Gas-phase chemistry of diphosphate anions as a tool to investigate the intrinsic requirements of phosphate ester enzymatic reactions: the [M1M2HP2O7]- ions

Experimental studies on gaseous inorganic phosphate ions are practically nonexistent, yet they can prove helpful for a better understanding of the mechanisms of phosphate ester enzymatic processes. The present contribution extends our previous investigations on the gas-phase ion chemistry of diphosphate species to the [M(1)M(2)HP(2)O(7)](-) ions where M(1) and M(2) are the same or different and correspond to the Li, Na, K, Cs, and Rb cations. The diphosphate ions are formed by electrospray ionization of 10(-4) M solutions of Na(5)P(3)O(10) in CH(3)CN/H(2)O (1/1) and MOH bases or M salts as a source of M(+) cations. The joint application of mass spectrometric techniques and quantum-mechanical calculations makes it possible to characterize the gaseous [M(1)M(2)HP(2)O(7)](-) ions as a mixed ionic population formed by two isomeric species: linear diphosphate anion coordinated to two M(+) cations (group I) and [PO(3)M(1)M(2)HPO(4)](-) clusters (group II). The relative gas-phase stabilities and activation barriers for the isomerization I-->II, which depend on the nature of the M(+) cations, highlight the electronic susceptibility of P-O-P bond breaking in the active site of enzymes. The previously unexplored gas-phase reactivity of [M(1)M(2)HP(2)O(7)](-) ions towards alcohols of different acidity was investigated by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR/MS). The reaction proceeds by addition of the alcohol molecule followed by elimination of a water molecule.     

Gaseous H5P2O8- ions: a theoretical and experimental study on the hydrolysis and synthesis of diphosphate ion

The structure and reactivity of gaseous H5P2O8- ions obtained from the chemical ionization (CI) of an H4P2O7/H2O mixture and from electrospray ionization (ESI) of CH3CN/H2O/H4P2O7 solutions were investigated by Fourier transform ion cyclotron (FTICR) and triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Theoretical calculations performed at the B3LYP/6-31+G* level of theory and collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) mass spectrometric results allowed the ionic population obtained in the CI conditions to be structurally characterized as a mixture of gaseous [H3P2O7...H2O]-, [H3PO4...H2PO4]-, and [PO3...H3PO4...H2O]- clusters. The energy profile emerging from theoretical calculations affords insight into the mechanism of diphosphate ion hydrolysis and synthesis.     

Effect of alkali metal coordination on gas-phase chemistry of the diphosphate ion: the MH(2)P(2)O(7) (-) ions

Systematic experimental and theoretical studies on anionic phosphate species in the gas phase are almost nonexistent, even though they could provide a benchmark for enhanced comprehension of their liquid-phase chemical behavior. Gaseous MH(2)P(2)O(7) (-) ions (M=Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs), obtained from electrospray ionization of solutions containing H(4)P(2)O(7) and MOH or M salts as a source of M(+) ions were structurally assayed by collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) mass spectrometry and theoretical calculations at the B3LYP/6-31+G* level of theory. The joint application of mass spectrometric techniques and theoretical methods allowed the MH(2)P(2)O(7) (-) ions to be identified as having a structure in which the linear diphosphate anion is coordinated to the M(+) ion (I) and provides information on gas-phase isomerization processes in the [PO(3)...MH(2)PO(4)](-) clusters II and the [P(2)O(6)...M...H(2)O](-) clusters IV. Studies of gas-phase reactivity by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) and triple quadrupole (TQ) mass spectrometry revealed that the MH(2)P(2)O(7) (-) ions react with selected nucleophiles by clustering, proton transfer and addition-elimination mechanisms. The influence of the coordination of alkali metal ions on the chemical behavior of pyrophosphate is discussed.     

