Oxygen fugacity for stoichiometric magnetite Fe3O4-hercinite FeAl2O4 solid solutions

The Frenkel defect model is applied to determine the oxygen fugacity that corresponds to the preparation of magnetite-hercinite solid solutions with an exact 4:3 oxygen:cation ratio. The result are presented in graphic form for .     

有效模拟原油中高分子有机烃类沉降量方法

用大的交互作用系数描述沥青与原油中轻烃不相容性的程度,根据沥青组分特征化方法,导出了气-液-沥青三相相平衡物料平衡方程组。用沥青沉降三相闪蒸数值算法进行有效的量化模拟计算。结合实例分析,给出了沥青参考逸度的计算、饱和压力和沉降量的拟合方法。     

Patterns of solid–fluid phase equilibria: new possibilities?

Thermodynamic phase space patterns of solid–liquid–vapor (slg) behavior in binary systems are reviewed. The van der Waals equation of state is used in combination with a common mathematical artifice for the solid–phase fugacity function to map out the slg loci for a model binary homologous series of solvent+solute mixtures as a function of the solute characterization. The computational results suggest the possible existence of a richer thermodynamic phase space topography than previously envisioned.     

CO为还原剂同时还原SO2和NO的SnO2-TiO2固溶体催化剂Ⅱ.催化剂的物理化学性质

 用XRD, XPS, CO-TPR, NH3-TPD, SO2-TPD和IR等方法表征了SnO2-TiO2固溶体催化剂的物理化学性质. 不同配比的SnO2和TiO2均可形成均一的具有金红石结构的连续固溶体,其晶粒度比单纯的SnO2或TiO2的晶粒度小. SnO2-TiO2固溶体的比表面积随SnO2含量的增大呈火山形变化,说明在SnO2-TiO2固溶体中SnO2可阻止TiO2由锐钛矿型变为金红石型过程中比表面积的减小,而TiO2则提供了维持大表面的结构框架. SnO2倾向于在固溶体表面偏析,固溶体的表面氧含量高于单纯SnO2的表面氧含量而低于单纯TiO2的表面氧含量. SnO2, TiO2和SnO2-TiO2表面含有能被CO还原的吸附氧和晶格氧,被还原的SnO2, TiO2和SnO2-TiO2的表面晶格氧的数量仅占所有晶格氧的0.001%, 说明CO只使部分晶格氧还原并生成氧阴离子空穴. TiO2表面没有酸性, SnO2和SnO2-TiO2呈微弱酸性. 经CO还原的SnO2-TiO2上存在大量的强碱中心,说明SnO2和TiO2之间发生了协同作用. SnO2-TiO2固溶体的这些物化性质均十分有利于SO2+NO+CO的氧化还原反应.     

Isomolar semigrand ensemble molecular dynamics: development and application to liquid-liquid equilibria

An extended system molecular dynamics method for the isomolar semigrand ensemble (fixed number of particles, pressure, temperature, and fugacity fraction) is developed and applied to the calculation of liquid-liquid equilibria (LLE) for two Lennard-Jones mixtures. The method utilizes an extended system variable to dynamically control the fugacity fraction xi of the mixture by gradually transforming the identity of particles in the system. Two approaches are used to compute coexistence points. The first approach uses multiple-histogram reweighting techniques to determine the coexistence xi and compositions of each phase at temperatures near the upper critical solution temperature. The second approach, useful for cases in which there is no critical solution temperature, is based on principles of small system thermodynamics. In this case a coexistence point is found by running N-P-T-xi simulations at a common temperature and pressure and varying the fugacity fraction to map out the difference in chemical potential between the two species A and B (mu(A)-mu(B)) as a function of composition. Once this curve is known the equal-distance/equal-area criterion is used to determine the coexistence point. Both approaches give results that are comparable to those of previous Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. By formulating this approach in a molecular dynamics framework, it should be easier to compute the LLE of complex molecules whose intramolecular degrees of freedom are often difficult to properly sample with MC techniques.     

