Detection of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and Salinity Using Thermal Infrared Data of AVHRR and MODIS in the Gulf of Bohai Sea of China

This paper presents the detection of sea surface temperature (SST) and salinity in the Gulf of Bohai Sea of China using thermal infrared (TIR) data of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). Both AVHRR and MODIS imageries are evaluated as main data sources for monitoring SST as a measure of upwelling's dynamic. The relationship between SST and salinity in the area is also discussed during 1997-2000 derived from AVHRR data and then examined using MODIS data of 2000. The obtained results indicated that both AVHRR and MODIS are useful to detect SST and salinity in the study area.     

Sea surface temperature from AVHRR-2 data

Summary From the measurements in two channels of the 10 to 13 μm window region, the correction for the atmospheric absorption, useful to retrieve the sea surface temperature from satellite data, can be obtained. By using radiative-transfer model simulations, an up-to-date algorithm was developed, to retrieve the sea surface temperature from the AVHRR (advanced very high resolution radiometer) data. This algorithm has been compared with the algorithms found in the literature. A map of surface temperature in the Northern Adriatic Sea has been processed as an example of application of the algorithm developed. Visiting Scientist at the Joint Research Centre, Commission of the European Communities, 21020 ISPRA.     

Data assimilation using Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (ETKF) in ROMS model for Indian Ocean

Study of Oceans dynamics and forecast is crucial as it influences the regional climate and other marine activities. Forecasting oceanographic states like sea surface currents, Sea surface temperature (SST) and mixed layer depth at different time scales is extremely important for these activities. These forecasts are generated by various ocean general circulation models (OGCM). One such model is the Regional Ocean Modelling System (ROMS). Though ROMS can simulate several features of ocean, it cannot reproduce the thermocline of the ocean properly. Solution to this problem is to incorporates data assimilation (DA) in the model. DA system using Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (ETKF) has been developed for ROMS model to improve the accuracy of the model forecast. To assimilate data temperature and salinity from ARGO data has been used as observation. Assimilated temperature and salinity without localization shows oscillations compared to the model run without assimilation for India Ocean. Same was also found for u and v-velocity fields. With localization we found that the state variables are diverging within the localization scale.     

Statistical techniques analysis of SST and SLP in the Persian Gulf

Thirty-four years of data (1967-2000) are used to investigate the variability pattern relevant to air-sea interaction in the Persian Gulf. The patterns are derived using statistical techniques, such as empirical orthogonal function (EOF) and singular value decomposition (SVD). Statistical analysis methods are applied to determine the coupled modes of variability of monthly sea surface temperature (SST) and sea level pressure (SLP). The significant of the air-sea interaction is found by a strong resemblance between EOF and SVD eigenvectors and expansion coefficients of SST and SLP. We find that the four leading EOF patterns of SST together account for 99.8% of the total monthly SST variance and 94.4% of the SLP variance. The zero contour in the first SST EOF identified the front which separates the Persian Gulf cyclonic gyres.The SVD modes provide more information on the coupling between the fields than the modes obtained by EOF methods. Lagged correlation analysis between SVD1(SLP) and SVD1(SST) indicates that the coupling is strongest when SLP leads SST by −12, −6, 6 and 12 months. Therefore, the first mode of the SVD analysis seems to depict an air-to-sea forcing, in which the sea response to the atmospheric changes appears with an semiannual and interannual time lag.The two leading SVD modes of variability of the coupled SST and SLP fields account for 99.6% of the total variance. The main patterns of both variables of variability of both variables independently provide considerable information on the coupling, but only one of the two variables dominates each of the two first coupled modes.The first coupled mode of variability between the SST and atmospheric pressure can be described as a strengthening and weakening of the cyclonic gyres, which seems to force fluctuations in a north-south dipole structure in the SST by Ekman upwelling which is a wind-related process. The atmospheric forcing of the SST changes is detectable in the sea with a lag of 1 and 6 months.     

基于贝叶斯理论的全球海温异常对500 hPa 温度场的影响分析

本文利用经验正交函数(EOF) 将海表温度(SST) 距平场进行分解, 得到一组相互正交的模态构成重构空间, 然后在该空间中展开500 hPa温度场, 进一步借助贝叶斯分析方法定义各个模态对温度场的影响指数, 并研究指数随不同海温分布型(模态) 的变化特征. 结果发现SST场在4-6月份对500 hPa温度场的影响较大, 且气候发生转变后, 不同海温分布型对温度场的影响不同.     

