Thermochemical Investigations of Tautomeric Equilibrium. Variation of the Calculated Equilibrium Constant with Binary Solvent Composition

Abstract

A conventional nonelectrolyte solution model which has led to successful predictive equations for solute solubility and infinite dilution chromatographic partition coefficients is extended to systems containing a tautomeric solute dissolved in a binary solvent mixture. The derived expression predicts that the tautomeric solute concentration in a binary solvent is a geometric average of the pure solvent ratios and permits calculation of solute-solvent association constants from variation of the stoichiometric tautomeric solute concentration ratios as a function of binary solvent composition. Experimental data for phenylazonaphthol dissolved in aqueous-ethanol and aqueous-acetone solvent mixtures is discussed in relation to the theoretical model.     

2,6-二巯基吡啶互变异构平衡体系溶剂效应的理论研究

在气相及甲苯、氯仿、乙腈和水等溶剂中对2,6-二巯基吡啶及其硫酮式互变异构体进行了HF/6-31G^**水平上的优化,其中溶液中的计算采用Onsager自洽反应场(SCRF)模型.探讨了溶剂对体系几何结构和能量的影响.结果表明:溶剂的存在与极性的增加有利于平衡体系中硫酮式异构体的存在.     

Effect of External Pressure and Solvent on the Equilibrium Constant of the Diels-Alder Reaction of 9-Chloroanthracene with Tetracyanoethylene

The effect of external pressure and solvent on the equilibrium constant of the Diels-Alder reaction of tetracyanoethylene with 9-chloroanthracene at 25°C was studied. The molar reaction volume is strongly solvent-dependent, cm³/mol: -11.3±1.0 in o-xylene, -14.9±1.0 in toluene, -20.6±1.5 in 1,2-dichloroethane, -22.6±1.5 in ethyl acetate, and -24.2±1.5 in acetonitrile.     

The Solvent Effect on the Rate of Reaction between Propanethiol and Chlorine Dioxide

The products and kinetics of the liquid-phase oxidation of propanethiol by chlorine dioxide in organic media (n-heptane, 1,4-dioxane, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, acetone, and acetonitrile) at temperatures from –10 to 70°C were examined. The reaction rate constants and activation parameters were measured in the above solvents. A strong solvent effect on the reaction kinetics was found (k= 1.67 × 10^–3or 52.7 l mol^–1s^–1(25°C) in heptane or acetonitrile, respectively). The data were analyzed in terms of the Leydler–Eyring and Koppel–Palm equations. The formation of high-polarity intermediates in the test reaction was suggested.     

A Quantitative Study of Solvent Effects on Keto-Enol Tautomeric Equilibria

Introduction Organic compounds usually have labile bonds. It is well known that thousands of reactions are carried out in solutions, only a few in the gas-phase. Most chemists are now familiar with the fact that solvent may have a strong influence on reaction rate and equilibrium, so in the last decade, resarching the influence of solvent effects on reaction rate and reaction equilibrium was a very important and     

平衡常数与正逆反应速率常数之间关系的探讨

从动力学与热力学的一致性原理出发,在知道可逆化学反应机理与不知道可逆化学反应机理的两种情况下,探讨了平衡常数与正逆反应速率常数之间的关系,确定了可逆反应平衡常数在不同情况下与正逆反应速率常数之间的关系式。     

苯基及取代苯基四唑异构反应的量子化学研究

与四唑相同，对位取代苯基四唑有两种异构体（见图1）.几十年来，实验工作者对这类化合物在医药和农业等方面的应用研究表现出浓厚兴趣［‘-‘1.最近，我们用从头计算和PM3等方法研究了四唑两种异构体间异构化反应的机理问.为了探明这类反应的取代基效应，本文报导用PM3方法[6]     

The Effect of Swstituents at the Carbon and Phosphorus on the Tautomeric Equilibrium in the Phosphoryl-Hydroxyylide Systems

Abstract

It has been established that in the phosphoryl-hydroxyylide systems (I-VIII) the increasing acidity of the carbon atom depending on substituent Y (which is characterized by [sgrave]^? _CH value) shifts the equilibrium to the hydroxyylide form (B).     

关于化学反应速度与化学平衡的总复习

系统地掌握反应速度与化学平衡的概念、理论及其应用,对于深入认识弱电解质的电离平衡、盐的水解、溶液 pH 值的变化,重要酸、碱、盐溶液的性质和用途,化工生产中适宜条件的选择等,具有承上启下的作用,对于深入掌握元素化合物的知识,具有理论指导意义。本文从四个方面来探讨本专题的总复习。     

Concerning the Solvent Effect on the Rate of the Reaction between Picryl Chloride and Diphenylphosphinic Hydrazide

The solvent effect on the rate constant of the reaction of picryl chloride with diphenylphosphinic hydrazide can be quantitatively described by a two-parameter equation considering the basicity and polarity of the medium. The reaction proceeds via formation of a charge-transfer complex between the reagents. Its nucleophilic solvation facilitates formation of the final products.     

