热管吸液芯的研究进展

文中对热管内吸液芯的研究进展进行了阐述,着重从对热管传热性能起主要影响作用的比表面积、孔隙率、渗透率、有效毛细半径、密度、有效导热系数等结构参数方面进行了分析,最后介绍了多孔泡沫金属这一新型的热管吸液芯,并指出了今后的研究方向.     

Thermal Resistance Measurement across a Wick Structure Using a Novel Thermosyphon Test Chamber

A novel system is developed for measuring the thermal resistance across thin layers of sintered copper wicks of varying porosity. Wicks to be tested are integrated into a passive vertical thermosyphon system, and the resistance is measured for a series of input power levels. The wicks are sintered to a thermally conducting pedestal above a pool of deionized water and heated from below. The apparent thermal resistance across the wick (from the pedestal/wick interface to the vapor space) under the evaporative operating conditions encountered in heat pipes is measured using thermocouples. The apparent thermal resistance across the wick is measured to be as low as 0.01°C/W, corresponding to an evaporative heat transfer coefficient of greater than 128,000 W/m²K.     

颗粒烧结多孔芯蒸发/沸腾换热的实验研究

以水为工质,在热管工况（真空减压条件）下对具有不同颗粒种类（电解粉和水雾粉）、颗粒直径和多孔芯厚度的铜粉颗粒烧结多孔芯进行了蒸发/沸腾换热实验研究。结果表明：随着热流密度的上升,换热系数先上升后下降;在孔隙率一定的情况下,存在最优多孔芯厚度使得蒸发/沸腾换热性能最佳;当多孔芯厚度一定时,在热流密度不是很大时存在着最优孔...     

烧结铜粉吸液芯毛细性能研究

本文通过实验和数值计算对均热板内烧结铜粉吸液芯的孔隙率、体积收缩率、渗透率、毛细性能等开展研究,实验样品包括烧结的10组(50个)单粒径铜粉吸液芯和8组(24个)复合粒径铜粉吸液芯,分别开展了渗透率实验和毛细上升红外测试实验,通过渗透率实验结果与计算结果对比分析,验证了计算的准确性;采用计算有效毛细半径作为吸液芯的实际有效毛细半径,计算了吸液芯的毛细性能因子,分析了铜粉粒径对于各参数的影响。     

CPL蒸发器多孔芯传热传质特性的新数学模型

毛细循环泵(CPL),由于具有高热传输性能,目前已经成为大功率载荷的电子芯片排热系统的一个重要发展方向,尤其是在航空航天飞行器上。选择一种具有较大相变潜热的工质,例如甲醇, CPL可以传输相当大的热流。本文对CPL蒸发器多孔芯流动和传热的数值模拟提出了一个新的发展方向,就是在计算中加入非饱和模型数值计算。文中阐述了加入非饱和计算的三层模型对真实模拟蒸发器多孔芯流动和传热问题的重要性,并给出了应用新的三层模型所得到的初步计算结果。     

Modelling of candle burning with a self-trimmed wick

As an example of a coupled gas-phase diffusion flame with porous media flow, a candle burning model with a porous wick is offered in this paper. The porous media analysis includes capillarity-induced liquid flow, liquid vaporisation, vapour motion and re-condensation and multi-phase heat transfer. Coupling with the gas phase flame is through the conservation of mass, momentum and energy at the wick surface. The steady state solutions obtained not only yield the flame structure but also the detailed flow pattern and saturation distributions inside the wick. One of the novel features of the present model is the capability to address the self-trimming phenomena of candle burning. The self-trimming wick length and the associated flame characteristics have been computed as a function of gravity level, wick permeability and wick diameter.     

小型平板CPL蒸发器耦合计算及优化设计研究

本文建立了小型平板CPL蒸发器毛细多孔芯内汽液两相流动与传热的模型以及金属外壁和工质区的导热模型,并进行耦合求解.分析了金属侧壁效应对蒸发器性能的影响,提出小型平板CPL存在着侧壁效应传热极限.数值结果表明,工质蒸发发生在多孔芯加热表面附近,蒸发器采用单一金属外壁时由于侧壁效应导致系统传热极限低,而上壁采用导热系数大,侧壁及下壁采用导热系数小的新型结构能够明显的提高系统的传热能力,同时使加热表面的温度维持在较低的水平.     