环境因素对海-气界面低频异常声透射的影响研究

针对海中声源在海-气界面低频异常声透射问题, 根据两层媒质声传输模型, 分析了大气声速和密度与气压、气温、湿度及海水中声速和密度与海温、盐度间的关系, 研究了低频声透射和传输受温度、气压、盐度、湿度等因素的影响, 分析了各因素对声透射和传输的影响程度. 结果表明: 1) 声透射到大气中的声功率与气温、湿度负相关, 与海温、盐度、气压正相关; 2) 单极子与水平偶极子声源辐射到海中的声功率与海温、盐度负相关, 而垂直偶极子声源辐射到海中的声功率与海温、盐度正相关; 3) 声透射指向性与海温正相关, 与气温负相关; 4) 低频声透射受温度影响最大, 其次是盐度, 受气压和湿度影响较小, 垂直偶极子声源的声透射受温度影响大于水平偶极子和单极子声源.     

Asymptotic solution for the El Ni no time delay seaben air oscillator model

A sea—air oscillator model is studied using the time delay theory. The aim is to find an asymptotic solving method for the El Ni no-southern oscillation (ENSO) model. Employing the perturbed method, an asymptotic solution of the corresponding problem is obtained. Thus we can obtain the prognoses of the sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly and the related physical quantities.     

核电站温排水分布卫星遥感监测及验证

以大亚湾核电站附近海域为研究区,基于HJ-1B卫星热红外遥感数据IRS4,对核电站温排水空间分布特征进行了识别与验证。首先利用时空插值后的NCEP大气廓线数据,结合近地面气象观测信息对IRS4数据进行大气订正;其次查找表数据建立IRS4宽通道辐亮度与辐射温度转换公式,完成研究区海表温度反演。利用温盐深测量仪,与卫星同步采集了84个离散点的水温,经空间插值获得地面调查海水“体温度”（bulk temperature, BT）的分布,并与海表温度（sea surface temperature, SST）反演结果进行了对比。结果表明,调查区平均BT比平均SST高0.47 ℃。在远离热排放口区域,SST高于BT,两者差异在1.0 ℃以内;在靠近热排放口区域,SST低于BT,并且越接近排放口两者之间差距越大。遥感与地面调查两种手段获得的温升分布基本一致,总温升区域面积相近。遥感手段获得的温升等级较少（小于4级）,地面调查获得温升等级较多（大于5级）;后者高温升等级（2级以上）区域面积较大,但对于1级温升区面积而言,两种手段差异较小。上午10时左右海表BT与SST差异较小,“肤-体”温差效应可以忽略,在IRS4业务化SST应用中,这一时段的卫星遥感可以作为核电站温排水分布监测的常规手段。     

基于2013年8月中国中东部地区持续高温的延伸期稳定分量提取及改进研究

基于2013年8月中国中东部地区持续高温及其减弱过程, 利用美国国家环境预报中心/美国国家大气研究中心逐日平均的500 hPa高度场、风场再分析资料和美国国家海洋和大气管理局的海温重建扩展资料进行分析, 通过前期海温强迫相似年的选取方法以及带通滤波和经验正交函数分解等方法提取出10–30 d的稳定分量, 并通过对稳定分量的诊断分析探究了这次持续高温及其减弱过程的维持机制. 研究发现: 通过选取与个例前期海温强迫最相似的30年来代替常规的气候态30 年(1981–2010 年), 所提取的气候态稳定分量所占的比重变化不大, 稍有减弱, 而异常型稳定分量占的比重显著性提高, 且其所刻画的影响异常事件的天气系统强度及稳定性明显提高, 能够更加清晰地显示延伸期天气过程的维持机制. 这表明在提取稳定分量时考虑前期的海温强迫作用是非常有必要的. 同时, 通过对延伸期稳定分量的分析, 表明此次持续高温及减退过程主要受到北极涛动、亚洲大陆中高纬纬向环流形势和西太平洋副热带高压(西太副高)强度、位置的共同影响.     

