Palladium-mediated C-N, C-C, and C-O functionalization of azolopyrimidines: a new total synthesis of variolin B

A new total synthesis of the alkaloid variolin B is achieved by a selective and sequential palladium-mediated functionalization of a trihalo-substituted pyrido[3′,2′:4,5]pyrrolo[1,2-c]pyrimidine. This intermediate is obtained by a new heterocyclization reaction between an appropriate bromomethyl azaindole and N-tosylmethyl dichloroformimide. The methodology may be effective for the synthesis of some analogs by substitution on the relatively unexplored C4 and C9 positions of the alkaloid.     

Distinguishing Features of reactions of 2-chloro-and 2,2-dichloro(bromo)vinyl ketones with alkyl-and arylhydrazines

2-Chlorovinyl alkyl ketones react with alkylhydrazines to give mixtures of 1-R-3-R′- and 1-R-5-R′-pyrazoles: The 1-R-3-R′-pyrazoles form through the heterocyclization of 2-chlorovinyl ketone alkylhydrazones whereas in the heterocyclization into 1-R-5-R′-pyrazoles N ¹-alkyl-N ²-(2-acylvinyl)hydrazines are involved. The regiospecific heterocyclization of 2-chloro-and 2,2-dichlorovinyl ketones with arylhydrazines and also of 2,2-dichloro(bromo)vinyl trifluoromethyl ketones with C alkylhydrazines into pyrazoles and 5-chloro(bromo)-pyrazoles proceeds through a stage of haloenones hydrazones formation. The study of the structure of the obtained 1-alkyl-3(5)-alkylpyrazoles by means of two-dimenaional ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy and GC-MS method made it possible to assign the proton and carbon signals of isomeric pyrazoles and to establish the diagnostic ions for the pair of 1,3-and 1,5-isomers.     

Solid-phase synthesis of benzimidazole N-oxides on SynPhase™ Lanterns

A solid-phase synthesis of benzimidazole N-oxides was developed while attempting to synthesize 1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4-diones. The key step of the synthesis involves the reduction of an arylnitro to a hydroxyamino intermediate which subsequently condenses with an internal carbonyl group to give a benzimidazole N-oxide. A library of nine benzimidazole N-oxides was prepared on SynPhase™ Lanterns using this reduction-cyclization methodology.     

π‐stacking and C—X...D (X = H,NO2; D = O, π) interactions in the crystal network of both C—H...N and π‐stacked dimers of 1,2‐bis(4‐bromophenyl)‐1H‐benzimidazole and 2‐(4‐bromophenyl)‐1‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐1H‐benzimidazole

Molecules of 1,2‐bis(4‐bromophenyl)‐1H‐benzimidazole, C₁₉H₁₂Br₂N₂, (I), and 2‐(4‐bromophenyl)‐1‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐1H‐benzimidazole, C₁₉H₁₂BrN₃O₂, (II), are arranged in dimeric units through C—H...N and parallel‐displaced π‐stacking interactions favoured by the appropriate disposition of N‐ and C‐bonded phenyl rings with respect to the mean benzimidazole plane. The molecular packing of the dimers of (I) and (II) arises by the concurrence of a diverse set of weak intermolecular C—X...D (X = H, NO₂; D = O, π) interactions.     

Synthesis of new imidazo[2,1-<Emphasis Type="Italic">b</Emphasis>][1,3]thiazole derivatives from 2-amino-4-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-1,3-thiazole and <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-(2,2-dichloro-2-phenylethylidene)arenesulfonamides

2-Amino-4-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-1,3-thiazole reacted with highly electrophilic N-(2,2-dichloro-2-phenylethylidene)- and N-(2,2,2-trichloroethylidene)arenesulfonamides through the exocyclic amino group to give products of nucleophilic addition to the azomethine bond, N-[2,2-di(or 2,2,2-tri)chloro-1-(1,3-thiazol-2-ylamino)ethyl]arenesulfonamides in good yields. Intramolecular heterocyclization of the latter afforded N-[3-(2,2-dichloroethyl)-6-phenylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazol-5-yl]arenesulfonamides.     

trans‐Dichloro­tetra­benzimidazole­cadmium(II) tetra­benzimidazole: a three‐dimensional supra­molecular structure built from C—H⋯π, N—H⋯Cl and N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds

The title compound, [CdCl₂(C₇H₆N₂)₄]·4C₇H₆N₂, consists of a Cd(Bzim)₄Cl₂ complex (Bzim is benzimidazole) lying on a fourfold rotation axis in the space group P4nc, and four benzimidazole mol­ecules which are linked to the coordinated benzimidazole unit by N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds. One N—H⋯Cl and three C—H⋯π hydrogen bonds link these units into a three‐dimensional supra­molecular structure.     