Thermal control of electronic equipment by heat pipes

In the frame of the BRITE-EURAM european programme (KHIEPCOOL project), a literature survey on the main heat pipe and micro heat pipe technologies developed for thermal control of electronic equipment has been carried out. The conventional heat pipes are cylindrical, flat or bellow tubes, using wicks or axial grooves as capillary structures. In the field of micro heat pipes, three and four corner tubes have been developed. The pipes are mounted on single chips, in-line chip arrays or integrated into the component interconnection substrate. The best performances were achieved with Plesch's axially grooved flat miniature heat pipe [1], which is able to transfer a heat flux of about 60 W·cm⁻². Theoretical models have shown that the performance of micro heat pipe arrays increase with increasing tube diameter, decreasing tube length and increasing heat pipe density. The heat pipe technologies are classified and compared according to their geometry and location in the system. A list of about 150 references, classified according to their subjects, is presented.     

Thermal Performance of a Capillary Pumped Loop for Automotive Cooling

The design and test results for a capillary pumped loop (CPL) for thermal management of up to 210 W at the source and heat transfer over a distance of 1 m are discussed. The design configuration of the CPL evaporator consists of an internally grooved aluminum evaporator, 31.70-mm outer diameter and 500-mm long, fitted with a porous ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene wick, 8- to 15-μm pore radius, and 38% porous volume. Heat was transferred using a stainless steel tube of 4.5-mm internal diameter for vapor and liquid lines. High-grade acetone (99.99% pure) was used as the heat transfer fluid inside the loop. In the tests, thermal characteristics of the CPL were specifically studied with respect to the temperature control capability using an active thermal device on the reservoir and to the start-up process through pressure priming of the capillary evaporator. The loop was able to start-up successfully at both low and high heat loads, although proper priming of the wick structure before start-up was necessary to attain low evaporator temperatures during steady-state operation. While maintaining constant reservoir temperature through active means, the loop was able to control evaporator temperature within 55 ± 3°C, even with changing input heat from 30 to 210 W. Total thermal resistance from the evaporator surface to the surroundings was 0.19° to 1.15° C/W with the minimum value achieved at the maximum heat load of 210 W. This study is intended to illustrate the thermal potential of the CPL as an effective temperature control device in automotive applications.     

孔隙率和渗透率对LHP主芯性能影响研究

毛细多孔芯的结构参数对环路热管(LHP)主芯中的流动和传热有着重要影响.通过发展一个综合考虑了热传导、对流和蒸发多种传热效应的模型,以及利用数值模拟易于独立改变参数的特点,研究了孔隙率和渗透率这对参数组合对LHP主芯内部流场和性能的影响.模拟结果在一定范围内是合理的,且对于LHP实验研究和工程应用具有一定的参考意义.     

矩形微槽横截面换热特性的分析

对矩形毛细微槽中液膜在横截面方向上的换热特性进行了研究。计算结果表明,当弯月面与槽底接触时,不仅在微槽的侧壁面上存在两个蒸发薄液膜区,在槽底还形成了两个蒸发薄液膜区;随着槽底热负荷的增大,薄液膜区域热流密度的峰值随之升高;固液接触角增大,薄液膜区域的热流密度峰值增大;薄液膜区域的高强度蒸发换热是矩形毛细微槽高强度换热的主要原因,占总换热量的80%以上;固液界面接触角对薄液膜换热的影响很大。     

环路热管技术的研究热点和发展趋势

综述了环路热管技术近20年的主要理论和实验研究内容,分析了当前的研究热点,包括环路热管启动特性研究,以温度滞后和温度波动现象为代表的暂态特性研究,新型毛细芯的研制和毛细结构的优化,蒸发器内的强化传热和可视化研究,以及高级环路热管、混合冷却环路、多蒸发器混合环路热管、低温环路热管等新型环路热管技术。     

Vaporization of Small Spherical Drops in a Gas

The process of vaporization of a small (compared to the free path of molecules in the medium) spherical liquid drop in an infinite nonabsorbing gaseous medium is considered. Analytical expressions for the time dependence of the drop radius are derived under assumption that vaporized molecules escape from the drop in the asymptotic diffusion regime, and the thermal energy flux toward the vaporizing drop is formed as a result of collisions of vaporized and gas molecules. It is demonstrated that consideration of unsaturated vapor at the surface of the evaporating drop increases the estimated vaporization time of submicron drops by several orders of magnitude compared to the Maxwell classical model.     