海雾的遥感光学辐射特性

为实现海雾的卫星自动监测,利用大量AVHRR3/NOAA17卫星观测数据,比较不同目标物(海雾区、不同云系及晴空下垫面)在可见光、近红外波段的反射辐射特性差异,统计分析了海雾的遥感光学辐射特性.结果表明,海雾区三通道反射率满足RCh1RCh3a>RCb2,甚至出现RCh3a>RCh1>RCh2不同于其它目标物(RCh1>RCh2>RCh3a.运用Streamer辐射传输模式模拟了海雾、不同云系在卫星高度处的三通道反射率特性,从理论上进一步验证了海雾所具有的光学辐射特性,同时指出,Ch3a的反射率对粒子粒径的响应明显,即粒子粒径越小,Ch3a的反射率越高.通过米氏散射理论对这一现象进行原因分析.     

温盐深剖面仪与Argo数据的冬季印度洋声速剖面分析

通过某一次在东南印度洋调查工作中获得的17站位温盐深剖面仪(CTD)数据,因其表层0～10 m数据缺失,选择利用卫星遥感的海表面温度产品与中国Argo实时资料中心提供的全球海洋Argo网格数据集(BOA_Argo)中逐年月平均数据做比较,发现BOA_Argo数据集反推得到的表层温度是比较准确的.再将CTD数据与对应时间...     

Self-organized criticality in the El Niño Southern oscillation

The Fourier analysis has been applied to observational sea surface temperature (SST) data from the Southern Pacific. The spectral response of the daily temperature fluctuations indicates that the so-called El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) belongs to the class of dynamical phenomena which are in a self-organized critical state. This has implications on the predictability of the significant events in the ocean-atmosphere interaction process. A toy model is used to point out the similarities of this system with other large scale phenomena, as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, which are considered to be consistent with the hypothesis of self-organized criticality. The qualitative agreement between observational data and results of numerical simulations demonstrates the validity extent of the theoretical approach.     

Thermal aspect of the diurnal variation of tropical convective and stratiform rainfall

The diurnal variation of radiation plays a key role in determining the diurnal variations of tropical oceanic convective and stratiform rainfall, and the examination of such a relationship requires a direct link between the radiation term in a heat budget and the surface rain rate in a cloud budget. Thus, the thermally related surface rainfall budgets derived from the combination of cloud and heat budgets are analysed with two-dimensional equilibrium cloud-resolving model simulation data to study the effects of sea surface temperature (SST) and cloud radiative, and microphysical processes on the diurnal variations of convective and stratiform rainfall. The results show that the increase in SST, the inclusion of diurnal variation of SST and the exclusion of cloud radiative processes increase negative diurnal anomalies of heat divergence over rainfall-free regions during the nighttime through changing the vertical structures of diurnal anomaly of radiation in the troposphere. The strengthened negative diurnal anomalies of heat divergence over rainfall-free regions enhance positive diurnal anomalies of heat divergence over convective regions, which intensifies the positive diurnal anomaly of convective rainfall. The exclusion of microphysical effects of ice clouds increases the negative diurnal anomaly of heat divergence over rainfall-free regions during the nighttime through reducing latent heat; this appears to enhance the positive diurnal anomaly of heat divergence over raining stratiform regions, and thus stratiform rainfall.     

黑潮及其延伸区海表温度变化特征与大气环流相关性的初步分析

为了研究黑潮海表温度的时间变化特征, 以预测黑潮海表温度变化趋势, 本文利用哈德莱中心1941-2009年海表温度 资料定义了一个黑潮温度指数KI, 来表征吐噶喇海峡以东黑潮及其延伸区的海温变化. 由小波分析得到, KI具有准3、 7年的年际振荡特征和准20年的年代际变化特征, 此外KI还具有明显的季节锁相特征. KI与太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)及厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)有很好的滞后相关性. 通过美国国家环境预报中心/大气研究中心再分析资料合成分析发现KI为正异常时, 赤道东太平洋海温异常变暖(即厄尔尼诺发生), 哈德莱环流加强, 使得西风动量的输 送增强, 造成阿留申低压加深(PDO为暖相), 进而冷却黑潮延伸区的海表温度并使黑潮延伸区向东延伸, 这一"ENSO-PDO-黑潮海温变化"的过程具有滞后性, 从而使得ENSO指数、PDO指数可以作为黑潮温度变化的前兆因子, 对于预测黑潮海温变化及周边气候均具有一定的意义.     

