Oxazolinyloxiranyllithium-mediated synthesis of highly strained heterocyclic compounds

The addition reaction of α-lithiated oxazolinyloxiranes to nitrones has been investigated. 1,5,9-Trioxa-8,10-diazadispiro[2.0.4.3]undecanes formed in a completely diastereoselective manner upon treatment of α-lithiated oxiranes with nitrones. The lithiation of optically active trans and cis-oxazolinyloxiranes followed by the addition of a nitrone resulted in the formation of the same dispirocyclic compound. An explanation for the observed stereoselectivity is provided.     

Synthesis and configurational assignment of optically active 1-hydroxyindolizidines

The four diastereomers of 1-hydroxyindolizidine have been prepared in high optical purity (>98%) by NaBH₄ reduction of the (+) and (-) 3-bromocamphor-8-sulfonic acid salts of 1-oxoindolizidine followed by separation of the resulting diastereomeric alcohols by ion-exchange chromatography.     

Solvent and TMEDA effects on the configurational stability of chiral lithiated aryloxiranes

The employment of hexane/N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) dramatically hinders the racemization of those lithiated styrene oxides (trifluoromethyl-, chloro-, and phenylthio-substituted) that have been proven to be configurationally unstable in THF on the timescale of their reactions. The barriers to inversion and the activation parameters, calculated (Eyring equation) for reactions performed in THF, THF/TMEDA, and hexane/TMEDA, suggest the intervention of particular enantiomerization mechanisms for each case. The role of TMEDA in both coordinating and noncoordinating solvents has also been questioned and discussed in light of the kinetic data gathered and a model for deprotonation in hexane/TMEDA has also been proposed. The synthetic benefits of our results became apparent on establishing an asymmetric synthesis of an industrially important antifungal agent.     

纳米材料的化学锂化与电活性

基于国内外最新研究进展及本课题组的研究工作, 综述了纳米材料的化学锂化与电活性研究进展. 首先介绍了钼氧化物、钒氧化物、硒化物等高容量纳米材料的制备和锂化过程的化学问题;然后介绍了单纳米线器件及纳米线锂离子电池的组装、化学锂化与电活性等的最新进展. 指出单纳米线(带、管等)器件组装、锂离子迁移原位检测、有序阵列或复杂结构设计构筑以及锂化机理、静电耦合、锂离子迁移与界面作用等相关性的研究将是更深入探索纳米材料化学锂化与电活性的关键问题, 对纳米锂离子电池材料研究领域的发展起到促进作用.     

Stereochemistry of optically active compounds. Problems and prospects

The review is concerned with the fundamental ideas and concepts of chiral stereochemistry, i.e., of the stereochemistry dealing with optically active compounds, from the asymmetric synthesis to the basics of mathematics, including characterization of the principal results and the current state of this branch of science.     

芳卤化合物的邻位锂化反应和锂卤交换反应

介绍了芳卤化合物的邻位锂化反应和锂卤交换反应的反应机制、控制因素及应用实例,并且比较两种反应的异同点,从而使读者能够更好地掌握这两种非常重要的合成方法,并加以灵活运用。     

Continuous-Flow Divergent Lithiation of 2,3-Dihalopyridines: Deprotolithiation versus Halogen Dance

We describe herein the first halogen dance (HD) in continuous flow on 2-chloro-3-bromopyridine by selectively trapping a (pyridin-4-yl)lithium species that is known to undergo the halogen-dance process. In addition, this lithiated intermediate was trapped at lower temperature before the HD occurs. The HD process was extended to fluoro-iodopyridines by using various electrophiles to afford 28 examples with yields ranging from 42 to 97 % with very short residence times. Finally, scale up of the reaction was demonstrated, affording a promising space-time yield (STY) of 4.2 kg.h⁻¹.L⁻¹.     

α-Lithiation-rearrangement of N-toluenesulfonyl aziridines with sec-butyllithium and (−)-sparteine: opposite sense of asymmetric induction to epoxides

The α-lithiation rearrangement of three cyclic N-toluenesulfonyl (tosyl) aziridines has been carried out using sec-butyllithium/(−)-sparteine. In each case, it was established that preferential lithiation of the S-aziridine stereocentre occurred. This is the opposite sense of asymmetric induction to that observed with epoxides.     

Sydnone Ring as an ortho-Director of Lithiation, 3: One-Pot Regiospecific o-Acylation and Subsequent Sydnone 4-Substitution

Readily available 3-phenylsydnone (1) reacts with n-butyllithium/N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) to form the dilithio species 2, which can be acylated regiospecifically at the ortho-aryl position using N-methoxy-N-methylamides (Weinreb's amides) followed by reaction with a second, more reactive electrophile at the sydnone C-4 position. Asymmetrically substituted arylsydnones 7 are obtained in 57–86% yield.     

Highly Regioselective Remote Lithiation of Functionalized 1,3‐bis‐Silylated Arenes

Substituted arenes flanked by two bulky triethylsilyl groups were regiospecifically lithiated at the 5‐position with nBuLi?PMDTA at 25 °C. The resulting aryllithiums reacted with a broad range of electrophiles such as ketones, isocyanates, Weinreb amides, allyl bromides, and CO₂ at 25 °C. These bis‐silylated arenes were then converted in simple reaction sequences into silyl‐free tetrasubstituted arenes. This remote lithiation was extended to 2,6‐bis(triethylsilyl)pyridine as well as 3,3′‐bis(triethylsilyl)biphenyl.     

