不饱和醛选择性加氢高效催化剂的研究

不饱和醛的选择性加氢作为一类重要的精细化学品加工转化过程,在香精香料、药物食品生产、农产品加工等领域具有广泛应用。但是目前所应用催化剂的反应活性仍有待提高,需对催化剂进行进一步调控。本文总结了提高催化剂加氢选择性的三种策略,包括：改变金属活性位点的电子性质、增强金属活性位点与亲电位点之间的协同作用和利用结构效应来改变催化剂对于C=O键或C=C键的吸附能力和加氢活性。概括了氢源种类、反应溶剂、反应温度和氢气压力等反应条件对催化性能的影响。并归纳了不饱和醛选择性加氢有关的密度泛函理论计算、反应的动力学模型及反应中的构效关系。最后,讨论了不饱和醛选择性加氢催化剂面临的问题和挑战,并提出了可行的解决方案。     

配体覆盖的Ir催化剂上巴豆醛加氢反应:金属-有机物界面促进活性和选择性（英文）

α,β-不饱和醇是药物和香料等精细化学品合成的重要中间体.在工业上将α,β-不饱和醛与强还原剂如Na BH4等反应后可合成对应的不饱和醇,但该方法易导致环境污染等问题.α,β-不饱和醛选择性加氢制备α,β-不饱和醇是原子经济反应,符合绿色化学要求.但α,β-不饱和醛分子中含有共轭的C=C键和C=O键,在热力学和动力学上皆倾向于C=C键的加氢生成饱和醛,导致α,β-不饱和醇的选择性较低.因此提高α,β-不饱和醛中C=O的加氢选择性具有挑战性.巴豆醛属于典型的α,β–不饱和醛,其选择性加氢生成巴豆醇常作为模型反应用于研究催化剂构效关系.近年来,通过胶体方法制备配体保护的金属纳米颗粒在选择性加氢反应中表现出较好的选择性,可归因于配体产生的立体效应和电子效应等因素,但配体的存在往往抑制反应物在活性金属表面的吸附,从而导致反应活性下降.因此,如何克服活性-选择性的“跷跷板”瓶颈具有重要意义.本文以十四烷基三甲基溴化铵(TTAB)为保护剂,采用胶体法合成了Ir纳米颗粒,并将其负载在载体六方氮化硼上,获得一系列通过不同焙烧温度的催化剂,通过各种表征手段研究了催化剂结构和表面性质,并考察其在巴豆醛气相...     

TiO2晶面依赖的Ir-TiOx相互作用对Ir/TiO2催化剂巴豆醛选择性加氢性能的影响

α,β-不饱和醇是一类重要的精细化学品,主要通过α,β-不饱和醛选择性加氢获得.由于α,β-不饱和醛分子中含有共轭的C=C键和C=O键,且后者键能更大,在热力学和动力学上均不利于C=O键的选择性加氢生成α,β-不饱和醇.因此,提高α,β-不饱和醛中C=O的加氢选择性是催化领域中一项挑战性的课题.巴豆醛属于典型的α,β-不饱和醛,研究其选择性加氢生成巴豆醇具有广泛的代表意义;Ir负载在具有还原性载体(如TiO2)上时,表现出很好的C=O加氢选择性,因此,成为近年来的研究热点.由于暴露不同晶面的TiO2具有不同的形貌和电子结构,因此研究Ir-TiO2相互作用的晶面依赖性及其对巴豆醛选择性加氢反应的影响具有重要意义.本文以分别暴露{101}、{100}和{001}晶面的锐钛矿TiO2纳米晶为载体,制备了负载型Ir/TiO2催化剂,系统研究了催化剂经过不同的预处理过程(在不同温度下H2还原和O2再氧化)后对巴豆醛的气相选择性加氢的性能.利用高分辨透射电镜、原位X射线光电子能谱和原位漫反射红外光谱及氨程序升温脱附等技术研究发现,预处理条件显著改变了Ir-TiOx的相互作用,包括Ir金属的几何、电子性质及催化剂表面酸性.这种相互作用与TiO2的暴露晶面密切相关,从而改变了不同Ir/TiO2催化剂上不同加氢反应行为.研究结果表明,经300℃预还原的Ir/TiO2-{101}催化剂催化性能最好,在80℃下初始反应速率为166.1 μmol g-Ir-1 s-1,巴豆醇的生成转化频率为0.022 s-1.与其他催化剂相比,Ir/TiO2-{101}催化剂表面Ir0浓度最高,表面酸度适中,因此表现出最佳的催化性能.同时Ir-TiOx界面在反应中的协同作用,对H2和巴豆醛分子中C=O键的吸附和活化起到了关键作用.然而当催化剂经过400℃的H2预还原后,由于产生了强的金属-载体相互作用使得TiOx对Ir粒子进行了包裹从而导致Ir-TiOx界面缺失,因而催化剂催化巴豆醛加氢性能降低.本文为理解金属-载体相互作用对巴豆醛选择性加氢反应的影响提供了新的见解,并为设计高性能α,β-不饱和醛选择性加氢催化剂提供了理论依据.     