Cyclometallation. Palladium 2-arylpyridine complexes

A number of new cyclometallated compounds of palladium with 2-arylpyridines have been synthesized and characterized. Palladium acetate has been proven to be a more useful starting material than Li₂PdCl₄, since the resulting acetato-bridged dimers, [Pd(OAc)(2-arylpyridine)]₂, unlike the chloro-bridged dimers, are conveniently soluble in common organic solvents. The effect of varying substituents on the aryl nucleus supports the concept that after initial N-complexation, the 2-position of the aryl nucleus undergoes electrophilic attack by the palladium atom. Detailed NMR studies of the soluble acetato compounds showed that the 6-heteroaryl and “ortho” to the Pd-C bond protons in the complexes are shifted (≈0.75 and 0.5 ppm, respectively) upfield from the ligand position. These shielding effects are believed to be due primarily to through-space interactions of overlying aromatic rings and secondarily to through-bond (Pd-to-ligand) effects. Both acetato- and chloro-bridged dimers will react with certain ligands to give mononuclear species containing the intact cyclometallated ligand.     

Conformations and Self-association of Trifluoro-N-(3-formylcyclohept-2-en-1-yl)methanesulfonamide

The structure of trifluoro-N-(3-formylcyclohept-2-en-1-yl)methanesulfonamide and its self-association in solution have been studied by IR spectroscopy and quantum chemical methods [B3LYP/6-311G(d,p), AIM]; proton affinities of basic centers in its molecule have been evaluated. Trifluoro-N-(3-formylcyclohept-2-en-1-yl)methanesulfonamide in inert solvents forms cyclic dimers, whereas in crystal chain associates are more likely to be formed via hydrogen bonding between the NH and C=O groups of neighboring molecules. The carbonyl group in the title compound undergoes protonation only by the action of very strong trifluoromethanesulfonic acid. Weaker acids give rise to solvate H-complexes at the NH, C=O, and S=O groups. The topology of hydrogen bonds in dimers of different types has been analyzed in terms of the AIM theory.     

A Zinc-Mediated Deprotective Annulation Approach to New Polycyclic Heterocycles

A straightforward approach to new polycyclic heterocycles, 1H-benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-c][1,3]oxazin-1-ones, is presented. It is based on the ZnCl₂-promoted deprotective 6-endo-dig heterocyclization of N-Boc-2-alkynylbenzimidazoles under mild conditions (CH₂Cl₂, 40 °C for 3 h). The zinc center plays a dual role, as it promotes Boc deprotection (with formation of the tert-butyl carbocation, which can be trapped by substrates bearing a nucleophilic group) and activates the triple bond toward intramolecular nucleophilic attack by the carbamate group. The structure of representative products has been confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis.     

A facile one-pot synthesis of Nα-Z/Boc-protected S-linked 1,3,4-oxadiazole tethered peptidomimetics

A new class of S-linked 1,3,4-oxadiazole-tethered N^α-protected peptidomimetics is designed and synthesized by a reaction of N^α-Z/Boc-protected 1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol with α-bromo ester derived from amino acid. The protocol has also been employed for the synthesis of glycosylated amino acids and N,N′-orthogonally protected dipeptidomimetics bearing S-linked 1,3,4-oxadiazole mimetics as well. The intermediate 5-alkyl amino-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiols have been isolated as stable compounds. Further, the chain extension at both N- and C-termini of N-protected S-linked 1,3,4-oxadiazole tethered dipeptidomimetics was also demonstrated.     

Zwitterionic Phosphoranides as Intermediates in the Reaction of Phosphorus Tribromide with N,N‐Dimethyl‐N′‐arylformamidines

Cyclic zwitterionic phosphoranides 2a,b were found to be intermediate products in the reaction of N,N‐dimethyl‐N′‐(aryl)formamidines with PBr₃. The structure of phosphoranide 2a was determined by means of the X‐ray and quantum chemistry investigations. Mechanism of its formation was proposed based on Density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Reactions of 2 with amines and selenium yielded either C‐phosphorylated formamidines or benzazaphospholes. The first example of intramolecular heterocyclization of a pentavalent phosphorus derivative 15b into 3Н‐1,3‐benzazaphosphole has been demonstrated.     