Formation of tungstate-containing cluster ions by polyoxotungstate anions under matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization conditions in the gas phase

The gas-phase studies of transition-metal oxides continue to attract interest as such oxides are being used as catalysts in various oxidation processes. In this paper, singly negatively charged heteropolyoxotungstate and isopolyoxotungstate ion clusters were produced from Keggin-type polyoxotungstates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (MALDI-FTICR MS). It was found that the ion series [(PO(3))(WO(3))(n)](-), [(WO(3))(n)](-) and [(OH)(WO(3))(n)](-) were the main fragment ions in the mass spectra and the matrix greatly influenced the resulting cluster ion abundances. [(PO(3))(WO(3))(3)](-), [(WO(3))(3)](-) and [(OH)(WO(3))(4)](-) were the most intense ions in each series when 2-(4-hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid was the matrix, whereas [(PO(3))(WO(3))(4)](-), [(WO(3))(6)](-) and [(OH)(WO(3))(4)](-) were the most intense when dithranol (DIT) was the matrix. In addition, a new kind of hybrid ion [W(2)C(14)H(7)O(8)](-) was produced through the reaction of DIT and [(OH)(WO(3))](-) in the plume of the gas phase. These results highlight the utility of the MALDI-FT method for obtaining novel ion clusters and also show the stability of these clusters.     

Structure and properties of a novel 3D straight-channel polyoxovanadate and an unexpected trimeric barbiturate obtained by hydrothermal reactions

The hydrothermal reaction of NaVO(3).H(2)O, barbituric acid, NH(2)NH(2).2HCl, H(3)PO(4), and H(2)O gave a novel heteropolyoxovanadate Na(6)[(P(V)O(4))V(V)(6)V(IV)(12)O(39)](2).H(3)PO(4).31H(2)O (1) and an unexpected phase Na(2)[C(12)H(6)N(6)O(9)].7H(2)O (2). The basic building blocks in 1 are the six-capped sphere-shaped heteropoly anion [(P(V)O(4))V(V)(6)V(IV)(12)O(39)](3-) with framework similar to that of the reported polyoxovanadates possessing [V(18)O(42)] clusters encapsulating VO(4) or other ions. These heterpoly anionic units are linked via V[bond]O[bond]V bridges into an interesting 3D straight-channel structure. The structure of 2 consists of novel organic anions ([C(12)H(6)N(6)O(9)](2-), 5,5-bis(2',4',6'-trioxopyrimidyl)barbital, representing the first oxidized barbituric acid trimer) linked via sodium ions into 1D hollow tubes with diameter of 4.49 x 6.86 A and further connected into a three-dimensional framework via hydrogen bonds.     

Reactions of platinum cluster ions with benzene

In this work, the cation and anion products of the reactions between platinum clusters produced by laser ablation and the benzene molecules seeded in argon have been studied using a high-resolution reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer (RTOFMS). The dominant cation products are [C(6n)H(6n - k)](+) and [Pt(m)(C(6)H(6))(n)](+) complexes, while the dominant anion products are dehydrogenated species, [C(6)H(5)PtH](-), [PtC(12)H(k)](-) and [Pt(m)C(6)H(4) . . . (C(6)H(6))(n)](-), etc. Some important intermediate structures ([PtC(6)H(6)](+), [Pt(C(6)H(6))(2)](+), [Pt(2)(C(6)H(6))(3)](+), [C(6)H(5)PtH](-), [Pt(2)C(6)H(4)](-), [Pt(3)C(6)H(4)](-) and [Pt(4)C(6)H(4)](-)) have been analyzed using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Different reaction mechanisms are proposed for platinum cluster cations and anions with benzene, respectively.     

Direct observation of triple ions in aqueous solutions of nickel(II) sulfate: a molecular link between the gas phase and bulk behavior