A Theory of Homogeneous Boiling-Up of Liquid Solutions: 3. Growth of Supercritical Bubbles with Allowance for Solvent Fugacity

The growth of supercritical bubbles in a liquid solution with time was determined with allowance for solvent fugacity. It was shown that the presence of solvent vapors in supercritical bubbles caused by the solvent fugacity tends to increase the growth rate of supercritical bubbles. As a result, the driving force of the growth of supercritical bubbles is not the supersaturation of dissolved gas but the calculated larger parameter that takes into account the solvent fugacity. The condition of the steady-state regime of the absorption of gas molecules by the supercritical bubbles from solution with the movable bubble boundary was studied. The maximal volume fraction of all supercritical bubbles in solution was found. The condition of mechanical equilibrium between the supercritical bubbles and the solution was studied.     

Sm_2O_3－CeO_2－CUO三元系固线下相关系及电子型超导体Sm_（2－x

用Ｘ射线衍射法测定了Ｓｍ２Ｏ３－ＣｅＯ２－ＣｕＯ三元系固线下相关系，样品是在空气气氛１０００℃烧结的。该体系含有一个三元固溶体Ｓｍ２－ｘＣｅｘＣｕＯ４－ｙ，２个三相共存区和３个两相共存区，测定了Ｓｍ２－ｘ·ＣｅｘＣｕＯ４－ｙ固溶体的固溶限（ｘ＝０．２０），氧含量和超导电性，讨论了晶体结构和氧含量对超导电性的影响。     

A conventional and high-resolution synchrotron X-ray diffraction study of phase separations in Pr2NiO4+δ

Several Pr₂NiO_4+δ samples with varying oxygen content have been examined by conventional and high-resolution synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction techniques. Three different phase separation regions have been identified with synchrotron diffraction, and the room temperature lattice parameters of each phase are reported, as well as conventional X-ray powder diffraction data on four single-phase regions of the phase diagram. The low temperature behavior of a sample with an average excess oxygen content of 0.020 was also studied, revealing phase coexistence and a tetragonal to orthorhombic phase transition on heating at 118 K. A semiquantitative oxygen concentration phase diagram is proposed on the basis of the amount of excess oxygen in the individual phases, as estimated from iodometric titrations and relative phase volumes. In addition, the overall stability field of Pr₂NiO_4+δ, showing the oxygen fugacity at the reduction and oxidation boundaries as a function of temperature, is reported.     

非理想气体的逸度因子和非理想溶液的活度系数

对单组分非理想气体,推导了它的逸度因子的微分方程式。对多组分非理想气体,推导了各组分逸度因子满足的微分方程式,定义了一个总逸度因子,并找到了总逸度因子和各组分逸度因子之间的关系。同样,对非理想溶液,推导了各组分活度系数满足的微分方程式,定义了非理想溶液的总活度系数,并找到了两者满足的关系。最后分析了逸度因子和活度系数之间的异同点。     

一锅法合成Ce_xZr_(1-x)O_2固溶体催化剂用于热化学循环分解CO_2制CO

采用一锅蒸发诱导自组装法(EISA)制备了一系列不同铈锆物质的量比的铈锆固溶体催化剂,用TGA研究了其热化学循环分解CO_2制CO的催化性能,并采用XRD、Raman光谱、H2-TPR、XPS、SEM和N_2吸附-脱附等手段对催化剂的物相结构、还原性能和表面化学性质进行了表征分析,用热重分析(TGA)研究了铈锆固溶体对热化学循环分解CO_2制CO的催化性能。结果表明,随着Ce/Zr物质的量比增加,铈锆固溶体催化剂的CO_2高温分解活性先增大后减小。Ce/Zr物质的量比为1的Ce_(0.5)Zr_(0.5)O_2催化剂由于具有较多的晶格缺陷和氧空穴,氧迁移能力强,催化活性高,而Ce/Zr物质的量比为3的Ce_(0.75)Zr_(0.25)O_2催化剂具有相对稳定的氧空穴数,循环稳定性好。循环反应后,所有的催化剂均出现了一定程度的烧结,且富锆固溶体发生了相分离,这可能会影响催化剂的性能。     