Solvent Effects on the Absorption Spectrum of the Product and the Equilibrium Constant for the Proton Transfer Reaction from 1-Phenacylquinolinium Bromide to Amines

The equilibrium constants, K ₂, have been determined for the proton-transfer reactions of 1-phenacylquinolinium ion, PHQ⁺, with several amines {triethylamine (TEA), N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (ED), N,N,N′, N′-tetramethylpropanediamine (PD), N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylbutanediamine (BD), and 1,8-bis(dimethylamino-naphthalene (DMAN)} in acetonitrile (AN), AN-tetrahydrofuran (THF) and AN-ethanol (EtOH) mixtures. The reaction was followed spectrophotometrically using a stopped-flow technique. The K ₂ value decreased for DMAN and increased for TEA with increasing vol-% of THF in AN-THF mixtures. The changes in the K ₂ value for ED, PD and BD changed in the order: ED, PD and BD from a pattern similar to TEA to a pattern similar to DMAN. The change in the K ₂ value for DMAN with increasing vol-% of THF in AN-THF mixtures was explained by the effect of polarity on the stability of P⁻Q⁺ (the deprotonated product of PHQ⁺). The effect of THF on the K ₂ value is consistent with that of the peak wavelength of the absorption spectrum of P⁻Q⁺. The change in the K ₂ value for TEA, ED, PD and BD depended on the structures of the protonated bases, one of the products for this reaction. The effect of EtOH on the K ₂ value for DMAN was examined in ternary EtOH-THF-AN mixtures that contain different amounts of EtOH and whose relative permittivities were adjusted to that of EtOH. The K ₂ value increased with increasing vol-% of EtOH because of the stabilization of P⁻Q⁺ upon the formation of the hydrogen-bonded complex with EtOH. The absorption spectrum of P⁻Q⁺ demonstrated a blue shift as the vol-% of EtOH increased.     

The Effect of Substituents at the Phosphorus Atom on the Equilibrium Position in the Tautomeric Phosphoryl-Hydroxy-Ylide Triad Systems

Abstract

By means of NMR and IR spectroscopy there has been established that the equilibrium position in the phosphoryl-hydroxyylide prototropic systems /I-V/ depends on the nature of substituents at the phosphorus atom.     

Calculating The Acidity of Silica Supported Alkyl Sulfonic Acids Considering the Matrix Effect: A Dft Study

Abstract

Density functional theory (DFT) was used to investigate the acidity of the various silica alkyl sulfonic acids. In this regard, cluster models with various alkyl spacer lengths were selected to mimic the surface of silica gel. The effects of distance from the surface and the role of hydrogen bond (H–bond) on the ΔH_acidity values of these catalysts were investigated. DFT calculations revealed that a notable gap of ΔH_acidity values exists between the structures considering lateral hydrogen bonding with the surface of the silica HB structure and the structures with omitted surface interactions (non-HB structures). Natural bonding orbital (NBO) and quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) analyses were carried out to obtain detailed information about the nature of the H–bonds.     

Micellar and Solvent Effects on the Rate of Reaction Between L-Tyrosine and Ninhydrin

Kinetics of the reaction of L-tyrosine and ninhydrin has been studied spectrophotometrically at pH = 5.0 and temperature 80°C in aqueous, aqueous-organic and aqueous cationic micelles of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The product formed in all the media remains the same. Also, the reaction is catalyzed in both organic solvent and CTAB micellar media. The results obtained in micellar media are treated quantitatively in terms of pseudo-phase model. The rate constants and binding constants with the micelles have been evaluated.     

二级反应速率常数与活化能计算问题的讨论

针对物理化学参考书中个别有关化学反应速率常数的计算问题进行讨论。计算二级反应的速率常数k时,套用半衰期公式要注意与反应计量方程式的表达形式相对应;对于理想气体反应使用Arrhenius公式计算活化能时,要注意反应速率常数k_c和k_p以及相应活化能E_ac和E_ap的区别。以帮助学生在计算过程中有正确的理解和认识。     

High Pressure,Temperature, and Solvent Effects on the Rate of the Diels-Alder Reaction of Furan with N-Phenylmaleimide

Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry - The effects of temperature, solvent nature, and high pressure on the rate of the Diels-Alder reaction of furan with N-phenylmaleimide were studied. A weak...     

C2H3＋NO2反应速率常数的研究

利用激光光解C2H3Br产生C2H3自由基,在气相298 K, 总压2.66×103 Pa的条件下,研究C2H3与NO2的反应,用激光光解-激光诱导荧光（LP-LIF）检测中间产物OH自由基的相对浓度随着反应时间的变化关系,报导了双分子反应C2H3＋NO2的速率常数k(C2H3＋NO2)=(1.8±0.05)×10－11cm3•molec.－1•s－1,同时也得到OH＋NO2反应的速率常数k(OH＋NO2)=(2.1±0.15)×10－12 cm3•molec.－1•s－1.     

Solvent Effect on the Rate of Dimerization of Cyclopentadiene

The rate of dimerization of cyclopentadiene and some other cycloaddition reactions is determined by electrophilic solvation of the substrate with some contribution of other solvation factors, primarily nonspecific solvation. The corresponding dependence is described by multiparameter equations.     

CH3S←→CH2SH异化反应的理论研究

利用密度泛函理论(DFT)和从头算(ab initio)研究了CH3SCH2SH互异化的反应机理.采用HF、 B3LYP、 MP2理论水平和中等基组6-31(d),计算了CH3S、 CH2SH及其过渡态的结构参数、谐振频率、零点能(ZPE)、总能量和相对能量,并利用B3LYP/6-31(d)的方法计算了反应的内禀反应坐标(IRC),给出了分子构型和自旋污染沿反应坐标的变化曲线,以及最小能量曲线(MEP)、绝热能量曲线.此外,利用传统过渡态理论(CTST)研究了该互异化反应的速率常数和平衡常数在200～1000 K的变化.