Preparation of RCM substrates for azepinoindole synthesis: reductive amination versus tetrahydro-γ-carboline formation

Treatment of N-(phenylsulfonyl)-2-vinyl-3-indolecarbaldehydes with primary aliphatic amines under mild reductive amination conditions leads to tetrahydro-γ-carbolines in high yield. The process can be suppressed by changing the protecting group at the indole nitrogen for a methoxymethyl group, thus allowing the preparation of RCM substrates for azepinoindole synthesis.     

A fluorous phosphate protecting group with applications to carbohydrate synthesis

The first fluorous protecting group for phosphate is reported. This group can be used as a facile tag for purification and be removed under mild reducing conditions using zinc and ammonium formate. Synthesis of a disaccharide from Leishmania using this fluorous protecting group demonstrated the group's stability to the acidic conditions necessary for glycosylation as well as its orthogonality to several other common protecting groups.     

Trifluoroacetyl as an orthogonal protecting group for guanidines

The trifluoroacetyl moiety has been used as a new protecting group for guanidine functionality. The protecting group is easily cleaved under mild basic conditions and is complementary to the Boc, Cbz, and Ddpe protecting groups. The protecting group can be applied to peptide synthesis in solution as well as on a solid phase as it is orthogonal to a Boc and Cbz strategy and semiorthogonal to an Fmoc strategy.     

Environmental Remediation Using Catalysis Driven Under Electromagnetic Irradiation

Photocatalytically reductive dehalogenation using nano-sized semiconductors such as ZnS and CdS nanocrystallites under respective UV ( > 300 nm) and visible light ( > 400 nm) irradiation is emphasized as a novel methodology for detoxification of halogenated organic compounds under mild conditions. Nano-sized ZnS and CdS can supply the compounds with photoexcited electrons of high reduction potentials. This photocatalytic dehalogenation is so selective that it gives no other products than the dehalogenated compounds. Microwave-assisted catalytic dehalogenation of halogenated organic compounds shows distinguished characteristics in rapid and complete detoxification, i.e., the selective heating and energy-saving when compared to conventional heating. Predominance of reductive dehalogenation performed in the above two systems is relieved in comparison with other reductive and oxidative techniques as detoxification methods.     

Study of the products of platinum-catalyzed hydrogenation of chlorinated nitro and amino aromatic compounds at high degree of dehalogenation

The kinetics of formation and consumption of the dehalogenation products during hydrogenation of 3,4-dichloronitrobenzene under static and gradient-free flow conditions and hydrogenation of p-chloroaniline under static conditions were studied in the presence of platinum supported on active carbon. In the former case, p-chloroaniline and aniline are the primary dehalogenation products; in the presence of the catalyst, they can react with each other giving biphenyl derivatives, whose synthesis and accumulation in the reaction mixture occur with a considerable delay and have not been investigated before.     

Synthesis of 3-aryl-2-arylamidobenzofurans based on the Curtius rearrangement

The synthesis of novel 3-aryl-2-arylamidobenzofurans has been accomplished via a Curtius rearrangement strategy in four steps from benzofuran-2-carboxylic acids. The requisite Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling, with benzyl 3-bromobenzofuran-2-ylcarbamate or 2-arylamido-3-bromobenzofurans, revealed an unusual reductive debromination process due to the presence of the free NH group. This dehalogenation can be suppressed by N-alkylation. DMAP is an efficient reagent for the one-pot conversion of benzyl benzofuran-2-ylcarbamates into the corresponding benzofuran-2-arylamides through aroylation, thus acting both as an acyl transfer reagent and a deprotecting agent of the Cbz group. A mechanism is postulated.     

A new safety-catch protecting group and linker for solid-phase synthesis

The use of two derivatives of 2-methoxy-4-methylsulfinylbenzyl alcohol is demonstrated as a safety-catch protecting group and linker for solid-phase peptide synthesis. The protecting group and linker are stable to TFA and are readily removed under reductive acidolytic conditions.     