High‐Yield Lithiation of Azobenzenes by Tin–Lithium Exchange

The lithiation of halogenated azobenzenes by halogen–lithium exchange commonly leads to substantial degradation of the azo group to give hydrazine derivatives besides the desired aryl lithium species. Yields of quenching reactions with electrophiles are therefore low. This work shows that a transmetalation reaction of easily accessible stannylated azobenzenes with methyllithium leads to a near‐quantitative lithiation of azobenzenes in para, meta, and ortho positions. To investigate the scope of the reaction, various lithiated azobenzenes were quenched with a variety of electrophiles. Furthermore, mechanistic ¹¹⁹Sn NMR spectroscopic studies on the formation of lithiated azobenzenes are presented. A tin ate complex of the azobenzene was detected and characterized at low temperature.     

Transforming LiTMP Lithiation of Challenging Diazines through Gallium Alkyl Trans‐Metal‐Trapping

This study establishes a new trans‐metal‐trapping (TMT) procedure based on a mixture of LiTMP (the base) and tris(trimethylsilylmethyl)gallium [Ga(CH₂SiMe₃)₃, GaR₃] (the trap) that, operating in a tandem manner, is effective for the regioselective deprotonation of sensitive diazines in hydrocarbon solution, as illustrated through reactions of pyrazine, pyridazine, and pyrimidine, as well as through the N‐S heterocycle benzothiazole. The metallo‐activated complexes of all of these compounds were isolated and structurally defined.     

Simultaneous Carbon Coating and Lithiation of Oxides by Contact Reaction

Chemical lithiation and carbon coating of cathode materials can lead to strongly improved electrochemical properties, especially if the active materials have low electronic conductivity. This behavior is quite often the case for new high‐capacity materials. A novel synthesis method is presented in which the two processes are performed simultaneously by employing Li₂C₂ as both the carbon and the lithium source. In this contact reaction, the acetylide anion C₂^2? is oxidized to carbon and deposited directly on the surface of the active material, while lithium is reductively inserted into the oxidant. Two different synthesis routes are demonstrated: a tribochemical approach at room temperature and heat treatments between 150 and 600 °C. The applicability of these new carbon‐coating methods are demonstrated on various crystalline and amorphous Li_xV₂O₅ phases. The composites obtained were characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. In addition, electrochemical data confirm the chemical lithiation and show that lithiated Li_xV₂O₅ with specific phases can be prepared selectively.     

Synthesis of Remdesivir by Direct Lithiation of Pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine Derivatives Enabled C-Glycosylation

A direct and regioselective lithiation was realized on N-Boc-pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazine, simply utilizing the distinct sigma-acidity on C-9. Starting from this enabling discovery, C-glycoside formation, cyanation, and global deprotection steps constitute one of the most efficient syntheses of GS-441524. Furthermore, transient protection was applied on GS-441524 with phenyl boronic acid, which facilitated a powerful one-pot synthesis of remdesivir.     

Investigation of molecular and chiroptical characteristics of optically active functional vinyl copolymers possessing main-chain chirality

Optically active styrene-methyl methacrylate and styrene-methacrylonitrile copolymers were obtained by template assisted asymmetric copolymerization of 3,4-cyclohexyhdene-D-mannitol-1,2;5,6-bis-O[(4-vinylphenyl)boronate] ( 1 ) with the corresponding comonomers followed by removal of the template and deboronation. By polymer analog modification methods, several optically active functional copolymers were obtained starting with these copolymers. The resulting polymers were subjected to different types of spectroscopic analysis. Thus, the results obtained from IR, ¹³C-NMR and GPC were of great value for detailed structural analysis of these polymers providing both qualitative and quantitative informations in terms of mode and neatness of substitution and degree of functionalization. The chiroptical measurement results obtained from circular dichroic (CD) studies have been utilized to analyze precisely the substituent dependent local solution stereochemistry of these chiral polymers. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Lithiation of tricarbonylchromium complexes with polyaromatic carbo-and heterocyclic ligands. DFT study

The reactions of tricarbonylchromium complexes of polyaromatic carbo-and heterocyclic derivatives with BuⁿLi was studied by the density functional theory. The kinetic and thermodynamic factors for controlling the direction and selectivity of metallation were calculated for the model biphenylenetricarbonylchromium complex. Both approaches indicate that lithiation occurs exclusively at the aromatic ring bonded to the transition metal, which agrees with experimental data, while the selectivity inside this ring is determined more exactly by the thermodynamic factor. The solvation effects were simulated for the lithium salt of the tricarbonylnaphthalenechromium complex in which the lithium atom is localized in position 1 of the coordinated ring. The simulation showed the stable coordination of the lithium atom with two THF molecules, and the addition of the next THF molecule is thermodynamically unfavorable. The results of calculation of the relative energies for all possible THF-solvated lithium salts of the tricarbonylchromium complexes of biphenyl, naphthalene, biphenylene, and dibenzothiophene indicate that the difference in energies Δ E ≤ 1 kcal mol⁻¹ corresponds to the experimentally observed absence of selectivity, while the difference more than 2.5 kcal mol⁻¹ corresponds to the selectivity of the reaction. No additional coordination of the lithium atom to the free electron pair of the heteroatom was observed for the sulfur-containing dibenzothiophene complex. Similar calculations show that double metallation in the dibenzothiophene complex occurs at positions 1 and 4. The developed approach enables one to predict the direction and selectivity of metallation reactions of transition metal complexes with different arenes. Dedicated to Academician N. S. Zefirov on the occasion of his 70th birthday. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 9, pp. 1993–2003, September, 2005.     

Isolation, absolute configuration, and chiral crystallization of optically active seleninic acid

An optically pure seleninic acid was isolated as stable crystals for the first time by chiral crystallization. The relationship between the absolute configurations and the circular dichroism spectra of the enantiomers could be determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis.