饮用水中9种卤乙酸的超高效液相色谱法测定

建立了固相萃取/超高效液相色谱(SPE/UPLC)测定饮用水中9种痕量卤乙酸(HAAs)的分析方法.对固相萃取和液相色谱等分析条件进行了优化,选择Lichrolut EN固相萃取小柱富集饮用水中的HAAs,三乙胺-磷酸缓冲液和甲醇作为UPLC的流动相.在优化的分析条件下,9种卤乙酸在6min内实现基线分离,所有目标物在一定质量浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数为0.995 7～0.9999;一氯乙酸(MCAA)的检出限为10.85μg/L,其它8种化合物的检出限为0.25～0.70μg/L;除MCAA外,其它目标物在低、中、高3种加标水平的回收率为60%～106%.方法的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为2.0%～5.7%.将此方法应用于我国北方某城市自来水中卤乙酸的测定,5种HAAs被检出.方法灵敏度高、简便快捷,可用于生活饮用水中痕量卤乙酸的测定.     

离子色谱法测定饮用水中二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸

建立了一种直接进样离子色谱法测定饮用水中二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸的方法。采用高容量的阴离子色谱柱,进样体积为500μL,以25 mmol.L-1Na2CO3为淋洗液,流速1.0 mL.min-1,在30 min内可以测定饮用水中二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸,二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸的检出限分别为5.11,14.32μg.L-1,回收率在85.0%~103.2%。应用此方法对南方某市水源水和出厂水中二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸进行了测定。     

大体积直接进样离子色谱法测定饮用水中 9种卤代乙酸和6种阴离子

建立了一种采用大体积直接进样离子色谱测定饮用水中9种卤代乙酸和6种阴离子的新方法。采用高容量的IonPac AS9HC阴离子色谱柱,在进样量为500 μL时,以28 mmol/L Na2CO3为淋洗液,采用流速梯度洗脱,可在35 min内同时测定上述15种被测物。对9种卤代乙酸的检测限为1.91-49.98 μg/L,其中对二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸的检测限分别为4.62和5.11 μg/L。应用该方法对北京市9个自来水厂的源水及出厂水中的卤代乙酸进行了测定。结果表明,所测水样中仅含有二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸,其他卤代     

固相萃取-离子色谱法测定饮用水中的痕量卤代乙酸

建立了固相萃取-离子色谱(SPE-IC)测定饮用水中痕量卤代乙酸(HAAs)(包括一氯乙酸、二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸、一溴乙酸和二溴乙酸)的方法。固相萃取采用LiChrolut EN SPE柱来进行痕量待测物的预浓缩（25倍）和基体杂质的消除,用NaOH(10 mmol/L)洗脱;色谱分离采用亲水性、高容量、氢氧化物选择型阴离子交换柱Dionex IonPac AS16(250 mm×4 mm i.d.),以NaOH为流动相进行浓度梯度淋洗,淋洗速度为0.8 mL/min,电导检测,进样量为500 μL。结果表明,用SPE-IC法测定HAAs,一溴乙酸的检测限为12.5 μg/L,其余4种HAAs的检测限为0.38~1.69　μg/L。该法可实现对饮用水中痕量卤代乙酸的测定。     

水中卤乙酸类化合物测定方法的研究进展

卤乙酸为饮用水消毒副产物,对人体具有毒害作用,目前受到国内外研究者的重视。对饮用水中卤乙酸的检测标准和测定方法的研究进展进行了综述。     

气相色谱法测定不同水质中的二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸

采用气相色谱法测定水中二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸的含量。并且检测了地表水、海水、污水处理厂进口和化工废水等不同水质实际样品。水样中加入氯化钠,经硫酸酸化,甲基叔丁基醚萃取后,以硫酸-甲醇(20+80)溶液作为衍生试剂,衍生温度为50℃时,气相色谱-电子捕获检测器测定。在优化分离条件下,分流比为5比1,二氯乙酸和三氯乙酸具有良好的分离效果。二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸的检出限分别为0.21,0.14μg·L-1,加标回收率在97.4%~105%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)小于6%。     

GC-ECD法快速测定饮用水中卤乙酸的方法研究

通过优化卤乙酸衍生化条件、改进色谱条件,建立了一种利用短程色谱柱快速测 定饮用水中5种卤乙酸的GC-ECD方法。方法的特点是色谱程序简单、运行时间短,色谱运行时间仅为10．8min,远少于通常的运行时间。方法的检出限较低,精密度较好,除MCAA外,MBAA、DCAA、TCAA和DBAA的检出限和相对标准偏差分别小于0．46μg／L和4％（n=7）;5种卤乙酸的加标回收率在86．6％～109．3％之间,满足EPA 6251B标准方法的要求。     

银盐法测定饮用水中砷的含量

为测定饮用水中砷的含量并探讨其最佳测定条件,用银盐法测定了饮用水中砷的含量,并改变温度、酸度、锌粒大小和加入量进行了实验.结果表明,测定饮用水中砷的含量的最佳条件是:最佳温度25℃,在50 mL测量液中加入1:1的硫酸4mL,5g锌粒.该法操作快速、简便,结果准确、可靠,加标回收率为98%-103%.     

液液萃取-气相色谱法直接测定罐装茶饮料中7种痕量卤乙酸

以叔丁醇-甲基叔丁基醚混合液为萃取剂,借助液液萃取方式实现对罐装茶饮料中7种卤乙酸的富集,不经过衍生化处理并采用气相色谱法对卤乙酸进行直接测定,以基质匹配校正曲线外标法定量。结果表明:对于罐装茶饮料中在1～10μg/L添加水平范围内7种卤乙酸的平均回收率范围为94.8%～100.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.2%～4.6%;方法检测限(LOD)范围为9.7～150 ng/L;定量限(LOQ)范围为33～510 ng/L。     

离子色谱法测定水中常见阴离子和消毒副产物

建立了离子色谱法同时测定水中7种常见阴离子、3种无机消毒副产物和5种卤代乙酸的分析方法。采用IonPac AS19阴离子分离柱,以KOH为淋洗液,大体积进样,采用浓度梯度洗脱,可在33min内同时测定15种成分。7种常见阴离子的测定下限为2.3~10.0μg/L,3种无机消毒副产物的测定下限为3.3~10.0μg/L,5种卤代乙酸的测定下限为5.3~34.3μg/L。对杭州市4个自来水厂的源水及出水进行测定,发现其中4个水厂出水均有二溴乙酸检出,3个水厂有三溴乙酸检出,两个水厂有氯酸盐检出,一个水厂有三氯乙酸检出。     

Vacancy ion-exclusion chromatography of haloacetic acids on a weakly acidic cation-exchange resin

A new and simple approach is described for the determination of the haloacetic acids (such as mono-, di- and trichloroacetic acids) usually found in drinking water as chlorination by-products after disinfection processes and acetic acid. The new approach, termed vacancy ion-exclusion chromatography, is based on an ion-exclusion mechanism but using the sample solution as the mobile phase, pure water as the injected sample, and a weakly acidic cation-exchange resin column (TSKgel OApak-A) as the stationary phase. The addition of sulfuric acid to the mobile phase results in highly sensitive conductivity detection with sharp and well-shaped peaks, leading to excellent and efficient separations. The elution order was sulfuric acid, dichloroacetic acid, monochloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, and acetic acid. The separation of these acids depends on their pKa values. Acids with lower pKa values were eluted earlier than those with higher pKa, except for trichloroacetic acid due to a hydrophobic-adsorption effect occurring as a side-effect of vacancy ion-exclusion chromatography. The detection limits of these acids in the present study with conductivity detection were 3.4 microM for monochloroacetic acid, 0.86 microM for dichloroacetic acid and 0.15 microM for trichloroacetic acid.     

Simultaneous Determination of Haloacetic Acids in Environmental Waters using Electrospray Ionization Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

Negative ionization electrospray liquid chromatography mass spectrometry was developed for the simultaneous determination of all nine haloacetic acids containing bromine and chlorine. Haloacetic acids were separated on a crosslinked polystyrene resin column using 3% acetic acid dissolved in acetonitrile:water (20:80) as mobile phase. The precision of this method varied from ±2.2 to ±7.1% for nine haloacetic acids. In addition, quantitative results obtained with spiked water samples at three different concentrations are described. The limit of detection of the proposed method using 200 mL of water samples was between 0.003 and 0.070 μg/L. This method was successfully applied to the trace determination of haloacetic acids in waste water, river water, and seawater.     

Sensitive Determination of Five Priority Haloacetic Acids by Electromembrane Extraction with Capillary Electrophoresis

A method for sensitive determination of five priority haloacetic acids in drinking water has been developed for the first time based on electromembrane extraction (EME) prior to CZE with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (CZE‐C⁴D). The target analytes were extracted from 10 mL of the sample solution (donor phase), through the supported liquid membrane (using a polypropylene membrane supporting 1‐octanol), and into 10 µL of 50 mmol/L NaAc solution (acceptor phase). The extracted solution was directly analyzed by CZE‐C⁴D without derivatization. Several factors that affect separation, detection and extraction efficiency were investigated. Under the optimum conditions, five haloacetic acids (monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, and dibromoacetic acid) could be well separated from other components coexisting in water samples within 23 min, exhibiting a linear calibration over two orders of magnitude (r?0.9943); the enrichment factors at 430–671 were obtained in a 30 min of extraction, and the limits of detection were in the range of 0.17–0.61 ng/mL. The intraday relative standard deviations for peak areas investigated at 10 ng/mL were between 1.2% and 9.7% for the combined EME‐CZE‐C⁴D procedure. This approach offers an attractive alternative to the officially proposed method for purified drinking water analysis, which requires derivatization procedure prior to gas chromatography analysis.     

