功能梯度压电材料圆环位移和电势边值问题的精确解

圆环形的压电材料器件在智能结构中得到了广泛的应用。本文推导了横观各向同性功能梯度压电材料圆环在内、外边界上给定位移和电势情况下的一般解。极化方向在圆环的半径方向,材料常数的梯度方向也设定在半径方向,并可表示为半径r的幂,本构关系为线性。然后推导了压电圆环外壁固定、接地,内壁沿垂向有一微小位移、电势分别为余弦分布和均匀分布的问题的精确解,并计算了该问题在这两种电势情况下产生的无量纲形式的径向和环向位移、电势、应力及电位移沿径向分布的数值结果。计算中考虑了不同的材料梯度,以及内壁的位移与电势的不同比例。     

功能梯度热释电材料平板柱形弯曲问题的精确解

采用状态空间法，假定材料常数沿厚度方向均按同一指数函数规律变化，获得了功能梯度热释电材料平板柱形弯曲问题的精确解。通过算例，分析了在机械荷载、电荷载和热荷载分别作用下，材料性质的不同梯度变化对平板结构响应的影响。     

功能梯度压电圆板轴对称自由振动问题精确解

将功能梯度压电圆板的位移变量和电势变量写为分离变量的形式，由压电动力学平衡方程导出以位移、电势及其一阶导数为状态变量的状态方程，考虑周边固支接地的边界条件，导出了求解功能梯度压电圆板自振频率精确解的方程。将方程退化至一般的非梯度纯弹性圆板的形式，求解其自振频率，得到的结果与相应的理论解完全吻合，从而验证了本文方法的正确性。更进一步地对梯度函数沿板厚以指数形式变化的功能梯度压电圆板的自振频率进行了计算，并得到了梯度化对板自振频率的影响规律。     

A Pressurized Functionally Graded Hollow Cylinder with Arbitrarily Varying Material Properties

The elastic analysis of a pressurized functionally graded material (FGM) annulus or tube is made in this paper. Different from existing studies, this study deals with an axisymmetrical FGM hollow cylinder or disk with arbitrarily varying material properties. A simple and efficient approach is suggested, which reduces the associated problem to solving a Fredholm integral equation. The resulting equation is approximately solved by expanding the solution as series of Legendre polynomials. The stresses and displacements can be represented in terms of the solution to the equation. For radius-dependent Young’s modulus, numerical results of the distribution of the radial and circumferential stresses are presented graphically. Our results indicate that change in the gradient of the FGM tube does not produce a substantial variation of the radial stress, but strongly affects the distribution of the hoop stress. In particular, the hoop stress may reach its maximum at an internal position or at the outer surface when the tube is internally pressurized. The results obtained are helpful in designing FGM cylindrical vessels to prevent failure.      

Torsional Vibrations of Functionally Graded Finite Cylinders

Torsional vibrations of solid finite cylinders of functionally graded materials are discussed. The shear moduli and densities of the cylinders are functions of radial and axial distance. Numerical results for frequency equations are obtained in the form of tables and graphs for illustration purposes.     

轴对称自由振动功能梯度材料微圆板中的热弹性阻尼

基于经典弹性薄板理论和单向耦合热传导理论,研究了材料性质沿厚度连续变化的功能梯度微圆板的热弹性阻尼特性．首先,考虑热力耦合效应,建立了功能梯度微圆板轴对称横向自由振动微分方程．然后,忽略温度梯度在面内的变化,建立了单向耦合变系数一维热传导方程．采用分层均匀化近似方法,将变系数热传导方程转化为一系列常系数的微分方程,利用上下表面的热边界条件和层间连续性条件获得了微圆板温度场解析解．将所得温度场代入微圆板的自由振动微分方程,得到了包含热弹性阻尼的复频率,从而获得了反映热弹性阻尼水平的逆品质因子．最后,针对材料性质沿板厚按幂函数变化的陶瓷-金属功能梯度微圆板,定量地分析材料梯度指数、几何尺寸、边界条件、温度环境等对微圆板热弹性阻尼的影响．     

功能梯度板条的热弹性力学解

本文利用推广后的Mian 和Spencer 功能梯度板理论,研究了功能梯度板条在非均布温度场作用下的热弹性问题．采用该理论中的位移展开公式,在板厚度方向上考虑热传导引起的稳态温度场,材料常数沿板厚方向可以任意连续变化,从而得到了基于弹性理论的功能梯度板条在温度场作用下的解析解．通过数值算例分析,验证了本文理论的正确性并讨论了边界条件和梯度变化程度对功能梯度板条热弹性响应的影响．     

功能梯度中厚圆/环板轴对称弯曲问题的解析解

基于一阶剪切变形板理论，导出了热/机载荷作用下，位移形式的功能梯度 中厚圆/环板轴对称弯曲问题的控制方程，获得了问题的位移和内力的一般解析解. 作为特 例，分别研究了边缘径向固定和可动的夹紧和简支的4种实心功能梯度圆板，给出了它们的 解，并分析了热/机载荷作用下解的形态，讨论了横向剪切变形、材料梯度常数和边界条件， 对板的轴对称弯曲行为的影响.     

