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Stabilized,flat iron flames on a hot counterflow burner 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Michelle McRae Philippe Julien Santino Salvo Samuel Goroshin David L. Frost Jeffrey M. Bergthorson 《Proceedings of the Combustion Institute》2019,37(3):3185-3191
Metal powder combustion has traditionally been studied to mitigate the risk of industrial accidents and to determine the contributions of metals as additives to the performance of energetic materials. Recently, there has been growing interest in exploring the potential of metal powders as recyclable, zero-carbon energy carriers as an alternative to the hydrocarbons known to contribute to climate change. The present work introduces, for the first time, a stabilized flat iron flame. The counterflow burner used in this work is comprised of an inverted ceramic nozzle which sits above, and is aligned axially with, a lower nozzle producing a laminar flow of particles suspended in an oxidizing gas. A stabilized methane flame sits inside the top nozzle and the hot combustion products impinge upon the two-phase flow from the bottom nozzle, creating a stagnation plane. Spherical iron powder, with 90% of the particles less than 2.5 µm in size, is pre-loaded into a piston and dispersed using mixtures of 30% and 40% oxygen balanced in argon. Flame speeds are measured using particle image velocimetry (PIV), while flame temperatures are determined using multicolour pyrometry. It is found that flame speeds range between 30 cm/s and 45 cm/s for both oxidizing mixtures. Despite having fuel loadings below stoichiometric concentrations, the observed particle combustion temperatures are close to the adiabatic flame temperature of the stoichiometric mixture, indicating combustion in the diffusion-controlled regime for these small particles. Finally, the independence of the flame speeds with respect to oxygen concentration suggests flame propagation in the discrete regime. 相似文献
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An experimental study has been conducted to find the heat transfer characteristics of methane/air flames impinging normally to a flat surface using different burner geometries. The burners used were of nozzle, tube, and orifice type each with a diameter of 10 mm. Due to different exit velocity profiles, the flame structures were different in each case. Because of nearly flat velocity profile, the flame spread was more in case of orifice and nozzle burners as compared to tube burner. Effects of varying the value of Reynolds number (600–2500), equivalence ratio (0.8–1.5) and dimensionless separation distance (0.7–8) on heat transfer characteristics on the flat plate have been investigated for the tube burner. Different flame shapes were observed for different impingement conditions. It has been observed that the heat transfer characteristics were intimately related to flame shapes. Heat transfer characteristics were discussed for the cases when the flame inner reaction cone was far away, just touched, and was intercepted by the plate. Negative heat fluxes at the stagnation point were observed when the inner reaction cone was intercepted by the plate due to impingement of cool un-burnt mixture directly on the surface. Different heat transfer characteristics were observed for different burner geometries with similar operating conditions. In case of tube burner, the maximum heat flux is around the stagnation point and decay is faster in the radial direction. In case of nozzle and orifice burner, the heat transfer distribution is more uniform over the surface. 相似文献
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Gyung-Min Choi Mamoru Tanahashi Toshio Miyauchi 《Proceedings of the Combustion Institute》2005,30(2):1807-1814
To control combustion oscillations, the characteristics of an oscillating swirl injection premixed flame have been investigated, and control of oscillating combustion and noise based on local flame structure has been conducted. The r.m.s. value of pressure fluctuations and noise level show significantly large values between = 0.8 and 1.1. The beating of pressure fluctuations is observed for the large oscillating flame conditions in this combustor. Relationship between beating of pressure fluctuations and local flame structure was observed by the simultaneous measurement of CH/OH planar laser induced fluorescence and pressure fluctuations. The local flame structure and beating of pressure fluctuations are related and the most complicated flame is formed in the middle pressure fluctuating region of beating. The beating of pressure fluctuations, which plays important roles in noise generation and nitric oxide emission in this combustor, could be controlled by injecting secondary fuel into the recirculating region of oscillating flames. Injecting secondary fuel prevented lean blowout, and low NOx combustion was also achieved even for the case of pure methane injection as a secondary fuel. By injecting secondary fuel into the recirculating region near the swirl injector, the flame lifted from the swirl injector and its reaction region became uniform and widespread, hence resulting in low nitric oxide emission. Secondary mixture injection, fuel diluted with air, is not effective for control of combustion oscillations suppression and lean blowout prevention. 相似文献