Surface temperature and emissivity from NOAA images

Summary A procedure to determine the surface temperature from images taken by AVHRR (advanced very high resolution radiometer) on board NOAA11 satellite is described in this paper. The importance of the emissivity parameter to estimate the surface temperature and the possibility to compute both temperature and emissivity maps from the two thermal infrared channels of the AVHRR is shown. Due to the relevance of its scientific content, this paper has been given priority by the Journal Direction.     

黄土高原中部秋季干湿的年际和年代际环流异常特征及与海温的多尺度相关性研究

黄土高原地区作为气候敏感区和生态脆弱区地表干 湿状况的年际和年代际变化特征十分明显. 但以往主要是针对夏季进行分析, 而对黄土高原秋季干湿变化规律及大气环流机理的认识非常有限. 本文基于中国589站最近50 a (1961–2010年)月降水和气温月平均资料、NCEP/NCAR提供的再分析资料以及NOAA提供的海表温度(Sea Surface Temperature, SST) 资料, 运用带通/低通滤波、小波分析、EOF/REOF和回归分析等方法, 在对中国秋季干湿时空演化分类的基础上, 通过研究秋季黄土高原中部干湿演变周期、大气环流特征及与海温的多尺度相关关系, 以揭示影响黄土高原中部秋季干湿变化的物理机理, 并确定影响该区域干湿状况的前兆信号. 小波功率谱分析表明, 黄土高原中部秋季干湿指数存在准4 a和准8 a的周期, 1970–1990年准8 a尺度周期振荡尤为明显. 年际(周期≤ 8 a) 尺度上偏湿年的大气环流特征是, 欧亚大陆中高纬呈“双阻型”, 200 hPa西风急流显著北移, 日本海-鄂霍茨克海受反气旋控制, 其底部的偏东水汽输送带将水汽输入研究区. 年代际(周期 > 8 a)尺度上偏湿年的大气环流特征是, 东亚大陆为一致的低值系统; 200 hPa东亚副热带西风急流减弱北移, 研究区主要水汽来源由经孟加拉湾在中南半岛转向的南风水汽输送及中纬度的西风水汽输送组成. 整个序列上, Nino3区SST指数(Nino3I)超前5个月与秋季干湿指数已呈显著的负相关关系, 而孟加拉湾–中国南海SST指数(BayI)则超前3个月与干湿指数呈现显著的负相关关系. 年际尺度上, 秋季Nino3I, BayI均与秋季干湿指数存在显著相关(准4 a, 4–6 a), 而年代际尺度上, 只有BayI与秋季干湿指数存在显著相关性(准10 a). 黄土高原中部秋季干湿的年际和年代际周期的确定、大气环流异常特征的认识及与海温的多尺度相关关系的建立, 不仅揭示了影响该区域干湿变化的物理机理, 也为干旱气候预测提供了重要的前兆信号. 关键词： 黄土高原中部 干湿特征 海表温度 小波分析     

A study of the early warning signals of abrupt change in the Pacific decadal oscillation

In recent years, the phenomenon of a critical slowing down has demonstrated its major potential in discovering whether a complex dynamic system tends to abruptly change at critical points. This research on the Pacific decadal oscillation(PDO) index has been made on the basis of the critical slowing down principle in order to analyze its early warning signal of abrupt change. The chaotic characteristics of the PDO index sequence at different times are determined by using the largest Lyapunov exponent(LLE). The relationship between the regional sea surface temperature(SST) background field and the early warning signal of the PDO abrupt change is further studied through calculating the variance of the SST in the PDO region and the spatial distribution of the autocorrelation coefficient, thereby providing the experimental foundation for the extensive application of the method of the critical slowing down phenomenon. Our results show that the phenomenon of critical slowing down, such as the increase of the variance and autocorrelation coefficient, will continue for six years before the abrupt change of the PDO index. This phenomenon of the critical slowing down can be regarded as one of the early warning signals of an abrupt change. Through calculating the LLE of the PDO index during different times, it is also found that the strongest chaotic characteristics of the system occurred between 1971 and 1975 in the early stages of an abrupt change(1976), and the system was at the stage of a critical slowing down, which proves the reliability of the early warning signal of abrupt change discovered in 1970 from the mechanism. In addition, the variance of the SST,along with the spatial distribution of the autocorrelation coefficient in the corresponding PDO region, also demonstrates the corresponding relationship between the change of the background field of the SST and the change of the PDO.     

