Heat transfer and fluid flow of benard-cell convection in rectangular container with free surface sensed by infrared thermography

The natural convection flow phenomena that occur inside an enclosed space are very interesting examples of complex fluid systems that may yield to analytical, empirical and numerical solutions, and many reports have looked into this basic problem. In the present study, heat transfer and fluid flow for natural convection in a horizontal rectangular container with a free surface are investigated using infrared thermography. The temperature field was measured and visualized at a gas-liquid (air — silicon oil) interface using infrared thermography. The heat transfer phenomena were also investigated by statistically analyzing the temperature data. The applicability of the infrared thermography to quantitative heat transfer measurement at the gas-liquid interface was evaluated. It is revealed that infrared thermography is effective not only in visualization of a gas-liquid interface but also in heat transfer measurement. A new heat transfer correlation is proposed for the gas-liquid interface of this flow system. The coefficient of heat transfer can be summarized by a specific heat transfer correlation formula regardless of several conditions, including container aspect ratio, fluid viscosity and fluid layer depth.     

The mechanism of heat transfer in nanofluids: state of the art (<Emphasis Type="Italic">review</Emphasis>). Part 2. Convective heat transfer

In the second part of review, we have considered the problems related to momentum and heat transfer in nanofluids. Results on hydrodynamic friction, forced and free convection in the laminar and turbulent flows are analysed; heat transfer at boiling is considered. The available models describing heat transfer intensification and suppression in nanofluids are studied. It is shown that for some problems on convective heat transfer there is a contradiction in data of different authors; possible reasons for this contradiction are analysed.     

自然循环加热段内摩擦阻力及对流传热的实验研究

以常压去离子水为工质,对自然循环工况下上升加热段内单相水的摩擦阻力及对流传热特性进行了实验研究.结果表明,自然循环工况下加热段内由浮升力引起的自由流动对摩擦阻力及对流传热特性有重要影响,自然循环与强制循环二种工况下加热段内的摩阻系数及对流换热系数存在明显差别;并且,自然循环工况下加热段内的摩擦阻力存在滞后现象.通过实验提出了计算自然循环工况下加热段内单相水的摩阻系数及对流换热系数的经验关系式.     

亚临界与超临界压力水在管内的对流传热与传质

本文对含有金属腐蚀物杂质的亚临界与超临界压力水在竖直加热圆管内的受迫对流与混合对流传热与传质进行了数值模拟，分析了变物性、浮升力以及压力等因素对管内对流传热与传质的影响。结果表明：浮升力使自下而上流过竖直加热圆管的对流传热和传质增强；在不同的温度条件下，超临界压力水的热物性对传热传质的影响有很大不同。     

Mathematical modeling of convective-conductive heat transfer in a rectangular domain in a conjugate statement

The results of mathematical modeling of convection of a viscous incompressible liquid in a rectangular domain with sources of mass input and output are presented. A conjugate statement within the framework of the Boussinesq approximation is used. The regimes of forced and mixed convection in a domain have been investigated. The domain has two vertical walls and one horizontal wall of finite thickness, two zones of liquid input and output, and a free surface. A plane nonstationary problem within the framework of the Navier-Stokes model for the liquid phase and the heat conduction equation for the solid phase are considered. The distributions of the hydrodynamic parameters and temperatures characterizing the main regularities of the processes under investigation have been obtained. Circulation flows have been identified. The vortex formation mechanism and the temperature distribution in the solution domain under the regimes of forced and mixed convection and different locations of mass input and output zones have been analyzed. It has been found that natural convection should be taken into account when modeling convective heat transfer with Gr number values from 10⁵ and higher.     

Infrared thermography: An optical method in heat transfer and fluid flow visualisation

This paper deals with the evolution of infrared thermography into a powerful optical method to measure wall convective heat fluxes as well as to investigate the surface flow field behaviour over complex geometries. The most common heat-flux sensors, which are normally used for the measurements of convective heat transfer coefficients, are critically reviewed. Since the infrared scanning radiometer leads to the detection of numerous surface temperatures, its use allows taking into account the effects due to tangential conduction along the sensor; different operating methods together with their implementations are discussed. Finally, the capability of infrared thermography to deal with three complex fluid flow configurations is analysed.     

Wall heat transfer in static and rotating 180° turn channels by quantitative infrared thermography

The aim of the present study is to develop a new experimental methodology that allows one to perform accurate measurements of the local heat transfer distribution before, in, and after a 180° sharp turn in static and rotating channels. Preliminary measurements of convective heat transfer coefficients are performed by means of infrared thermography applied to the steady state ‘heated-thin-foil’ technique. Some preliminary results in terms of Nusselt number Nu distributions and profile, as well as averaged Nu profiles along the channel axis, are presented. Results prove that infrared thermography is capable of measuring heat flux coefficients and detecting particular phenomena linked to the fluid flow configuration such as location of separation bubbles, influence of the channel aspect ratio as well as the influence of the channel rotation.     