Electrospray ionization of an aqueous solution of nickel(II) sulfate provides direct experimental evidence for the formation of triple ions of the type [Ni(2)(SO(4))(H(2)O)(n)](2+) and [Ni(SO(4))(2)](2-), whose existence in aqueous solution has previously been proposed based on relaxation spectroscopy [Chen et al. J. Sol. Chem. 2005, 34, 1045]. Formally, these triple ions are formed by aggregation of the solvated ions Ni(2+) and SO(4)(2-), respectively, with the neutral ion pair NiSO(4). In addition, also higher adducts are observed, e.g. the "pentuple ions" [Ni(3)(SO(4))(2)(H(2)O)(n)](2+) (n = 7-9) and [Ni(2)(SO(4))(3)](2-), of which the dicationic is extensively hydrated, whereas the anionic is not. The structures of the dinuclear nickel clusters are derived from ab initio calculations and their infrared spectra are compared with experimental data obtained for the gaseous ions [Ni(2)SO(4)(H(2)O)(5)](2+) and [Ni(2)(SO(4))(3)](2-), respectively. The calculations show that the structures are crucially controlled by the degree of solvation of nickel ion. Explicit consideration of solvating water molecules within the first coordination sphere suggest that the dicationic triple ion [Ni(2)SO(4)](aq)(2+) is bent and thus bears a permanent dipole moment, whereas the [Ni(SO(4))(2)](aq)(2-) dianion tends to be quasi-linear. The experimental and theoretical data for the gaseous ions thus support the elegant, but indirect, deductions previously made based on solution-phase studies.     

Polyhedral monocarbaborane chemistry. Some C-phenylated seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven and twelve-vertex species

Some synthetic and structural systematics for monocarbaboranes, using the C-phenylated motif as the example, are investigated. The 10-vertex [6-Ph-nido-6-CB(9)H(11)](-) anion 1, from reaction of PhCHO with B(10)H(14) in KOH/H(2)O, is a useful entry synthon into C-phenyl monocarbaborane chemistry. Treatment of anion 1 with Na/thf yields the 10-vertex [1-Ph-closo-1-CB(9)H(9)](-) anion 2a, whereas treatment of anion 1 with iodine in alkaline solution yields the isomeric 10-vertex [2-Ph-closo-2-CB(9)H(9)](-) anion 2b, which isomerises quantitatively to 2a on heating under reflux in DME. Thermolysis of anion 1 yields the 9-vertex [4-Ph-closo-4-CB(8)H(8)](-) anion 5, whereas treatment of anion 1 with FeCl(3)/HCl gives neutral 9-vertex [4-Ph-arachno-4-CB(8)H(13)] 3. Compound 3 gives neutral 9-vertex [1-Ph-nido-1-CB(8)H(11)] 4 in refluxing toluene, and gives the 7-vertex [2-Ph-closo-2-CB(6)H(6)](-) anion 7 and the 8-vertex [1-Ph-closo-1-CB(7)H(7)](-) anion 6 in refluxing toluene with NEt(3). Reaction of 1 with [BH(3)(thf)] yields the 11-vertex [7-Ph-nido-7-CB(10)H(12)](-) anion 8 which can be converted to the 12-vertex [1-Ph-closo-1-CB(11)H(11)](-) anion 10 using [BH(3)(SMe(2))]; alternatively, anion 1 yields anion 10 directly on treatment with [BH(3)(NEt(3))]. Treatment of anion 8 with I(2)/KOH yields the 11-vertex [2-Ph-closo-2-CB(10)H(10)](-) anion 9. The structures of anions 1, 2a, 2b, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 have been established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses of their [NEt(4)](+) salts, and those of neutral 3 and 4 estimated by DFT calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G* level; similar calculations have also been applied to the new anionic closo species 2a, 2b, 5, 6, 7, 9 and 10. Crystals of the [NEt(4)](+) salt of the [2-Ph-closo-2-CB(6)H(6)](-) anion 7 required synchrotron X-radiation for sufficient diffraction intensity for molecular-structure elucidation. The syntheses are in principle generally applicable to give extensive derivative C-aryl and C-alkyl chemistries.     