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1引言在火焰中,辐射过程是一种重要的传热方式。对该过程尽可能精确的计算,对于改进燃烧设备的设计、改善设备的运行性能十分有益。在正常重力环境下,与其它的释热现象相比,预混火焰中的辐射热损失十分微弱,因而,过去对预混火焰的分析中,往往忽略了辐射热损失的影响。近年来,对微重力(ug)环境下的预混火焰的研究结果表明,可燃极限与#s最小点火能无关,自媳灭火焰(SEFs)发生时;其释放的能量比通常观察到的点火极限时的能量大几个数量级山,因此火焰伸张并不能解释“g环境下观察到的实验结果,辐射热损失可能是影响#g火焰可… 相似文献
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Characteristics and structure of inverse flames of natural gas 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Characteristics and structure of nominally non-premixed flames of natural gas are investigated using a burner that employs simultaneously two distinct features: fuel and oxidiser direct injection, and inverse fuel and oxidiser delivery. At low exit velocities, the result is an inverse diffusion flame that has been noted in the past for its low NOx emissions, soot luminosity, and narrow stability limits. The present study aimed at extending the burner operating range, and it demonstrated that the inverse flame exhibits a varying degree of partial premixing dependent on the discharge nozzle conditions and the ratio of inner air jet and outer fuel jet velocities. These two variables affect the flame length, temperature distributions, and stability limits. Temperature measurements and Schlieren visualisation show areas of enhanced turbulent mixing in the shear region and the presence of a well-mixed reaction zone on the flame centreline. This reaction zone is enveloped by an outer diffusion flame, yielding a unique double-flame structure. As the fuel–air equivalence ratio is decreasing with an increase in the inner jet velocity, the well-mixed reaction zone extends considerably. These findings suggest a method for establishing a flame of uniform high temperature by optimising the coaxial nozzle geometry and flow conditions. The normalised flame length is decreasing exponentially with the air/fuel velocity ratio. Measurements demonstrate that the inverse flame stability limits change qualitatively with varying degree of partial premixing. At the low premixing level, the flame blow-out is a function of the inner and outer jet velocities and the nozzle conditions. The flame blow-out at high degree of partial premixing occurs abruptly at a single value of the inner air jet velocity, regardless of the fuel jet velocity and almost independent of the discharge nozzle conditions. 相似文献
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B. Fiorina O. Gicquel L. Vervisch S. Carpentier N. Darabiha 《Proceedings of the Combustion Institute》2005,30(1):867-874
Tabulated chemistry and presumed probability density function (PDF) approaches are combined to perform RANS modeling of premixed turbulent combustion. The chemistry is tabulated from premixed flamelets with three independent parameters: the equivalence ratio of the mixture, the progress of reaction, and the specific enthalpy, to account for heat losses at walls. Mean quantities are estimated from presumed PDFs. This approach is used to numerically predict a turbulent premixed flame diluted by hot burnt products at an equivalence ratio that differs from the main stream of reactants. The investigated flame, subjected to high velocity fluctuations, has a thickened-wrinkled structure. A recently proposed closure for scalar dissipation rate that includes an estimation of the coupling between flame wrinkling and micromixing is retained. Comparisons of simulations with experimental measurements of mean velocity, temperature, and reactants are performed. 相似文献
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Large Eddy Simulation of flame stabilisation dynamics and vortex control in a lifted H2/N2 jet flame
Christophe Duwig 《Combustion Theory and Modelling》2013,17(3):325-346
Flame stabilisation in (highly) preheated mixture is common in several industrial applications. When the reactants are injected separately in the device (usually at high-speed), the flame is lifted so that the fuel and oxidant first mix to give an ignitable mixture. If the temperature of the mixture is adequate, it auto-ignites stabilizing the flame. Here we focus on an academic lifted jet flame and Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is used to capture the flame and auto-ignition dynamics. Comparisons with experimental data show that LES simulates accurately high OH fluctuation levels at the stabilisation location. The vortex dynamics linked to these fluctuations is analyzed and it is found that small scale coherent structures play a vital role in the auto-ignition process. These structures are