醇(酚)羟基的硅烷化保护与去保护研究进展

醇(酚)羟基的硅烷化保护是一类重要的有机合成手段,目的在于使羟基稳定化,消除或减轻其引起的副反应。保护基中硅原子连接的基团空间位阻越小,该保护基的反应活性越大,生成的相应硅醚的稳定性则越差,在弱酸或弱碱的条件下即可脱除;硅原子连接的基团越大,该保护基的反应活性则越小,硅醚化反应越难发生,需要借助催化剂才能进行。本文尽可能全面地论述了有机硅烷保护基的类型,如三甲基硅烷、三乙基硅烷、叔丁基二甲基硅烷、三异丙基硅烷、苯基取代硅烷和桥型硅烷等,并讨论了其在不同环境下的活性及稳定性。     

C. fumago chloroperoxidase is also a dehaloperoxidase: oxidative dehalogenation of halophenols

We have examined the H2O2-dependent oxidative dehalogenation of 2,4,6-trihalophenols and p-halophenols catalyzed by Caldariomyces fumago chloroperoxidase (CCPO). CCPO is significantly more robust than other peroxidases and can function under harsher reaction conditions, and so its ability to dehalogenate halophenols could lead to its use as a bioremediation catalyst for aromatic dehalogenation reactions. Optimal catalysis occurred under acidic conditions (100 mM potassium phosphate solution, pH 3.0). UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry clearly identified the oxidized reaction product for CCPO-catalyzed dehalogenation of 2,4,6-trihalophenols as the corresponding 2,6-dihalo-1,4-benzoquinones. This reaction has previously been reported for two His-ligated heme-containing peroxidases (see Osborne, R. L.; Taylor, L. O.; Han, K. P.; Ely, B.; Dawson, J. H. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2004, 324, 1194-1198), but this is the first example of a Cys-ligated heme-containing peroxidase functioning as a dehaloperoxidase. The relative catalytic efficiency (turnover number) of CCPO reported herein is comparable to that of horseradish peroxidase (Ferrari, R. P.; Laurenti, E.; Trotta, F. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 1965, 4, 232-237). The mechanism of dehalogenation has been probed using p-halophenols as substrates. Here the major product is a dimer with 1,4-benzoquinone as the minor product. An electron-transfer mechanism is proposed that accounts for the products formed from both the 2,4,6-trihalo- and p-halophenols. Finally, we note that this is the first case of a peroxidase known primarily for its halogenation ability being shown to also dehalogenate substrates.     

4-Acetoxy-2,2-dimethylbutanoate: a useful carbohydrate protecting group for the selective formation of β-(1→3)-d-glucans

The use of 4-acetoxy-2,2-dimethylbutanoyl protecting group for the C2-hydroxyl allows the selective formation of β-glycosides without producing α-glycosides. This very bulky protecting group can be removed under mild conditions.     

2‐[Dimethyl(2‐naphthylmethyl)silyl]ethoxy Carbonate (NSEC) as a New Mode of Hydroxyl Group Protection*

2‐[Dimethyl(2‐naphthylmethyl)silyl]ethoxy carbonate (NSEC) is a novel protecting group to mask hydroxyl groups. NSECCl is available in three steps from chlorodimethylvinylsilane and 2‐(bromomethyl)naphthalene. Introduction and removal of the NSEC group are performed easily and rapidly in the presence of most protecting groups currently used in carbohydrate chemistry. The removal of NSEC can be carried out under mild conditions in the presence of various ether and ester protecting groups. Additionally, the NSEC group is stable to glycosylation conditions using glycosyl phosphates. The synthesis of disaccharide 18 containing NSEC has been accomplished.     

Applications of ammonium formate catalytic transfer hydrogenolysis--IV1: a facile method for dehalogenation of aromatic chlorocarbons

Ammonium formate catalytic transfer hydrogenolysis, in the presence of palladium on carbon, has shown utility for the rapid dehalogenation of mono-or polychlorinated aromatic compounds in neutral media under ambient conditions of temperature and pressure.     