α-β不饱和醛中C=C和C=O键选择加氢的研究进展

α－β不饱和醛中Ｃ＝Ｃ和Ｃ＝Ｏ键选择加氢的研究进展杨树武徐江辛勤１）（中国科学院大连化学物理研究所催化基础国家重点实验室大连１１６０２３）关键词α－β不饱和醛选择加氢贵金属催化剂分类号Ｏ６４３．３２随着催化学科的发展，控制反应的选择性变得越来越重要，...     

负载型金属催化剂选择性加氢反应的近期研究进展

选择性催化加氢产物是重要的化工及精细化工的原料和中间体,因此,该反应具有重要的基础研究意义和实际应用价值,在石油化工和精细化工领域具有广泛的应用。如何在具有多种官能团的反应底物中实现选择性加氢是一个重大挑战。近年来,负载型金属催化剂由于其在选择性加氢反应中的高活性和高选择性而得到了广泛的关注。本文主要综述了近几年负载于不同载体上的金属催化剂对于多种类型选择性加氢反应的催化作用,包括炔烃制烯烃、二烯烃制烯烃、α,β-不饱和醛、酮制α,β-不饱和醇、硝基制氨基等,提出了现阶段负载型金属催化剂催化选择性加氢反应存在的挑战,并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

TiO_2晶面依赖的Ir-TiO_x相互作用对Ir/TiO_2催化剂巴豆醛选择性加氢性能的影响（英文）

不饱和醇是一类重要的精细化学品,主要通过α,β-不饱和醛选择性加氢获得.由于α,β-不饱和醛分子中含有共轭的C=C键和C=O键,且后者键能更大,在热力学和动力学上均不利于C=O键的选择性加氢生成α,β-不饱和醇.因此,提高α,β-不饱和醛中C=O的加氢选择性是催化领域中一项挑战性的课题.巴豆醛属于典型的α,β-不饱和醛,研究其选择性加氢生成巴豆醇具有广泛的代表意义;Ir负载在具有还原性载体(如TiO_2)上时,表现出很好的C=O加氢选择性,因此,成为近年来的研究热点.由于暴露不同晶面的TiO_2具有不同的形貌和电子结构,因此研究Ir-TiO_2相互作用的晶面依赖性及其对巴豆醛选择性加氢反应的影响具有重要意义.本文以分别暴露{101}、{100}和{001}晶面的锐钛矿TiO_2纳米晶为载体,制备了负载型Ir/TiO_2催化剂,系统研究了催化剂经过不同的预处理过程(在不同温度下H_2还原和O_2再氧化)后对巴豆醛的气相选择性加氢的性能.利用高分辨透射电镜、原位X射线光电子能谱和原位漫反射红外光谱及氨程序升温脱附等技术研究发现,预处理条件显著改变了Ir-TiO_x的相互作用,包括Ir金属的几何、电子性质及催化剂表面酸性.这种相互作用与TiO_2的暴露晶面密切相关,从而改变了不同Ir/TiO_2催化剂上不同加氢反应行为.研究结果表明,经300°C预还原的Ir/TiO_2-{101}催化剂催化性能最好,在80°C下初始反应速率为166.1μmol g-Ir~(-1) s~(-1),巴豆醇的生成转化频率为0.022 s~(-1).与其他催化剂相比,Ir/TiO_2-{101}催化剂表面Ir~0浓度最高,表面酸度适中,因此表现出最佳的催化性能.同时Ir-TiO_x界面在反应中的协同作用,对H_2和巴豆醛分子中C=O键的吸附和活化起到了关键作用.然而当催化剂经过400°C的H_2预还原后,由于产生了强的金属-载体相互作用使得TiO_x对Ir粒子进行了包裹从而导致Ir-TiO_x界面缺失,因而催化剂催化巴豆醛加氢性能降低.本文为理解金属-载体相互作用对巴豆醛选择性加氢反应的影响提供了新的见解,并为设计高性能α,β-不饱和醛选择性加氢催化剂提供了理论依据.     

