance and ultraviolet spectroscopy. Finally, a novel, indirect DPV analytical method for BaP in aqueous solution was developed based on the linear metabolite versus BaP concentration plot; this method provided a new, indirect, quantitative estimate of DNA damage.