trans‐Bis[1‐benzyl‐3‐(2,3,4,5,6‐penta­fluoro­benz­yl)benzimidazol‐2‐yl­idene]­dibromo­palladium(II)

The title compound, [PdBr₂(C₂₁H₁₃F₅N₂)₂], crystallizes with two independent centrosymmetric conformational isomers having a square‐planar coordination at the Pd atom. The conformational isomers differ by the ligands having a cis or trans orientation of their benzyl and pentafluorobenzyl rings with respect to the benzimidazole ring plane. The benzimidazole rings are rotated with respect to the coordination plane of the metal by 79.1 (2) and 75.2 (1)° for mol­ecules A and B, respectively. The Pd—Br bond lengths are 2.4218 (8) and 2.4407 (10) Å for mol­ecules A and B, respectively, and the Pd—C bond lengths are 2.030 (8) and 2.018 (9) Å. The crystal structure contains two types of C—H⋯F and one type of C—H⋯Br intra­molecular contact, as well as C—H⋯π inter­actions.     

Reactivity of cyclopalladated compounds: VIII. Synthesis of cyclometallated compounds with an oxygen as the donor atom. Crystal and molecular structure of (8-methylquinoline-C,N)-(1-methoxynaphthalene-8-C,O)palladium(II)

Treatment of 1-methoxynaphthalene (MXNH) with n-butyllithium in a diethyl ether/n-hexane solution gives 1-methoxynaphthalene-8-lithium (MXNLi) in 30% yield as an insoluble material. This compound reacts with PdCl₂(SEt₂)₂ to give bis(1-methoxynaphthalene-8-C,O)palladium(II) (I)_and with PtCl₂(SEt₂)₂ to give cis- and trans-(1-methoxynaphthalene-8-C,O)(1-methoxynaphthalene-8-C)(diethylsulfide)platinum(II) (II), which are non-rigid molecules in solution. With the cyclopalladated dimers [{$\text{Pd(CN}$)Cl₂}₂], MXNLi gives the palladobicyclic compounds: ($\text{N∩C)P}$$\text{d(C∩O}$) (III). An X-ray diffraction study of compound IIIa where N∩N = 8-methylquinoline-C,N reveals the planarity of the molecule, shows that it has a cis configuration with respect to the PdC bonds, and confirms that the oxygen atom of MXN is bonded to palladium: PdO 2.236(4) Å. The geometry of IIIa is maintained in solution, whereas the corresponding compounds IIIb and IIIc in which N∩C is benzo[h]quinoline-9-C,N and N,N-dimethyl-1-naphthylamine-8-C,N, respectively, appear to be mixtures of cis and trans isomers in solution. With PMe₂Ph I and II give trans-Pd(MXN)₂(PMe₂Ph)₂ and cis-Pt(MNX)₂(PMe₂Ph)₂, respectively, in which the methoxynaphthalene is bound to the metals via the 8-carbon of the naphthalene ring. Only one phosphine ligand adds to compounds IIIb and IIIc with displacement of the O → Pd bond. One carbon monoxide ligand can be added to the platinum compound II to give Pt(MXN)₂(SEt₂)CO which in solution exists as two isomers in equilibrium.     

Selenophen‐2‐yl‐Substituted Thiocarbonyl Ylides – at the Borderline of Dipolar and Biradical Reactivity

The reactions of aryl (selenophen‐2‐yl) thioketones with CH₂N₂ occur with spontaneous elimination of N₂, even at low temperature (?65°), to give regioselectively sterically crowded 4,4,5,5‐tetrasubstituted 1,3‐dithiolanes and/or a novel type of twelve‐membered dithia‐diselena heterocycles as dimers of the transient thiocarbonyl S‐methanides. The ratio of these products depends on the type of substituent located at C(4) of the phenyl ring. Whereas the formation of the 1,3‐dithiolanes corresponds to a [3+2] cycloaddition of an intermediate thiocarbonyl ylide with the starting thioketone, the twelve‐memberd ring has to be formed via dimerization of the ‘thiocarbonyl ylide’ with an extended biradical structure.     

Synthesis and characterization of bidentate NHC-Pd complexes and their role in amination reactions

The new well-defined and air-stable ortho-xylyl-linked N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) Pd complexes (2a-d) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, IR spectroscopy, and single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. The palladium atom in the complex 2a lies on a crystallographic mirror plane and can be described as having a square-planar coordination environment with the carbene atoms of the benzimidazole rings of the ligand occupying two coordination sites in cis positions. Two further coordination sites are occupied by chloride ligands. The benzimidazole rings are connected to each other by an ortho-xylyl bridge. The catalytic activity of these palladium complexes has been tested in the coupling reactions of various N-containing substrates with bromobenzene. A preliminary catalytic study shows that the bis(NHC)-Pd complexes are highly active in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination reaction.     