巴豆醛气相选择性加氢催化剂

巴豆醛是α, β-不饱和醛中最具代表性的一类有机化合物,采用气相催化巴豆醛选择加氢制备巴豆醇符合原子经济和绿色化学要求,具有重要的工业应用和学术价值。本文综述了近十年国内外巴豆醛气相选择性加氢合成巴豆醇的负载型催化剂的研究成果,评述了贵金属催化剂(铂、金、铱、银、钯)和非贵金属催化剂(钴、铜)上巴豆醛选择性加氢性能,分析了活性组分、载体、助剂以及活性组分粒径对催化剂性能的影响,探讨了巴豆醛选择性加氢的反应机理和失活机理。最后,对气相巴豆醛选择性加氢催化剂所存在的问题进行总结,并对催化剂的发展趋势作出了展望。指出了非贵金属催化剂的巴豆醛选择性加氢性能因具有价廉易得等优势,将是该领域的研究方向之一。催化剂失活是巴豆醛气相选择性加氢工业化的最大障碍,因此研究和认识反应机理,解决催化剂失活问题是重点研究方向。     

碳纳米管负载的铂催化剂对柠檬醛选择加氢及CO微分吸附热研究

碳纳米管(CNTs)是近年来发现的一种新型催化剂载体材料,将其作为α,β-不饱和醛的选择加氢的研究则报道较少．本文对柠檬醛[Citral,3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯醛(3,7-Dimethyl-2,6-octadienal)]在Pt／CNTs和Pt／XC-72催化剂作用下的液相选择加氢进行了探索性研究．结果发现,碳纳米管(CNTs)负载的Pt催化剂具有生成不饱和醇的高选择性．     

Raney-Ni催化剂的磁固载及其应用

 Raney-Ni催化剂由于价格便宜且催化活性高,在加氢反应中有广泛的应用,但其催化活性会随使用次数的增加而迅速下降. 通过对Raney-Ni催化剂的SEM照片及粒度分布进行分析可知,在不饱和乙内酰脲加氢反应过程中,催化剂活性下降的主要原因是催化剂的粉化流失和活性位点镍微晶的熔合. 在反应体系中添加磁性材料KF-610后,减少了批次反应过程中催化剂的流失及活性的快速下降,可实现催化剂的回收利用及活性维持. 经20批次亚苄基乙内酰脲、对羟基亚苄基乙内酰脲和吲哚亚甲基乙内酰脲加氢反应,不饱和乙内酰脲的转化率均在90%以上,催化剂相对于底物的用量可大幅度降低.     

α,β-不饱和酸多相不对称氢化反应中的钯粒径和载体酸性效应（英文）

使用胶体沉积法制备了具有不同钯粒径、不同氧化物载体的负载型钯催化剂,系统地研究了α,β-不饱和酸的多相不对称氢化反应中的钯粒径和载体效应.结果表明钯粒径仅影响反应的活性而与对映体选择性无关.这是由于在较小的钯粒子上存在较多的边,角等区域,而这些区域具有较高的双键加氢活性,因而在较小的粒子上具有较高的氢化反应速率但是粒径的变化并没有改变手性修饰剂与反应中间体的吸附模式.载体的酸性对反应的活性和对映体选择性都有促进作用,说明酸性载体有利于反应中间体的吸附.     

Unique hydrogenation activity of supported tin catalyst: Selective hydrogenation catalyst for unsaturated aldehydes

Selective hydrogenation of unsaturated aldehydes, crotonaldehyde (CH₃CH=CHCH=O) and cinnamaldehyde (C₆H₅CH=CHCH=O), has been studied over SiO₂-supported monometallic Sn and bimetallic Rh---Sn catalysts in the liquid phase. Over a silica-supported monometallic Rh catalyst, Rh/SiO₂, no unsaturated alcohol (crotyl alcohol or cinnamyl alcohol) was formed, whereas considerable amounts of the corresponding saturated aldehyde and saturated alcohol were obtained. The selectivity to the unsaturated alcohol was improved over the Rh---Sn bimetallic catalyst. The selectivity to the corresponding unsaturated alcohol attained ca. 65% over the Rh---Sn bimetallic catalysts. On the other hand, The supported Sn catalyst showed markedly high selectivity to the unsaturated alcohols. The selectivity of the Sn/SiO₂, attained 95% to crotyl alcohol and 100% to cinnamyl alcohol, respectively. Although the conversion of each unsaturated aldehyde over Rh---Sn/SiO₂ catalysts was greater than that over Sn/SiO₂ catalysts, the selectivity of Sn/SiO₂ catalysts to the corresponding unsaturated alcohols was superior to that over Rh---Sn/SiO₂. The selectivity of Sn/SiO₂ was also compared with that of Rh---Sn/SiO₂ at a similar conversion of the unsaturated aldehydes. The selectivity of Sn/SiO₂ was significantly greater than that of the Rh---Sn bimetallic catalyst. These results indicate that the high selectivity over Sn/SiO₂ was ascribed not to low conversion but to intrinsic selectivity of the Sn catalyst.     