有限长FGM圆筒的热/机应力的解析解

利用微分方程的级数求解方法,分析了两端简支的有限长功能梯度圆筒的轴对称稳态热弹性问题,推导出了稳态温度场与应力场的解析解。分析中采用指数函数模型来描述FGM圆筒中材料性能在厚度方向的连续变化,同时忽略温度对材料性能的影响。另外,论文以金属钼和多铝红柱石制成的功能梯度圆筒为例,给出了稳态温度场和应力场的数值结果。     

On the Deformation of Functionally Graded Porous Elastic Cylinders

This paper is concerned with the linear theory of inhomogeneous and orthotropic elastic materials with voids. We study the problem of extension and bending of right cylinders when the constitutive coefficients are independent of the axial coordinate. First, the plane strain problem for inhomogeneous and orthotropic elastic materials with voids is investigated. Then, the solution of the problem of extension and bending is expressed in terms of solutions of three plane strain problems. The results are used to study the extension of a circular cylinder with a special kind of inhomogeneity. The influence of the material inhomogeneity on the axial strain is established.      

THERMAL POST-BUCKLING OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIAL TIMOSHENKO BEAMS

Analysis of thermal post-buckling of FGM (Functionally Graded Material) Timoshenko beams subjected to transversely non-uniform temperature rise is presented. By accurately considering the axial extension and transverse shear deformation in the sense of theory of Timoshenko beam, geometrical nonlinear governing equations including seven basic unknown functions for functionally graded beams subjected to mechanical and thermal loads were formulated. In the analysis, it was assumed that the material properties of the beam vary continuously as a power function of the thickness coordinate. By using a shooting method, the obtained nonlinear boundary value problem was numerically solved and thermal buckling and post-buckling response of transversely non-uniformly heated FGM Timoshenko beams with fixed-fixed edges were obtained. Characteristic curves of the buckling deformation of the beam varying with thermal load and the power law index are plotted. The effects of material gradient property on the buckling deformation and critical temperature of beam were discussed in details. The results show that there exists the tension-bend coupling deformation in the uniformly heated beam because of the transversely non-uniform characteristic of materials.     

Existence of Exact Solutions for the Eversion of Elastic Cylinders

The existence of eversion deformations of an elastic cylinder into another right circular cylinder is studied. It is found that such deformations are associated with strain-energy functions of separable form W(λ₁,λ₂,λ₃) =φ(λ₁)+φ(λ₂)+φ (λ₃), and thus can serve as a test for materials of this kind. Under certain constitutive assumptions, there always exists a cylindrical eversion deformation that satisfies exact pointwise traction free boundary conditions over the entire surface of the cylinder. For such solutions the cavity must remain open upon eversion. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

功能梯度旋转圆板的热弹性固有振动

在考虑热因素及旋转运动条件下,针对金属-陶瓷功能梯度圆板的固有振动问题进行研究.给出随温度变化且材料组分沿厚度方向按幂律分布的材料物性参数,依据热弹性理论得到圆板的能量关系式.基于哈密顿原理建立旋转金属-陶瓷功能梯度圆板热弹性动力学方程.采用伽辽金法得到边界约束下圆板的自由振动方程,确定了静挠度及固有振动频率.基于数值计算,得到系统固有频率值随体积分数指数、转速和温度等参量的变化曲线,讨论了静挠度变化规律及动力系统的奇点稳定性问题.结果表明,固有频率随体积分数指数、材料表面温度以及转速的增加而减小.     

Analytical Solution for Radial Deformations of Functionally Graded Isotropic and Incompressible Second-Order Elastic Hollow Spheres

We analytically analyze radial expansion/contraction of a hollow sphere composed of a second-order elastic, isotropic, incompressible and inhomogeneous material to delineate differences and similarities between solutions of the first- and the second-order problems. The two elastic moduli are assumed to be either affine or power-law functions of the radial coordinate R in the undeformed reference configuration. For the affine variation of the shear modulus μ, the hoop stress for the linear elastic (or the first-order) problem at the point R=(R _ou R _in (R _ou +R _in )/2)^1/3 is independent of the slope of the μ vs. R line. Here R _in and R _ou equal, respectively, the inner and the outer radius of the sphere in the reference configuration. For μ(R)∝R ⁿ , for the linear problem, the hoop stress is constant in the sphere for n=1. However, no such results are found for the second-order (i.e., materially nonlinear) problem. Whereas for the first-order problem the shear modulus influences only the radial displacement and not the stresses, for the second-order problem the two elastic constants affect both the radial displacement and the stresses. In a very thick homogeneous hollow sphere subjected only to pressure on the outer surface, the hoop stress at a point on the inner surface depends upon values of the two elastic moduli. Thus conclusions drawn from the analysis of the first-order problem do not hold for the second-order problem. Closed form solutions for the displacement and stresses for the first-order and the second-order problems provided herein can be used to verify solutions of the problem obtained by using numerical methods.     