CsxRb1-xYbI3体系相图、结构及荧光光谱研究

用一步合成法对CsxRb_1-xYbI₃体系进行了全组成范围内的合成,采用差热分析和X射线粉末相分析法制作了相图,用体系的荧光光谱进一步验证了相图的可靠性.该体系形成一个既有包晶反应又有类低共熔反应的有限固溶体,包晶反应温度和类低共熔反应温度分别为627℃和371℃.相分析确定了RbYbI₃高温相及三类固溶体的结构:0≤x≤0.5形成以RbYbI₃为基的NH₄CdCl₃型固溶体和以RbYbI₃高温相为基的CaIrO₃型固溶体,0.75≤x≤1.0形成以CsYbI₃为基的GdFeO₃型固溶体.     

Template Removal via Boudouard Equilibrium Allows for Synthesis of Mesostructured Molybdenum Compounds

Oxidative thermal removal of the polymeric templates is not trivial for molybdenum oxides and hampers mesostructuring of this material. At ambient oxygen fugacity, Mo^VI is the thermodynamically stable oxidation state and sublimation of MoO₃ leads to a quick loss of the mesostructure through Oswald ripening. Taking advantage of the Boudouard equilibrium allows to fix the oxygen fugacity at a level where non‐volatile MoO_2−x is stable while carbonaceous material may be oxidized by CO₂. Mesostructured MoO_2−x can be chemically converted into MoO₃ or MoN under retention of the mesostructure.     

Single crystal growth of Bi1−xSrxMnO3—Thermodynamics and experiment

The primary crystallization field of a perovskite solid solution Bi_1−xSr_xMnO_3−δ was delimited by calculating the respective phase equilibria in the quaternary Bi–Sr–Mn–O system. The calculations are based on the recent assessment involving all three ternary subsystems, a quaternary liquid approximated as a mixture of Mn, MnO, Mn₂O₃, SrO and Bi₂O₃ species with binary Redlich–Kister coefficients and the perovskite phase described in terms of a point defect model allowing Sr²⁺ for Bi³⁺ substitution, oxygen vacancy formation and the related Mn³⁺/Mn⁴⁺ mixing on Mn-sublattice. The crystallization path and the composition of the crystallized solid solution are compared with single crystal growth experiments performed by self-flux method from a Bi-rich melt. The crystallization path obtained for a selected feed composition for which the largest and high quality single crystal have been grown, turns out to end very close to the global eutectic point.     

Pt/Ce0.6Zr0.4O2催化剂在水煤气变换反应中的电导研究

采用浸渍法制备了不同载体(Ce0.6Zr0.4O2,CeO2和ZrO2)负载的Pt基水煤气变换反应(WGSR)催化剂, 并对其进行了活性评价. 利用X射线衍射(XRD), 程序升温还原(TPR)和原位电导等技术对样品进行了表征. 结果表明, Ce0.6Zr0.4O2固溶体具有比CeO2更高的氧转移能力, 因此促进了Pt/Ce0.6Zr0.4O2催化剂的WGSR活性.     

Tetragonal nanocrystals from the Zr0.5Ce0.5O2 solid solution by hydrothermal method

The formation of tetragonal Zr(0.5)Ce(0.5)O(2) solid solution nanocrystallites of 5 +/- 1 nm size by a hydrothermal method at 120 degrees C for 6 h was confirmed by careful Raman and XRD studies for the first time. It was characterized as the t' '-form with an axial ratio of c/a = 1 but with oxygen ion displacements. The as-prepared sample was hydrous in nature, which is responsible for the lattice expansion. However, most of the water held in the structure can be expelled by heating the sample above 600 degrees C. Above 1050 +/- 50 degrees C the t' '-form of tetragonal Zr(0.5)Ce(0.5)O(2) solid solution dissociates into two phases, cubic phase and the t-form of tetragonal phases.     