Selective deprotection and amidation of 2-pyridyl esters via N-methylation

The 2-pyridyl residue serves as a protecting group for various carboxylic acids. The protecting group is selectively cleaved under mild conditions via N-methylation of the pyridyl group. During the deprotection process, the various functional groups as well as the other ester moieties remain intact. The N-methylated active esters can be subsequently transformed into amides.     

Novel photolabile protecting group for carbonyl compounds

[reaction: see text] A novel type of photo-protecting group for carbonyl compounds is described. The protecting group is readily accessed in one step from commercially available material. Installation of the protecting group upon the carbonyl compounds is achieved in excellent yields. The carbonyl compounds in their protected form are remarkably stable under various conditions and can be released photochemically in high efficiency.     

Synthesis of RNA using 2'-O-DTM protection

tert-Butyldithiomethyl (DTM), a novel hydroxyl protecting group, cleavable under reductive conditions, was developed and applied for the protection of 2'-OH during solid-phase RNA synthesis. This function is compatible with all standard protecting groups used in oligonucleotide synthesis, and allows for fast and high-yield synthesis of RNA. Oligonucleotides containing the 2'-O-DTM groups can be easily deprotected under the mildest possible aqueous and homogeneous conditions. The preserved 5'-O-DMTr function can be used for high-throughput cartridge RNA purification.     

Synthesis of 8-(omega-Hydroxyalkyl)-, 8-(omega-hydroxyalk-1-enyl)-, and 8-(omega-hydroxyalk-1-ynyl)adenines using the tert-butyldimethylsilyloxymethyl group, a new and versatile protecting group of adenine

The synthesis of 12 analogues of adenine substituted at C-8 by an omega-hydroxyalkyl, omega-hydroxyalk-1-enyl, or omega-hydroxyalk-1-ynyl chain of various length has been carried out in five or six steps starting from adenine. The analogues were obtained using a new protecting group of adenine, the tert-butyldimethylsilyloxymethyl group. 9-tert-Butyldimethylsilyloxymethyl-adenine is more soluble than adenine in organic solvents. It was prepared regiospecificaly in two steps from adenine and was amenable to C-8 iodination under basic conditions and to subsequent introduction of the various carbon chains at C-8 by palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions (Stille or Sonogashira). The protecting group was removed under acidic conditions, thus demonstrating its versatility.     

The role of carbon dioxide in chemoselective hydrogenation of halonitroaromatics over supported noble metal catalysts in supercritical carbon dioxide

Chemoselective hydrogenation of halogenated nitrobenzenes over Pt/C catalysts proceeds effectively in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) to produce halogenated anilines with excellent selectivity; the rate of the hydrogenation of nitro groups is markedly enhanced in scCO2 compared to the neat reaction, and the dehalogenation reaction is significantly suppressed.     

The trimethylsilyl xylyl (TIX) ether: a useful protecting group for alcohols

A new protecting group for alcohols, the p-trimethylsilyl xylyl (TIX) group has been developed. The TIX group is used to protect various alcohols under acidic as well as basic conditions. The protected ethers thus formed had noteworthy chemoselectivity upon deprotection in the presence of other benzyl ethers and commonly used protecting groups. The stability of the TIX group towards various reagents has also been examined.     

烯丙基保护基在多羟基化合物中的应用

烯丙基保护基由于能够在温和的反应条件下,在羟基、氨基等基团中引入和脱除,并且具有很好的区域选择性和化学选择性,因此被广泛应用于有机合成中。本文介绍了烯丙基保护基的发展历史,综述了烯丙保护基对多羟基化合物中不同羟基的选择性保护应用,并阐述了烯丙保护基的引入和脱除的机理及方法。     

A convenient method for reduction dehalogenation of α-halocarbonyl compounds using benzenethiol in K+/CH3CN system

Benzenethiol, as a reductive agent for the dehalogenation of various α-halocarbonyl compounds, is investigated in the K⁺/CH₃CN system. The reaction affords the reduced compounds in high yields under mild reaction conditions, especially α-chlorocarbonyl compounds. Furthermore, the reaction performed under ultrasonic irradiation greatly shortens the reaction time.