Improved gas chromatography methods for micro-volume analysis of haloacetic acids in water and biological matrices

A fast headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography method for micro-volume (0.1 mL) samples was optimized for the analysis of haloacetic acids (HAAs) in aqueous and biological samples. It includes liquid-liquid microextraction (LLME), derivatization of the acids to their methyl esters using sulfuric acid and methanol after evaporation, followed by headspace solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography and electron capture detection (SPME-GC-ECD). The derivatization procedure was optimized to achieve maximum sensitivity using the following conditions: esterification for 20 min at 80 degrees C in 10 microL methanol, 10 microL sulfuric acid and 0.1 g anhydrous sodium sulfate. Multi-point standard addition method was used to determine the effect of the sample matrix by comparing with internal standard method. It was shown that the effect of the matrix for urine and blood samples in this method is insignificant. The method detection limits are in the range of 1 microg L(-1) for most of the HAAs, except for monobromoacetic acid (MBAA) (3 microg L(-1)) and for monochloroacetic acid (MCAA) (16 microg L(-1)). The optimized procedure was applied to the analysis of HAAs in water, urine and blood samples. All nine HAAs can be separated in < 13 min for biological samples and < 7 min for drinking water samples, with total sample preparation and analysis time < 50 min. Analytical uncertainty can increase dramatically as the sample volume decreases; however, similar precision was observed with our method using 0.1 mL samples as with a standard method using 40 mL samples.     

Determination of trace levels of haloacetic acids and perchlorate in drinking water by ion chromatography with direct injection

Disinfection by products of haloacetic acids and perchlorate pose significant health risks, even at low microg/l levels in drinking water. A new method for the simultaneous determination of nine haloacetic acids (HAAs) and perchlorate as well as some common anions in one run with ion chromatography was developed. The HAAs tested included mono-, di-, trichloroacetic acids, mono, di-, tribromoacetic acids, bromochloroacetic acid, dibromochloroacetic acid, and bromodichloroacetic acid. Two high-capacity anion-exchange columns, a carbonate-selective column and a hydroxide-selective hydrophilic one, were used for the investigation. With the carbonate-selective column, the nine HAAs as well as fluoride, chloride, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate and sulfate could be well separated and determined in one run. With the very hydrophilic column and a gradient elution of sodium hydroxide, methanol and deionized water, the nine HAAs, fluoride, chloride, nitrite, nitrate as well as perchlorate could be simultaneously determined in one run within 34 min. The detection limits for HAAs were between 1.11 and 9.32 microg/l. For perchlorate, it was 0.60 microg/l.     

离子色谱法测定饮用水中痕量溴酸盐

建立了一种利用离子色谱法测定饮用水中痕量溴酸盐(BrO<,3><'->)的方法.色谱条件为:IonPac AS19(250mm x4 mm)色谱柱分离,KOH 梯度淋洗,流速1.0 mL/min,抑制电导检测,外标法定量.BrO<,3><'->浓度在2.0～100μg/L范围内有良好的线性,检出限为0.3 ng/mL,...     

Determination of haloacetic acids in water using layered double hydroxides as a sorbent in dispersive solid‐phase extraction followed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry

In the present study, highly efficient and simple dispersive solid‐phase extraction procedure for the determination of haloacetic acids in water samples has been established. Three different types of layered double hydroxides were synthesized and used as a sorbent in dispersive solid‐phase extraction. Due to the interesting behavior of layered double hydroxides in an acidic medium (pH?4), the analyte elution step was not needed; the layered double hydroxides are simply dissolved in acid immediately after extraction to release the analytes which are then directly introduced into a liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry system for analysis. Several dispersive solid‐phase extraction parameters were optimized to increase the extraction efficiency of haloacetic acids such as temperature, extraction time and pH. Under optimum conditions, good linearity was achieved over the concentration range of 0.05–100 μg/L with detection limits in the range of 0.006–0.05 μg/L. The relative standard deviations were 0.33–3.64% (n = 6). The proposed method was applied to different water samples collected from a drinking water plant to determine the concentrations of haloacetic acids.     

离子色谱法测定饮用和地下水中氟化物、溴酸盐、氯化物、亚硝酸盐、硝酸盐、硫酸盐

建立离子色谱法测定饮用和地下水中F-、BrO3-、Cl-、NO2、NO3和SO42- 6种阴离子.选用IonPac(R)AS19色谱柱(4 mm×250 mm),NaOH梯度淋洗,抑制电导检测,方法检出限为0.01～0.02 mg/L.对水样进行6次平行测定,测定结果的相对标准偏差为1.1％～2.1％,加标回收率为71...     

大体积进样离子色谱法检测饮用水中六价铬

建立了离子色谱检测饮用水中的六价铬的分析方法。以AS23柱分离,20mmol／L NaOH为淋洗液,1．0mL／min流量,1mL大体积进样,电导检测。结果表明,方法检测限为0．8μg／L,水样加标回收率在96．0％-102．0％之间,相对标准偏差为4．09％-1．40％;与标准方法二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法结果比对表明,该法检测限低、操作简便、准确快捷,适用于饮用水中六价铬的检测。