Two mononuclear octahedral complexes with benzimidazole‐2‐carboxylate: supramolecular networks constructed by hydrogen bonds

The title compounds, trans‐bis(1H‐benzimidazole‐2‐carboxylato‐κ²N³,O)bis(ethanol‐κO)cadmium(II), [Cd(C₈H₅N₂O₂)₂(C₂H₆O)₂], (I), and trans‐bis(1H‐benzimidazole‐κN³)bis(1H‐benzimidazole‐2‐carboxylato‐κ²N³,O)nickel(II), [Ni(C₈H₅N₂O₂)₂(C₇H₆N₂)₂], (II), are hydrogen‐bonded supramolecular complexes. In (I), the Cd^II ion is six‐coordinated by two O atoms from two ethanol molecules, and by two O and two N atoms from two bidentate benzimidazole‐2‐carboxylate (HBIC) ligands, giving a distorted octahedral geometry. The combination of O—H...O and N—H...O hydrogen bonds results in two‐dimensional layers parallel to the ab plane. In (II), the six‐coordinated Ni^II atom, which lies on an inversion centre, shows a similar distorted octahedral geometry to the Cd^II ion in (I); two benzimidazole molecules occupy the axial sites and the equatorial plane contains two chelating HBIC ligands. Pairs of N—H...O hydrogen bonds between pairs of HBIC anions connect adjacent Ni^II coordination units to form a one‐dimensional chain parallel to the a axis. Moreover, these one‐dimensional chains are further linked via N—H...O hydrogen bonds between HBIC anions and benzimidazole molecules to generate a three‐dimensional supramolecular framework. The two compounds show quite different supramolecular networks, which may be explained by the fact that different co‐ligands occupy the axial sites in the coordination units.     

Bis(<Emphasis Type="Italic">gem</Emphasis>-dihalocyclopropanes): synthesis and heterocyclization upon treatment with nitronium triflate

A reaction of octa-1,7and deca-1,9-dienes with an excess of bromofluorocarbene proceeds predominantly with the formation of a monoadduct, whereas the bis-adduct can be prepared by repeated cyclopropanation. The [1+2] cycloaddition of dichlorocarbene to the monoadduct of bromofluorocarbene with deca-1,9-diene gave a new bis(cyclopropane) containing gem-dichloro- and gem-bromofluorocyclopropane fragments in one molecule. The bis-adducts obtained were subjected to the heterocyclization with nitronium triflate: in the case of bis(gem-bromofluorocyclopropane) the reaction proceeded with retention of one dihalocyclopropane fragment and gave mononuclear pyrimidine N-oxide.     

The Thermal Instability of 2,4 and 2,6‐N‐Alkylamino‐disubstituted and 2‐N‐Alkylamino‐substituted Nitrobenzenes in Weakly Alkaline Solution: sec‐Amino Effect

We report herein the preparation of two families of secondary amines by the reactions of two equivalents of monoamines with either 2,4 or 2,6‐difluoronitrobenzenes in N,N‐dimethylacetamide in the presence of anhydrous potassium carbonate, as precursors of biologically important nitric oxide donating N‐nitrosamines. In both instances, these compounds could be prepared in quantitative yield when the reaction temperature was held below 130°C. Above this reaction temperature, an unexpected cyclization reaction between the nitro and newly formed adjacent secondary amine group leads to the formation of benzimidazole or quinoxaline rings in low yields. Reasonable reaction mechanisms for the cyclization reaction are proposed.     

Palladium-imidazole derivatives as highly active catalysts for Heck reactions

N-Substituted 2-(2-bromophenyl)benzimidazole derivatives have been synthesized and used in palladium catalyzed Heck reactions to give coupled products in good yields.     

Sialylation reactions with N,N-acetyl, benzoyl-O-perbenzoyl-protected sialyl donor

A new sialyl donor, N,N-acetyl, benzoyl-O-perbenzoyl-protected p-toluenethiosialoside, was synthesized and its sialylation reaction was investigated. This reaction proceeded in dichloromethane and β anomeric selectivity was achieved when NIS-TfOH was used as promoter. This method may be employed to construct the unnatural β-linked sialosides.