Effects of sea surface temperature, cloud radiative and microphysical processes, and diurnal variations on rainfall in equilibrium cloud-resolving model simulations

The effects of sea surface temperature(SST),cloud radiative and microphysical processes,and diurnal variations on rainfall statistics are documented with grid data from the two-dimensional equilibrium cloud-resolving model simulations.For a rain rate of higher than 3 mm.h 1,water vapor convergence prevails.The rainfall amount decreases with the decrease of SST from 29℃ to 27℃,the inclusion of diurnal variation of SST,or the exclusion of microphysical effects of ice clouds and radiative effects of water clouds,which are primarily associated with the decreases in water vapor convergence.However,the amount of rainfall increases with the increase of SST from 29℃ to 31℃,the exclusion of diurnal variation of solar zenith angle,and the exclusion of the radiative effects of ice clouds,which are primarily related to increases in water vapor convergence.For a rain rate of less than 3 mm.h 1,water vapor divergence prevails.Unlike rainfall statistics for rain rates of higher than 3 mm.h 1,the decrease of SST from 29℃ to 27℃ and the exclusion of radiative effects of water clouds in the presence of radiative effects of ice clouds increase the rainfall amount,which corresponds to the suppression in water vapor divergence.The exclusion of microphysical effects of ice clouds decreases the amount of rainfall,which corresponds to the enhancement in water vapor divergence.The amount of rainfall is less sensitive to the increase of SST from 29℃ to 31℃ and to the radiative effects of water clouds in the absence of the radiative effects of ice clouds.     

IASI on Metop-A: Operational Level 2 retrievals after five years in orbit

Geophysical parameters from the IASI instrument on Metop-A are essential products provided from EUMETSAT's Central Facility in near real time. They include vertical profiles of temperature and humidity, related cloud information, surface emissivity and temperature, and atmospheric composition parameters (CO, ozone and several other trace gases). As compared to previous operational processor versions, the latest processor version 5 delivers significant improvements in retrieval performance for most major products. These include improvements to cloud properties products, cloud detection (with a positive impact on the knowledge of the sea surface temperature, SST), the temperature profile (especially in the mid and upper troposphere), and ozone and carbon monoxide total columns.This paper provides a comprehensive summary of the processing algorithms, the latest scientific developments, and the related validation studies and activities. It concludes with a discussion of the future outlook.     

Biot-Savart流体力学理论与索马里低空急流形成机理的研究

首先利用格子Boltzmann模型模拟了越赤道索马里低空急流对我国青藏高原东部大气环流的影响,再借助于Biot-Savart定律和流体力学理论以及美国国家环境预报中心的数据资料,研究分析了下垫面感热条件与索马里低空急流发生和发展的关系.太阳直射从南回归线逐渐向北移动过程中,索马里半岛和阿拉伯半岛地表温度逐渐增高;而在此期间,西北印度洋海表温度却增加缓慢.两半岛地表温度高的区域就会使空气上升,而海表低温区域空气就会下沉.海陆温差的增加有利于Rayleigh-Benard对流环流的生成和发展,也使得陆地和海面上正负垂直相对涡强度Γ增强.根据Biot-Savart定律,涡强度Γ的增强必然诱导出相应强大的水平速度.两半岛和海面上这一对正负相对涡度场耦合成一部高效率的"索马里抽气泵".这一抽气泵将气流从南半球吸入,在索马里沿岸附近排出.索马里半岛和阿拉伯半岛地表增温以及与西北印度洋海表温差是驱动索马里抽气泵运转的主要能源. 关键词： 索马里低空急流 Biot-Savart定律 索马里抽气泵