Ab initio computation of low-temperature phase diagrams exhibiting miscibility gaps

A new methodology for the computation of the low-temperature part of phase diagrams without recourse to any experimental information is presented. A central element is a procedure for deciding whether formation of crystalline solid solution phases can take place in the chemical system. Via global exploration of the enthalpy landscapes for many different compositions in the system, candidates for ordered stoichiometric and crystalline solid solution phases are identified. Next, their free enthalpies are computed at ab initio level and a low-temperature phase diagram is derived. As examples, the low-temperature phase diagrams for the ternary alkali halides NaCl/LiCl NaBr/LiBr and NaCl/KCl are presented.     

铜锌催化剂组分间相互作用的研究

本文用ICP、XRD和TPD-MS(O_2)等技术研究了铜锌催化剂组分间的相互作用,发现氧化态Cu-Zn催化剂中部分ZnO熔于CuO中生成了(Cu,Zn)O固熔体。低温变换反应条件下的Cu-Zn催化剂处于还原态,它与氧化态的主要差别在于失去了(Cu,Zn)O的晶格氧。研究了Cu-Zn-Mn催化剂中部分Mn进入ZnO晶格生成(Zn,Mn)O固溶体及其对变换反应活性的影响。本文还用TPD-MS(O_2)技术考察了添加Mn、Al等组分对Cu-Zn催化剂组分间相互作用的影响。     

ESTIMATION OF SULFUR SOLUBILITY AND PREDICTION OF SULFIDE LIQUID IMMISCIBILITY IN SILICATE MELTS

A set of 201 experimental data on solubility of sulfur in silicate melts was collectedfrom literature to formulate the changes of sulfur solubility as a function of bulk compo-sition of the melts and pressure, temperature, and the fugacity of oxygen and sulfur. Aregular solution model and a polynomial function have been put forward, from which sol-ubility of sulfur in natural silicate magmas can be estimated. Synthetic application of twomethods makes it possible to evaluate activity of FeS in a silicate melt, which will be po-tentially valuable for predicting immiscibility of sulfide liquid in magmatic processes.     

Phenacyl ester derivatives bearing heterocycles as models for photocleavable linkers: synthesis and photolysis studies

The synthesis of several phenacyl ester derivatives linked to oxygen and nitrogen heterocycles, benzoquinolone and (benzo)coumarins, was carried out in an effort to obtain systems that could be applied as photocleavable (bi)functional linkers for solid phase peptide synthesis. The heterocycles were attached to a spacer, with different lengths, followed by coupling to 2-bromo-1-phenylpropan-1-one, acting as a model for the solid support. Photolysis studies of the resulting phenacyl ester derivatives were carried out by irradiation in a photochemical reactor at different wavelengths (300, 350 and 419 nm), in methanol/HEPES buffer solution (80:20).     

铈基复合氧化物中晶格氧用于甲烷部分氧化制合成气

采用共沉淀法制备了Ce-M-O氧载体（M＝Fe、Mn、Cu）,并进行了XRD表征。研究了Ce-M-O中晶格氧部分氧化甲烷制合成气的反应。考察了再生时间、再生温度对氧载体部分氧化甲烷性能的影响。研究结果表明, Ce-Fe-O固溶体中的晶格氧适于部分氧化甲烷制合成气。在新鲜的Ce Fe O氧载体上存在少量的强氧化物种,导致开始阶段大部分甲烷被完全氧化,然后该氧载体能均匀地释放出具有高选择性的体相晶格氧将甲烷氧化为CO和H2。通过对氧载体再生条件的控制,可以有效提高目标产物的选择性,当再生温度为850℃,再生时间为7min时, 获得了最大的CO（96.68%）和H2（97.56%）选择性,同时H2与CO摩尔比达到2.02。在无气相氧存在下,用Ce-Fe-O中晶格氧实现甲烷部分氧化制合成气的方法是可行的。