From a Dy(III) Single Molecule Magnet (SMM) to a Ferromagnetic [Mn(II)Dy(III)Mn(II)] Trinuclear Complex

The Schiff base compound 2,2'-{[(2-aminoethyl)imino]bis[2,1-ethanediyl-nitriloethylidyne]}bis-2-hydroxy-benzoic acid (H(4)L) as a proligand was prepared in situ. This proligand has three potential coordination pockets which make it possible to accommodate from one to three metal ions allowing for the possible formation of mono-, di-, and trinuclear complexes. Reaction of in situ prepared H(4)L with Dy(NO(3))(3)·5H(2)O resulted in the formation of a mononuclear complex [Dy(H(3)L)(2)](NO(3))·(EtOH)·8(H(2)O) (1), which shows SMM behavior. In contrast, reaction of in situ prepared H(4)L with Mn(ClO(4))(2)·6H(2)O and Dy(NO(3))(3)·5H(2)O in the presence of a base resulted in a trinuclear mixed 3d-4f complex (NHEt(3))(2)[Dy{Mn(L)}(2)](ClO(4))·2(H(2)O) (2). At low temperatures, compound 2 is a weak ferromagnet. Thus, the SMM behavior of compound 1 can be switched off by incorporating two Mn(II) ions in close proximity either side of the Dy(III). This quenching behavior is ascribed to the presence of the weak ferromagnetic interactions between the Mn(II) and Dy(III) ions, which at T > 2 K act as a fluctuating field causing the reversal of magnetization on the dysprosium ion. Mass spectrometric ion signals related to compounds 1 and 2 were both detected in positive and negative ion modes via electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) reactions with ND(3) were performed in a FT-ICR Penning-trap mass spectrometer.     

Uranyl heteropolyoxometalate: synthesis, structure, and spectroscopic properties

A novel uranium heteropolyoxometalate, [H(3)O](4)[Ni(H(2)O)(3)](4){Ni[(UO(2))(PO(3)C(6)H(4)CO(2))](3)(PO(4)H)}(4)·2.72H(2)O, has been prepared under mild hydrothermal conditions using the diethyl(2-ethoxycarbonylphenyl)phosphonate ligand and in situ ligand synthesis of the HPO(4)(2-) anion. The cluster is derived from a common UO(7), pentagonal bipyramid and is constructed by employing nickel(II) metal ions as linkers. The 3d-5f heteropolyoxometalate core incorporates 12 classical pentagonal uranyl groups and four Ni(2+) octahedral units.     

Synthesis, structure, magnetism and nuclease activity of tetranuclear copper(II) phosphonates containing ancillary 2,2'-bipyridine or 1,10-phenanthroline ligands

The reaction of cyclohexylphosphonic acid (C(6)H(11)PO(3)H(2)), anhydrous CuCl(2) and 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) in the presence of triethylamine followed by a metathesis reaction with KNO(3) afforded [Cu(4)(mu-Cl)(2)(mu(3)-C(6)H(11)PO(3))(2)(bpy)(4)](NO(3))(2) (1). In an analogous reaction involving Cu(OAc)(2).H(2)O, the complex [Cu(4)(mu-CH(3)COO)(2)(mu(3)-C(6)H(11)PO(3))(2)(2,2'-bpy)(4)](CH(3)COO)(2) (2) has been isolated. The three-component reaction involving Cu(NO(3))(2).3H(2)O, cyclohexylphosphonic acid and 2,2'-bipyridine in the presence of triethylamine afforded the tetranuclear assembly [Cu(4)(mu-OH)(mu(3)-C(6)H(11)PO(3))(2)(2,2'-bpy)(4) (H(2)O)(2)](NO(3))(3) (3). Replacing 2,2'-bipyridine with 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) in the above reaction resulted in [Cu(4)(mu-OH)(mu(3)-C(6)H(11)PO(3))(2)(phen)(4)(H(2)O)(2)](NO(3))(3) (4). In all the copper(II) phosphonates (1-4) the two phosphonate ions bridge the four copper(II) ions in a capping coordination action. Each phosphonate ion bridges four copper(II) ions in a mu(4), eta(3) coordination mode or 4.211 of the Harris notation. Variable-temperature magnetic studies on reveal that all four complexes exhibit moderately strong intramolecular antiferromagnetic coupling. The DNA cleavage activity of complexes 1-4 is also described. Compounds 1 and 3 were able to completely convert the supercoiled pBR322 DNA form I to nick form II without any co-oxidant. In contrast, 50% conversion occurred with and 40% with 4. In the presence of magnesium monoperoxyphthalate all four compounds achieved rapid conversion of form I to form II.     