Investigation on thermal performance of a high-temperature heat-pipe thermal protection structure

Sharp leading edges with a millimeter-scale radius are required for hypersonic vehicles from aerodynamic reasons. However, with the leading edges being so sharp, stagnation regions at wing and tail leading edges suffer a hostile thermal environment. Therefore, a high-temperature heat pipe is considered to be integrated into the structure of the leading edge to reduce the temperature of the stagnation point. In this paper, a superalloy-refractory composite-container-“wall” combined with the wick and working fluid structure is proposed, which is proved to be a feasible design of a heat pipe for the semi-passive thermal protection system (TPS). The effects of different material of the exterior surface on the temperature distributions are investigated. The effect of the half wedge angle, the design length and porosity of the wick is also investigated to find the effect of the geometry of the structure of the leading edge on the operation of the heat pipe.     

CPL蒸发器毛细芯中流动与传热的场协同分析

本文从场协同的角度分析工质在蒸发器毛细芯中的流动与传热情况,针对不同的蒸发器肋片结构参数、毛细多孔芯厚度以及不同的热流密度进行了数值分析。结果表明,利用场协同原理,可以解释不同的蒸发器结构参数和热负荷对蒸发器传热效果的影响,从而为优化蒸发器结构,提高CPL效能提供理论依据。     

平板式mLHP实验的稳定性分析

本文在充灌率、冷凝温度和初始状态三方面对mLHP系统的稳定性进行分析.研究发现,选择合适的充灌率有利于保证系统稳定运行.较少的充灌最时毛细芯容易缺液而导致系统启动失败,较多的充灌量时系统在低热负荷区易发生波动.过低的冷凝温度对系统稳定性有负面影响,系统容易出现温度波动甚至失稳.而毛细芯内气泡的存在,易导致了mLHP系统...     

平板型环路热管应用于LED的启动特性研究

本文将平板型环路热管应用于大功率LED的散热,通过实验研究了加热位置、放置方式和功率对启动特性的影响.蒸发器内的汽液分布影响着从蒸发器到补偿器的热泄漏,从而影响启动特性.如果非有效蒸发区内的液态工质量越多,则热泄漏越小,环路热管越容易启动.此外,补偿器内工质往液管流动,相当于补偿器对外做功,自身能量有减少的趋势,促使形成循环所需的更大压差.     

超临界CO2在烧结多孔圆管中换热的实验研究

本文对超临界压力二氧化碳在烧结多孔介质的竖直圆管中的对流换热进行了实验研究。分析了入口温度超过准临界温度、颗粒直径为0．2-0．28 mm的多孔圆管中,压力、流量、热流密度以及流动方向对超临界二氧化碳对流换热的影响。结果表明,准临界点附近剧烈变物性的影响使得超临界二氧化碳在多孔结构中的对流换热非常复杂。对流换热随着温度远离准临界温度和热流密度的增加不断减弱;流量对对流换热的影响比较复杂。在准临界温度附近,浮升力对换热有一定的影响。     

Theoretical analysis of porous radiant burners under 2-D radiation field using discrete ordinates method

This paper describes a theoretical study to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of porous radiant burners (PRBs). In the present work, a 2-D rectangular model is used to solve the governing equations for porous medium and gas flow before the premixed flame to the exhaust gas. The gas and the solid phases are considered in non-local thermal equilibrium and combustion in the porous medium is modeled by considering a non-uniform heat generation zone. The homogeneous porous media, in addition to its convective heat exchange with the gas, may absorb, emit and scatter thermal radiation. The radiation effect in the gas flow is neglected but the conductive heat transfer is taken into account. In order to analyze the thermal characteristics of porous burners, the coupled energy equations for the gas and porous medium in steady condition are solved numerically and the discrete ordinates method (DOM) is used to obtain the distribution of radiative heat flux in the porous media. Finally, the effects of various parameters on the performance of porous radiant burners are examined. The present results are compared with some reported theoretical and experimental results by other investigators and good agreement is found.     

Hydrodynamic interaction of an evaporating drop with a plane surface

The hydrodynamic interaction of a freely evaporating (or growing in a supersaturated solution) drop suspended in a gaseous medium with an infinitely large surface of a liquid or a solid is studied theoretically taking into account the effects linear in the Knudsen number. The results of numerical calculations of the velocity of a steady-state motion of a water drop evaporating or growing in air are considered. According to these results, the drop can move either to the wall or away from it. The direction of motion depends on the drop radius, the distance between the wall and the drop, and the thermal conductivity of the wall material.