Highly effective and chemoselective hydrodeoxygenation of aromatic alcohols

Effective hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of aromatic alcohols is very attractive in both conventional organic synthesis and upgrading of biomass-derived molecules, but the selectivity of this reaction is usually low because of the competitive hydrogenation of the unsaturated aromatic ring and the hydroxyl group. The high activity of noble metal-based catalysts often leads to undesired side reactions (e.g., saturation of the aromatic ring) and excessive hydrogen consumption. Non-noble metal-based catalysts suffer from unsatisfied activity and selectivity and often require harsh reaction conditions. Herein, for the first time, we report chemoselective HDO of various aromatic alcohols with excellent selectivity, using porous carbon–nitrogen hybrid material-supported Co catalysts. The C–OH bonds were selectively cleaved while leaving the aromatic moiety intact, and in most cases the yields of targeted compounds reached above 99% and the catalyst could be readily recycled. Nitrogen doping on the carbon skeleton of the catalyst support (C–N matrix) significantly improved the yield of the targeted product. The presence of large pores and a high surface area also improved the catalyst efficiency. This work opens the way for efficient and selective HDO reactions of aromatic alcohols using non-noble metal catalysts.

Porous carbon–nitrogen hybrid material-supported Co catalysts can effectively promote the chemoselective hydrodeoxygenation reaction of a various of aromatic alcohols in ethanol and hydrogen atmosphere, under relatively mild conditions.     

A Molecularly Defined Iron‐Catalyst for the Selective Hydrogenation of α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes

A selective iron‐based catalyst system for the hydrogenation of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes to allylic alcohols is presented. Applying the defined iron–tetraphos complex [FeF(L)][BF₄] (L=P(PhPPh₂)₃) in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid a broad range of aldehydes are reduced in high yields using low catalyst loadings (0.05–1 mol %). Excellent chemoselectivity for the reduction of aldehydes in the presence of other reducible moieties, for example, ketones, olefins, esters, etc. is achieved. Based on the in situ detected hydride species [FeH(H₂)(L)]⁺ a catalytic cycle is proposed that is supported by computational calculations.     

Highly Active Supported Pt Nanocatalysts Synthesized by Alcohol Reduction towards Hydrogenation of Cinnamaldehyde: Synergy of Metal Valence and Hydroxyl Groups

The hydrogenation of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes to allylic alcohols or saturated aldehydes provides a typical example to study the catalytic effect on structure‐sensitive reactions. In this work, supported platinum nanocatalysts over hydrotalcite were synthesized by an alcohol reduction method. The Pt catalyst prepared by the reduction with a polyol (ethylene glycol) outperforms those prepared with ethanol and methanol in the hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde. The selectivity towards the C=O bond is the highest over the former, although its mean size of Pt particles is the smallest. The hydroxyl groups on hydrotalcite could act as an internally accessible promoter to enhance the selectivity towards the C=O bond. The optimal Pt catalyst showed a high activity with an initial turnover frequency (TOF) of 2.314 s^?1. This work unveils the synergic effect of metal valence and in situ promoter on the chemoselective hydrogenation, which could open up a new direction in designing hydrogenation catalysts.     

Ferric hydroxide supported gold subnano clusters or quantum dots: enhanced catalytic performance in chemoselective hydrogenation

An attempt to prepare ferric hydroxide supported Au subnano clusters via modified co-precipitation without any calcination was made. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) have been employed to study the structure and chemical states of these catalysts. No Au species could be observed in the HRTEM image nor from the XRD pattern, suggesting that the sizes of the Au species in and on the ferric hydroxide support were less than or around 1 nm. Chemoselective hydrogenation of aromatic nitro compounds and alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes was selected as a probe reaction to examine the catalytic properties of this catalyst. Under the same reaction conditions, such as 100 degrees C and 1 MPa H2 in the hydrogenation of aromatic nitro compounds, a 96-99% conversion (except for 4-nitrobenzonitrile) with 99% selectivity was obtained over the ferric hydroxide supported Au catalyst, and the TOF values were 2-6 times higher than that of the corresponding ferric oxide supported catalyst with 3-5 nm size Au particles. For further evaluation of this Au catalyst in the hydrogenation of citral and cinnamaldehyde, selectivity towards unsaturated alcohols was 2-20 times higher than that of the corresponding ferric oxide Au catalyst.     