Molecular ions of ionic liquids in the gas phase

Ionic liquids form neutral ion pairs (CA) upon evaporation. The softness of the gas-phase ionization of field ionization has been used to generate "molecular ions," CA(+*), of ionic liquids, most probably by neutralization of the anion. In detail, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-thiocyanate, [C(6)H(11)N(2)](+) [SCN](-), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-tricyanomethide, [C(8)H(15)N(2)](+) [C(4)N(3)](-), N-butyl-3-methylpyridinium-dicyanamide, [C(10)H(16)N](+) [C(2)N(3)](-), and 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium-bis[(trifluormethyl)sulfonyl]amide, [C(9)H(20)N](+) [C(2)F(6)NO(4)S(2)](-) were used. The assignment as CA(+*) ions, which has been confirmed by accurate mass measurements and misassignments due to thermal decomposition of the ionic liquids, has been ruled out by field desorption and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of the residues.     

Collision-induced gas-phase reactions of perhalogenated closo-dodecaborate clusters--a comparative study

The gas phase reactivity of perhalogenated closo-dodecaborate clusters [B(12)X(12)](2-) (X = F, Cl, Br, I) with N-tetraalkylated ammonium counter ions was investigated by electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry (ESI-IT-MS). Collisions with the background gases introduced a broad variety of gas phase reactions. This study represents the first experimental approach to a new class of boron-rich boron clusters that are not accessible in the condensed phase. The anionic ion pair [B(12)X(12) + N(C(n)H(2n+1))(4)](-) is generally found as the ion of highest mass. Its reaction sequence starts with an alkyl transfer from the ammonium ion to the dodecaborate cluster. Subsequently, the alkylated intermediate [B(12)X(12) + C(n)H(2n+1)](-) decomposes to give very reactive ions of the general formula [B(12)X(11)](-). These ions possess a free boron vertex and immediately bind to the residual gases N(2) and H(2)O in the ion trap by formation of the corresponding adducts [B(12)X(11) + N(2)](-) and [B(12)X(11) + H(2)O](-). Subsequent fragmentations of the water adduct repetitively substitute halogen atoms by hydroxyl groups. The fragmentation process of the free anion [B(12)X(12)](2-) depends on the applied excitation energy and on the halogen substituent X. A radical dehalogenation of the B(12) unit is observed for X = I, whereas for X = Cl or F the loss of small molecules (mainly BX(3)) dominates. The different reaction behavior is explained by the different electron affinity of the halogens and the strength of the boron-halogen-bonds. Surprisingly, isolation of the fragment ion [B(12)I(9)](-) in the ion trap yields the highly stable [B(24)I(18)](2-) dianion. This observation suggests a reaction between two negative ions in the gas phase.     

Theoretical study of the complexes of horminone with Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions and their relation with the bacteriostatic activity

The coordination of the horminone molecule with hydrated magnesium and calcium divalent ions was studied by means of the density functional theory. All-electron calculations were performed with the B3LYP/6-31G method. The first layer of the water molecules surrounding the metallic cations was included. It was found that the octahedral [horminone(O(a)-O(d))-Mg-(H(2)O)(4)](2+) complex is more stable than [Mg(H(2)O)(6)](2+). That is, horminone is able to displace two water units from the hexahydrated complex. This behavior does not occur for Ca(2+). Consistently, [horminone(O(a)-O(d))-Mg-(H(2)O)(4)](2+) has a greater metal-ligand binding energy than [horminone(O(a)-O(d))-Ca-(H(2)O)(4)](2+). The preference of horminone by Mg(2+) is enlightened by these results. Moreover, its electronic structure, as shown by huge changes in the atomic populations, is strongly perturbed by Mg(2+). Indeed, horminone, bonded to [Mg(H(2)O)(4)](2+), is able to cross the bacterial membrane cell. Once inside, [horminone(O(a)-O(d))-Mg-(H(2)O)(4)](2+) binds to rRNA phosphate groups yielding [horminone(O(a)-O(d))-Mg-(H(2)O)(PO(4)H(2))(PO(4)H(3))(2)](+). These results give insights into how horminone may inhibit the initial steps of protein synthesis. The stability of the studied systems is accounted for in terms of the calculated structural and electronic properties: Mg-O and Ca-O bond lengths, charge transfers, and binding energies.     

Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectral Characterization of Transient Iron Species of Bioinorganic Relevance

Strategies have been developed to obtain electrospray ionization mass spectral data on short-lived intermediates derived from the reactions of non-heme iron complexes with peroxides. The molecular composition of a transient green intermediate generated from [Fe(2)O(5-Me(3)-TPA)(2)(OH)(H(2)O)](ClO(4))(3) with H(2)O(2) in CH(3)CN at -40 degrees C was determined by introducing the solution via a precooled syringe to the inlet of the mass spectrometer. The observation of prominent ion clusters in both positive and negative mass regions, together with isotope distribution patterns characteristic of the number of associated ClO(4) ions, allows its formulation as [Fe(2)(O)(2)(5-Me(3)-TPA)(2)](ClO(4))(3). The molecular composition of a transient blue species derived from the reaction of [Fe(2)O(TPA)(2)(H(2)O)(ClO(4))](ClO(4))(3) with excess benzyl alcohol and (t)BuOOH at -40 degrees C was also determined. Due to its limited stability even at -40 degrees C, the blue intermediate was generated in a cooled mixing tee from its precursor components and directly introduced into the mass spectrometer. Its formulation as {[Fe(TPA)(OO(t)Bu)(ROH)](ClO(4))}(+) (R = H or CH(2)Ph) is based on the masses observed, isotope distribution patterns, the observation of expected shifts in the mass values by appropriate substitutions, and tandem mass spectral data. These transient species relate to possible intermediates of non-heme iron enzymes.     

Direct observation of ion evaporation from a triply charged nanodroplet

Triply charged, highly solvated metal ions of the form [Ln(H(2)O)(n)](3+) can be generated using a commercial mass spectrometer, and CID studies on these highly charged metal-solvent clusters allow for the direct observation of a process best described as ion evaporation.     

Substituent effects on the gas-phase fragmentation reactions of sulfonium ion containing peptides

The multistage mass spectrometric (MS/MS and MS3) gas-phase fragmentation reactions of methionine side-chain sulfonium ion containing peptides formed by reaction with a series of para-substituted phenacyl bromide (XBr where X=CH2COC6H4R, and R=--COOH, --COOCH3, --H, --CH3 and --CH2CH3) alkylating reagents have been examined in a linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. MS/MS of the singly (M+) and multiply ([M++nH](n+1)+) charged precursor ions results in exclusive dissociation at the fixed charge containing side chain, independently of the amino acid composition and precursor ion charge state (i.e., proton mobility). However, loss of the methylphenacyl sulfide side-chain fragment as a neutral versus charged (protonated) species was observed to be highly dependent on the proton mobility of the precursor ion, and the identity of the phenacyl group para-substituent. Molecular orbital calculations were performed at the B3LYP/6-31+G** level of theory to calculate the theoretical proton affinities of the neutral side-chain fragments. The log of the ratio of neutral versus protonated side-chain fragment losses from the derivatized side chain were found to exhibit a linear dependence on the proton affinity of the side-chain fragmentation product, as well as the proton affinities of the peptide product ions. Finally, MS3 dissociation of the nominally identical neutral and protonated loss product ions formed by MS/MS of the [M++H]2+ and [M++2H]3+ precursor ions, respectively, from the peptide GAILM(X)GAILK revealed significant differences in the abundances of the resultant product ions. These results suggest that the protonated peptide product ions formed by gas-phase fragmentation of sulfonium ion containing precursors in an ion trap mass spectrometer do not necessarily undergo intramolecular proton 'scrambling' prior to their further dissociation, in contrast to that previously demonstrated for peptide ions introduced by external ionization sources.     