axial vorticity tubes (braids) and are located relatively far (in the radial direction) from the shear-layer. As a consequence, the lift-off height varies dramatically in time leading to OH fluctuations of the order of the mean OH concentration. This scenario is monitored in the compositional space highlighting the simultaneous evolution of OH, HO 2 and temperature. Further, different strategies for open-loop control of the flame lift-off height are tested. In order to anchor the flame at different positions downstream of the nozzle, the vortex dynamics in the shear-layer was modified. Promoting successively vortex ring and braids, the auto-ignition region was moved significantly. In particular, modified nozzle geometries impacted the formation of braids and ensured a good premixing very close to the nozzle. As a consequence, it was possible to reduce significantly the lift-off height and stabilise the flame few diameters downstream of the nozzle. 相似文献
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采用PI-MAX-II型增强型电荷耦合器件, 用Nd:YAG纳秒脉冲激光器输出的1064 nm强光束击穿在一个大气压的空气中燃烧的酒精灯火焰, 对激光诱导击穿酒精灯火焰产生的等离子体光谱进行了初步研究. 根据美国国家标准与技术研究院原子发射谱线数据库, 对等离子体中的主要元素的特征谱线进行了标识和归属. 通过激光诱导击穿空气等离子体光谱、激光诱导击穿酒精灯火焰等离子体光谱、激光诱导酒精喷灯火焰等离子体光谱的对比分析, 发现不同燃烧状况下的光谱中各原子谱线的相对强度是不同的. 这些结果对于使用激光诱导击穿技术分析和研究碳氢燃料在空气中的燃烧特性具有重要的意义和参考价值, 同时也为将该技术应用于燃烧诊断提供了实验依据. 相似文献
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直接数值模拟(DNS),大涡模拟(LES)与雷诺时均模拟(RANS)是数值模拟燃烧流动的三大主要方法,而射流扩散火焰在燃烧理论,实验研究与数值模拟中都扮演着十分重要的角色,本文采用完全可压缩的Naive-Stokes方程,对喷口直径为D=1 mm,Re=2000的射流扩散火焰进行了直接数值模拟.本文首先分析了冷态时H_2,O_2的混合,发现燃料与氧气在流向长度大于6D后的区域混合得十分充分.随后本文分析了燃烧后的统计特性,主要包括速度场,密度,温度以及主要组分与混合分数的分布,并将DNS结果与实验结果进行对比分析. 相似文献
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Rafael P. Bianchin Mariovane S. Donini Cesar F.C. Cristaldo Fernando F. Fachini 《Proceedings of the Combustion Institute》2019,37(2):1903-1910
The present work analyzes cylindrical diffusion flames (Tsuji burner) under low stretch condition, considering fuel injection also from the backward region of the burner. To highlight the fundamental aspects of this flame, some assumptions are imposed, like constant thermodynamic and transport coefficients, unitary Lewis number and no radiative heat loss. It is also considered potential flow model and incompressible Navier–Stokes model. Despite the simplicity of the former model, results from both models show good agreement. Also, an asymptotic analysis describing the problem far from the burner is able to capture the most important mechanisms controlling the flame, then the flame shape is determined and the dependence of the characteristic length scales on Peclet number (based on the burner properties), free stream velocity and stoichiometry is revealed. The results show that the flame width is proportional to the mass stoichiometric coefficient and reciprocal to the Peclet number the 1/4 power and free stream velocity the 3/4 power, and that the flame height is proportional to the square of the mass stoichiometric coefficient and to the square root of the ratio of Peclet number to free stream velocity. In addition, an asymptotic stability analysis reveals low-stretch flame extinction to be caused by reduction in fuel and oxidizer concentrations, which provides the range of the stoichiometric coefficient for stable regime, and at the same time the range of heat released. 相似文献
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Thermoacoustic oscillation is a significant problem in ducted domestic heating systems fitted with fully premixing burners as well as in combustion systems of industrial scale. This paper reports experiments using a burner closely representative of practical designs in which high-intensity free-field sound has been used to simulate the feedback which may be excited naturally in installations with different acoustic properties. This experimental approach facilitates study of the non-linear response of the burner/flame sub-system to feedback of different frequencies and direct measurement of the acoustic impedance of the burner under operational conditions. A function proportional to the Rayleigh integral has been evaluated directly from the experimental results. It is found that the head of this type of burner divides the typical installation into a quarter-wave tube and a Helmholtz resonator which must couple unstably for thermoacoustic oscillations to be autoexciting. It is further found that there is a strong interaction between the acoustic field and the mean flow which modifies significantly the behaviour of the burner as a Helmholtz resonator and thus the stability of the whole system. 相似文献
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Combustion dynamics of inverted conical flames 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