Ni2P Nanoalloy as an Air-Stable and Versatile Hydrogenation Catalyst in Water: P-Alloying Strategy for Designing Smart Catalysts

Non-noble metal-based hydrogenation catalysts have limited practical applications because they exhibit low activity, require harsh reaction conditions, and are unstable in air. To overcome these limitations, herein we propose the alloying of non-noble metal nanoparticles with phosphorus as a promising strategy for developing smart catalysts that exhibit both excellent activity and air stability. We synthesized a novel nickel phosphide nanoalloy (nano-Ni₂P) with coordinatively unsaturated Ni active sites. Unlike conventional air-unstable non-noble metal catalysts, nano-Ni₂P retained its metallic nature in air, and exhibited a high activity for the hydrogenation of various substrates with polar functional groups, such as aldehydes, ketones, nitriles, and nitroarenes to the desired products in excellent yields in water. Furthermore, the used nano-Ni₂P catalyst was easy to handle in air and could be reused without pretreatment, providing a simple and clean catalyst system for general hydrogenation reactions.     

Generation and Stabilization of a Dinickel Catalyst in a Metal-Organic Framework for Selective Hydrogenation Reactions

Although many monometallic active sites have been installed in metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) for catalytic reactions, there are no effective strategies to generate bimetallic catalysts in MOFs. Here we report the synthesis of a robust, efficient, and reusable MOF catalyst, MOF-NiH, by adaptively generating and stabilizing dinickel active sites using the bipyridine groups in MOF-253 with the formula of Al(OH)(2,2′-bipyridine-5,5′-dicarboxylate) for Z-selective semihydrogenation of alkynes and selective hydrogenation of C=C bonds in α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones. Spectroscopic studies established the dinickel complex (bpy⋅⁻)Ni^II(μ₂-H)₂Ni^II(bpy⋅⁻) as the active catalyst. MOF-NiH efficiently catalyzed selective hydrogenation reactions with turnover numbers of up to 192 and could be used in five cycles of hydrogenation reactions without catalyst leaching or significant decrease of catalytic activities. The present work uncovers a synthetic strategy toward solution-inaccessible Earth-abundant bimetallic MOF catalysts for sustainable catalysis.     

Hydrogenation of unsaturated compounds in the presence of palladium-containing modified carbon nanofibers

Palladium-containing carboxylated carbon nanofibers were studied as catalysts for hydrogenation of double bond >C=C< in olefins, unsaturated alcohols, and acids, as well as for hydrogenation of nitroarenes. The developed catalyst is 7 times more efficient than the industrial analog (Pd/C).     

磷酸锆镍上的醇选择性氧化（英文）

Nickel zirconium phosphate nanoparticles were found to function as efficient catalysts for the selective oxidation of a wide range of alcohols to their corresponding ketones and aldehydes using H2O2 as an oxidizing agent and without any organic solvents, phase transfer catalysts, or additives. The steric and electronic properties of various substrates had significant influence on the reaction conditions required to achieve acetylation. The results showed that this method can be applied for the chemoselective oxidation of benzyl alcohols in the presence of aliphatic alcohols. The catalyst used in the current study was characterized by ICP-OES, XRD, NH3-TPD, Py-FTIR, N2 adsorption-desorption, SEM and TEM. These analyses revealed that the interlayer distance in the catalyst increased from 0.75 to 0.98 nm when Ni2+ was intercalated between the layers, whereas the crystallinity of the material was reduced. The nanocatalyst could also be recovered and reused at least seven times without any discernible decrease in its catalytic activity. This new method for the oxidation of alcohols has several key advantages, including mild and environmentally friendly reaction conditions, short reaction time, excellent yields and a facile work-up.     

Catalytic air oxidation of ambient temperature hydrocarbons

Catalytic air oxidation of the aliphatic hydrocarbons n-decane, hexanes, gasoline and diesel fuel was conducted at ambient temperature with novel iron catalysts. The concentration of n-decane in water was reduced from 1.42 g in 100 ml to 0.07 g in 100 ml in 5 h at room temperature forming carbon monoxide and water by means of intermediate aldehydes. Results of FT–IR and GC–MS analyses demonstrated formation of aldehydes and unsaturated alcohols. Carbon monoxide was detected on catalyst residues and in the vapor phase. The indicated catalytic reaction mechanisms are discussed.