Ba3[Ge2B7O16(OH)2](OH)(H2O) and Ba3Ge2B6O16: novel alkaline-earth borogermanates based on two types of polymeric borate units and GeO4 tetrahedra

Two new barium borogermanates with two types of novel structures, namely, Ba(3)[Ge(2)B(7)O(16)(OH)(2)](OH)(H(2)O) and Ba(3)Ge(2)B(6)O(16), have been synthesized by hydrothermal or high-temperature solid-state reactions. They represent the first examples of alkaline-earth borogermanates. Ba(3)[Ge(2)B(7)O(16)(OH)(2)](OH)(H(2)O) crystallized in a polar space group Cc. Its structure features a novel three-dimensional anionic framework composed of [B(7)O(16)(OH)(2)](13-) polyanions that are bridged by Ge atoms with one-dimensional (1D) 10-membered-ring (MR) tunnels along the b axis. The Ba(II) cations, hydroxide ions, and water molecules are located at the above tunnels. Ba(3)Ge(2)B(6)O(16) crystallizes in centrosymmetric space group P1. Its structure exhibits a thick layer composed of circular B(6)O(16) units connected by GeO(4) tetrahedra via corner sharing, forming 1D 4- and 6-MR tunnels along the c axis. Ba1 ions reside in the tunnels of the 6-MRs, whereas Ba2 ions are located at the interlayer space. Both compounds feature new types of topological structures. Second-harmonic-generation (SHG) measurements indicate that Ba(3)[Ge(2)B(7)O(16)(OH)(2)](OH)(H(2)O) displays a weak SHG response of about 0.3 times that of KH(2)PO(4). Optical, thermal stability, and ferroelectric properties as well as theoretical calculations have also been performed.     

Isolation and molecular structure of hexacyanoruthenate(III)

The [Ru(CN)(6)](3-) ion is synthesized in aqueous solution and isolated as [Ph(4)As](3)[Ru(CN)(6)].2H(2)O (1). Compound 1 crystallizes as orange needles in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/n with cell parameters a = 11.346(2) A, b = 23.107(5) A, c = 25.015(5) A, beta = 99.55(3) degrees, V = 6467.1(22) A(3), Z = 4. The octahedral anion has Ru-C bond lengths in the range 2.023(6)-2.066(6) A. DFT calculations reproduce experimental geometries for [M(CN)(6)](3-) (M = Fe, Ru) equally well and yield significantly higher spin densities on the cyanide ligands in [M(CN)(6)](3-) (M = Ru, Os) than in [Fe(CN)(6)](3-).     

Mass spectral behavior of the hydrolysis products of sesqui- and oxy-mustard type chemical warfare agents in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization

Bis(2-hydroxyethylthio)alkanes and bis(2-hydroxyethylthioalkyl)ethers are important biological and environmental degradation products of sulfur mustard analogs known as sesqui- and oxy-mustards. We used atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI MS) to acquire characteristic spectra of these compounds in positive and negative ionization modes. Positive APCI mass spectra exhibited [M + H](+); negative APCI MS generated [M + O(2)](-), [M - H](-), and [M - 3H](-); and both positive and negative APCI mass spectra contained fragment ions due to in-source collision-induced dissociation. Product ion scans confirmed the origin of fragment ions observed in single-stage MS. Although the spectra of these compounds were very similar, positive and negative APCI mass spectra of the oxy-mustard hydrolysis product, bis(2-hydroxyethylthiomethyl)ether, differed from the spectra of the other compounds in a manner that suggested a rearrangement to the sesqui-mustard hydrolysis product, bis(2-hydroxyethylthio)methane. We evaluated the [M + O(2)](-) adduct ion for quantification via liquid chromatography-MS/MS in the multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode by constructing calibration curves from three precursor/product ion transitions for all the analytes. Analytical figures of merit generated from the calibration curves indicated the stability and suitability of these transitions for quantification at concentrations in the low ng/mL range. Thus, we are the first to propose a quantitative method predicated on the measurement of product ions generated from the superoxide adduct anion of the sesqui-and oxy-mustard hydrolysis products.