An inverted conical flame anchored on a central bluff-body in an unconfined burner configuration features a distinctive acoustic response. This configuration typifies more complex situations in which the thermo-acoustic instability is driven by the interaction of a flame with a convective vorticity mode. The axisymmetric geometry investigated in this article features a shear region between the reactive jet and the surrounding atmosphere. It exhibits self-sustained oscillations for certain operating conditions involving a powerful flame collapse phenomenon with sudden annihilation of flame surface area. This is caused by a strong interaction between the flame and vortices created in the outer jet shear layer, a process which determines the amplitude of heat release fluctuation and its time delay with respect to incident velocity perturbations. This process also generates an acoustic field that excites the burner and synchronizes the vortex shedding mechanism. The transfer functions between the velocity signal at the burner outlet and heat release are obtained experimentally for a set of flow velocities fluctuations levels. It is found that heat release fluctuations are a strong function of the incoming velocity perturbation amplitude and that the time delay between these two quantities is mainly determined by the convection of the large scale vortices formed in the jet shear layer. A model is formulated, which suitably describes the observed instabilities. 相似文献
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Paolo Berta Ishwar K. Puri Suresh K. Aggarwal 《Proceedings of the Combustion Institute》2005,30(1):447-453
To avoid the complexities associated with the droplet/vapor transport and nonuniform evaporation processes, a fundamental investigation of liquid fuel combustion in idealized configurations is very useful. An experimental–computational investigation of prevaporized n-heptane nonpremixed and partially premixed flames established in a counterflow burner is described. There is a general agreement between various facets of our nonpremixed flame measurements and the literature data. The partially premixed flames are characterized by a double flame structure. This becomes more distinct as the strain rate decreases and partial premixing increases, which also increases the separation distance between the two reaction zones. The peak partially premixed flame temperature increases with increasing premixing of the fuel stream. The peak CO2 and H2O concentrations are relatively insensitive to partial premixing. The CO and H2 peak concentrations on the premixed side increase as the fuel-side equivalence ratio decreases. These species are transported to the nonpremixed reaction zone where they oxidize. The C2 species have peaks in the premixed reaction zone. The concentrations of olefins are ten times larger than those of the corresponding paraffins. The oxidizer is present in partially premixed flames throughout the combustion system and there are no regions characterized by simultaneous high temperature and high fuel concentration. As a result, pyrolysis reactions leading to soot formation are greatly diminished. 相似文献
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微尺度扩散火焰特性的数值解析 总被引:7,自引:1,他引:6
本文以均匀空气流中圆管形成的甲烷射流扩散火焰为对象,用数值解析的方法研究了微尺度扩散火焰的火焰结构和燃烧特性。燃烧反应采用甲烷/空气一步总包反应,喷管壁面采用绝热条件。在Re一定情况下,改变喷口尺寸和喷口流速考察了微扩散火焰的结构和火焰熄灭的尺度效应。数值结果表明,随着喷口直径的增大,微火焰的上方出现回流; Re=12条件下,在喷口直径=0.07 mm时存在熄灭极限;稳定燃烧区的最小发热率约为0.5 W;微尺度条件下,Da数对火焰结构和火焰的熄灭有一定的影响。 相似文献
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Xu Wen Yujuan Luo Haiou Wang Kun Luo Hanhui Jin Jianren Fan 《Proceedings of the Combustion Institute》2019,37(3):2901-2910
A three mixture fraction flamelet model is proposed for multi-stream laminar pulverized coal combustion. The technique of coordinate transformation is utilized to map the flamelet solutions from a unit pyramid space into a unit cubic space to improve the stability of the simulation. The validity of the three mixture fraction flamelet model was assessed on different configurations, including a laminar counterflow pulverized coal/methane flame and a laminar piloted pulverized coal jet flame. The flamelet predictions were compared to the reference results of the detailed chemistry solutions. For the counterflow flame, it was found that the flame temperature and major species mass fractions are correctly predicted by the three mixture fraction flamelet model. However, discrepancies are observed for combustion-mode-sensitive species such as CO and H2 in the premixed combustion region. The thermo-chemical quantities in the char surface reaction zone cannot be correctly predicted if the mixing between the char off-gas stream and other streams is neglected. For the piloted jet flame, it was shown that the stable thermo-chemical variables can be correctly predicted at the upper and middle stream locations. However, at the downstream location, discrepancies can be observed in certain regions. Overall, the validity of the three mixture fraction flamelet model for multi-stream pulverized coal combustion is confirmed and its performance in turbulent pulverized coal combustion will be tested in future work. 相似文献