Experimental characterization of the convective heat transfer in a vortex-wall interaction

The development of turbulence models and wall laws for the numerical simulation of flows in complex geometries requires a detailed experimental analysis of turbulence and of the phenomena that appear in turbulent boundary layers. There is a strong need to develop new measurement systems allowing the determination of unsteady wall heat transfer coefficients. In order to improve the knowledge of the unsteady phenomena occurring in perturbed boundary layers, a fundamental study is conducted on the interaction of a single vortex with a flat plate. An experimental methodology using a specific thermal sensor whose surface temperature is measured by an infrared thermography system is presented. It allows the characterization of the unsteady convective heat transfer coefficient whose evolution is compared with the fluctuations of the wall friction coefficient, calculated from velocity profiles measured by laser Doppler velocimetry.     

Problems, prospects, and alternatives for semiconductor single crystal growth in space

Experimental results for growing semiconductor single crystals under real microgravitation conditions aboard spacecraft have been analyzed. The causes for the formation of dopant distribution micro- and macroinhomogeneities in crystals have been studied. It has been shown that it is necessary to provide diffusion heat and mass transfer conditions in a melt to achieve a high homogeneity of properties in grown crystals. These conditions and expected optimal parameters of crystals can be obtained in the absence of thermogravitational convection, when a free surface of the melt is eliminated, and also under conditions of minimizing external quasi-static effects on the melt causing forced convective flows in them and, correspondingly, inhomogeneity of composition and properties for grown crystals due to the increasing gravitational sensibility of melts under microgravitation conditions.     

Microwave heating of liquid at the forced flow around a flat plate under the conditions of non-stationary radiation-convection heat transfer

A class of nonlinear problems of non-stationary radiation-convective heat transfer under the conditions of microwave action with a small depth of penetration is considered in a forced laminar flow of liquid around a flat plane. The solutions to these problems are obtained using the effective asymptotic procedures at the successive stages of nonstationary and stationary radiation-convective heat transfer on the heat-radiating horizontal plane. The non-stationary and stationary stages of solution are matched using the “longitudinal coordinate-time” characteristic. The solutions constructed on such principles correlate reliably with the exact ones at the limiting values of such parameters as a small and large intensity of external thermal impact, small and large times, etc. The error of solutions does not exceed 1–7 %. As the plate is removed from the leading edge of the plate due to heat radiation, convective heat transfer degenerates from values characteristic of the boundary condition of the second kind to the values characteristic of the boundary condition of the first kind. A strong effect on the nature of variations of the surface temperature and Nusselt number of the complex parameter of microwave and thermal radiation is noted. An important advantage of the developed method for solving this class of external problems is that even before complex calculations it is possible to perform an exhaustive analysis of the fundamental laws of the processes under study. Despite a number of initial simplifications, the latter do not significantly affect the accuracy of results, guaranteeing reliable quantitative information. The developed method can also be extended to the regimes of forced convection with linear dependence of physical properties on temperature using transformation of A.A. Dorodnitsyn. To confirm adequacy of the constructed mathematical model, stationary radiation-convective heat transfer under the forced flow around a flat plate was studied experimentally. The results of comparison of the theoretical and experimental data show that they are in a good agreement. This again confirms the effectiveness of the developed method for constructing theoretical solutions to the nonlinear problems of forced convection using the asymptotic procedures.     

Thermographic investigation of some surface flow patterns

Infrared (IR) thermography, due to its two-dimensionality and non-contact character, can be usefully employed in a vast variety of heat transfer industrial applications as well as research fields. The present work deals with measurements of temperature and/or convective heat transfer coefficients in several types of fluid flow configurations studied by means of the IR scanning radiometer applied to the heated-thin-foil technique. In more details, it is analysed the capability of the infrared system to study particular phenomena such as: the heat transfer, including the spiral vortical structures developing at transition, over a disk rotating in still air; the thermal exchange enhancement induced by a jet centrally impinging on the rotating disk; the complex heat transfer pattern associated with a jet in cross-flow.     

带内热源多孔介质中的受迫对流换热

本文利用扩展型达西流动方程,采用考虑相际传热的能量方程,通过对体平均化原始变量方程的无量纲分析,用Ｒｅｐ,Ｈ／ｄｐ和ｋｓ／ｋｆ三个无量纲参数分析了通道内具有内热源多孔介质固定床的冷却过程,讨论内热源对骨架与流体热平衡的影响,对数值计算的结果进行了对比分析．     

侧面抽运板状激光介质的热汇冷却

高热负荷固体激光介质的热效应已经成为制约激光器功率进一步提高的严重障碍,只有对激光介质进行有效的冷却才能保证其安全运行。以不均匀换热系数模型为基础,研究了具有非均匀内热源的侧面双向抽运板状激光介质在狭窄通道强制对流冷却情况下的耦合换热问题,对热汇冷却方案下介质的温度分布和热应力分布进行了数值模拟和分析,并对复合介质、蓝宝石和金刚石三种热汇材料进行对比。结果表明,忽视换热系数的非均匀性将导致应力计算结果偏低。对于侧面抽运、侧面冷却的激光介质,金刚石热汇冷却方案最佳,蓝宝石热汇方案次之,而复合介质方案不宜采用。     

HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FOR TUBES SUBMERGED IN CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED

Convective heat transfer coefficients were measured experimentally for a tube immersed vertically in a circulating fluidized bed. Circulating fluidized beds operate in the dilute transport regime of two-phase (solid/gas) flow. The dominant mechanism for heat transfer to surfaces is particle-induced convection. In this study, experiments were carried out in a circulating fluidized bed of15 cm diameter and 11 m height. An instrumented tube of 9.5 mm diameter and 1.3 m length was placed vertically at the centeriine of the fluidized bed to measure convective heat transfer coefficients at several different elevations in the bed. Three types of particles, with mean diameters ranging from 68 to 2S1 urn, were used in the experiments at superficial gas velocities in the range of 1.3 to 8.2 m/s. Results showed that the convective heat transfer coefficients with solid/gas two-phase circulation were two to three times greater than those for single-phase gas convection at the same velocity. For a given gas velocity, the coefficients increased with increasing solid mass flux, but decreased with elevation. It was demonstrated that the heat transfer coefficients for the immersed tube and for the bed wall could be correlated with different functional dependence on the two-phase suspension density.     

混合长度理论的改进及其在变物性传热中的应用

根据边界层理论,对管内变物性湍流强制对流换热控制方程组进行简化;并通过考虑湍流输运中的密度脉动,对传统的混合长度湍流模型进行改进,使之能同时适用于常物性流动和变物性流动.基于该计算模型,对管内超临界压力水湍流对流换热特性进行了数值模拟.计算结果表明,本文的计算模型能正确地反映出超临界工况下的变物性对流换热特征,换热系数...     

黑腔冷冻靶传热与自然对流的数值模拟研究

惯性约束聚变的设计要求在靶丸内形成均匀光滑的氘氚冰层, 靶丸周围的热环境对冰层的质量特别是低阶粗糙度有很大的影响. 本文对自主研发的黑腔冷冻靶实验装置中的热物理问题展开了数值模拟, 重点考察了黑腔冷冻靶的传热和流体力学特性. 通过参数分析得到了自然对流对靶丸温度均匀性产生影响的临界条件. 比较了黑腔不同布置朝向时的流场和温度分布, 结果显示黑腔水平布置时自然对流更加强烈, 造成的靶丸温度不均匀性也更大. 在此基础上, 讨论了消除自然对流影响的可能性, 结果发现仅当黑腔垂直布置时利用黑腔分区方法能够消除对流效应对靶丸温度不均匀性的影响而黑腔水平布置时不能消除. 研究结论对于实验中冷冻靶结构的设计、改进和实验的开展等具有指导意义.     

Analysis of the convective heat transfer characteristics in a two-dimensional cavity subjected to an external magnetic field

Natural convection heat transfer in the presence of a magnetic field has received considerable attention in the past few decades because of its various applications in industrial installations. In particular, a large number of numerical studies analyzing the effect of the magnetic field on natural convection in a two-dimensional cavity have been performed. In this work, we propose to study the main characteristics of the convective heat transfer of pure fluids and nanofluids in a two-dimensional cavity differentially heated and subjected to an external magnetic field. The scale analysis method is used first to obtain a correlation giving the heat transfer rate, which is then developed to predict the behavior of the heat transfer rate for pure fluids and nanofluids. To verify the reliability of the theoretical predictions, a numerical study is also carried out. The results show that the proposed correlation predicts well the convective heat transfer characteristics obtained numerically.     

Characterization of acoustic streaming and heating using synchronized infrared thermography and particle image velocimetry

Real-time measurements of acoustic streaming velocities and surface temperature fields using synchronized particle image velocimetry and infrared thermography are reported. Measurements were conducted using a 20 kHz Langevin type acoustic horn mounted vertically in a model sonochemical reactor of either degassed water or a glycerin-water mixture. These dissipative phenomena are found to be sensitive to small variations in the medium viscosity, and a correlation between the heat flux and vorticity was determined for unsteady convective heat transfer.     

Heat Transfer Study in a Discoidal System: The Influence of an Impinging Jet and Rotation

Abstract

This article presents an experimental study of the local heat transfer on the rotor surface in a discoidal rotor-stator system air-gap in which an air jet comes through the stator and impinges the rotor. To determine the surface temperatures, measurements were taken on the rotor, using an experimental technique based on infrared thermography. A thermal balance was used to identify the local convective heat transfer coefficient. The influence of the axial Reynolds number Re _j and the rotational Reynolds number Re was measured and compared with the data available in the literature. Local convective heat transfer coefficients were obtained for a dimensionless space between the two disks G = 0.01, for Re _j between 0 and 41,666, and for Re between 20,000 and 516,000. The flow data found in the literature can be used to explain the heat transfers in this small space configuration. In fact, the rotating disk can be divided into two influence zones: one dominated by the air jet near the center of the rotor and one affected by both the air jet and rotation. Heat transfers with non zero impinging jets appear to be continuously improved compared to those with no jets, even if the two influence zones mentioned previously are situated differently.