The Pressurized Hollow Cylinder or Disk Problem for Functionally Graded Isotropic Linearly Elastic Materials

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of material inhomogeneity on the response of linearly elastic isotropic hollow circular cylinders or disks under uniform internal or external pressure. The work is motivated by the recent research activity on functionally graded materials (FGMs), i.e., materials with spatially varying properties tailored to satisfy particular engineering applications. The analog of the classic Lamé problem for a pressurized homogeneous isotropic hollow circular cylinder or disk is considered. The special case of a body with Young"s modulus depending on the radial coordinate only, and with constant Poisson"s ratio, is examined. It is shown that the stress response of the inhomogeneous cylinder (or disk) is significantly different from that of the homogeneous body. For example, the maximum hoop stress does not, in general, occur on the inner surface in contrast with the situation for the homogeneous material. The results are illustrated using a specific radially inhomogeneous material model for which explicit exact solutions are obtained. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

功能梯度压电圆板自由振动问题的三维精确分析

本文对周边为广义刚性滑动和广义简支两种边界条件下的功能梯度压电材料圆板自由振动问题进行分析。根据轴对称横观各向同性压电材料基本方程,并利用有限Hankel变换得到了功能梯度压电材料圆板的状态空间方程。假设材料的机械和电学性质均沿板厚方向按统一的指数函数形式梯度分布,从而获得了周边为广义刚性滑动和广义弹性简支两种边界条件下功能梯度压电圆板自由振动问题的三维精确频率方程,该方程是一个关于自由振动频率的超越方程,通过求解该超越方程可得到在不同板厚以及不同的材料性质梯度变化情况下的圆板自由振动频率值,结果表明在相同的材料性质梯度变化情况下频率均随着板厚增加而增大,而在相同的板厚情况下频率则随材料性质梯度变化指数的增大而减小的结论。     

功能梯度压电、压磁柱对称问题的振动分析

本文在不考虑体力、体电流和体电荷的情况下, 假定压电、压磁柱壳的材料参数沿圆柱厚度方向呈幂函数分布时, 研究了径向载荷作用下功能梯度压电、压磁空心柱壳的空间柱对称径向振动问题. 首先在柱坐标系下, 由功能梯度材料的参数、本构、梯度和平衡方程推导得出外激励作用下以Bessel函数表示圆柱壳的应力、电势、磁势等物理量的稳态解, 进而对空间柱对称的压电、压磁功能梯度材料动力控制问题进行了理论分析. 可以看出, 当梯度参数时, 即完全退化为横观各项同性压电、压磁柱对称的振动问题, 与文献[16]的基本方程为柱坐标下得出的结果一致. 最后给出数值算例, 结果表明材料不均匀性对沿径向振动各物理量的显著影响, 且用一个特定不均匀性参数值可以优化电磁力耦合的性能, 这在现代工程设计中尤为重要.     

功能梯度压电、压磁柱对称问题的振动分析

本文在不考虑体力、体电流和体电荷的情况下, 假定压电、压磁柱壳的材料参数沿圆柱厚度方向呈幂函数分布时, 研究了径向载荷作用下功能梯度压电、压磁空心柱壳的空间柱对称径向振动问题. 首先在柱坐标系下, 由功能梯度材料的参数、本构、梯度和平衡方程推导得出外激励作用下以Bessel函数表示圆柱壳的应力、电势、磁势等物理量的稳态解, 进而对空间柱对称的压电、压磁功能梯度材料动力控制问题进行了理论分析. 可以看出, 当梯度参数时, 即完全退化为横观各项同性压电、压磁柱对称的振动问题, 与文献[16]的基本方程为柱坐标下得出的结果一致. 最后给出数值算例, 结果表明材料不均匀性对沿径向振动各物理量的显著影响, 且用一个特定不均匀性参数值可以优化电磁力耦合的性能, 这在现代工程设计中尤为重要.     

各种边界条件平行四边形功能梯度板的动力特性解析解

本文基于斜坐标系,建立起平行四边形功能梯度板的基本微分方程及变分方程,用梁函数组合法对平行四边形及菱形功能梯度板进行动力特性分析,提出了适用于每边任取简支、固定、自由边界之一(包括36种边界)平行四边形功能梯度板固有频率与振型的解析解;在简化情况下,给出了各种边界条件平行四边形功能梯度板各阶固有频率解的统一表达式。     

一种特殊梯度分布的功能梯度圆柱壳的二维分析

功能梯度材料是一种新型材料,其结构分析已成为当今力学研究的热点。本文对一种特殊梯度分布的功能梯度材料圆柱壳进行了二维精确分析。从弹性力学平面应变问题的基本方程出发,引入应力函数,导出功能梯度材料圆柱壳受静载作用下的控制微分方程。假设材料的杨氏模量沿半径方向呈幂函数分布,泊松比为常数,利用分离变量法,导出了简支边界情况下功能梯度圆柱壳的精确解。通过算例分析了不同梯度变化时,功能梯度圆柱壳内的应力和位移变化规律。计算结果表明不同梯度分布的圆柱壳结构中的应力、位移沿厚度方向的变化规律是不同的,有时甚至差别很大。因此对于材料性质梯度变化的功能梯度材料圆柱壳,必须针对其自身特点,建立相应的理论分析模型。