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Model studies were performed on the utility of covalently immobilized trypsin, thermolysin and papain for peptide bond formation. Trypsin and thermolysin catalyzed the formation of peptide bonds with nearly the same efficiency as the soluble proteases and they could be re-used successfully for further coupling experiments. The possibility of using immobilized trypsin and papain for kinetically controlled peptide bond formation was investigated. With the serine type enzyme trypsin excellent product yields were obtained starting with ester carboxyl components and an economical ratio of substrates. Experiments with the thiol protease papain were unsatisfactory because the once formed product is hydrolyzed as fast as the starting ester substrate used.  相似文献   

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In serial chemical analysis the application of free enzymes is a rather uneconomical method because after each determination expensive enzyme reagents are discarded together with the test mixture, although as biocatalysts they are completely regenerated at the end of the reaction. In vivo, enzymes are often fixed to cell structures and more than up to a thousand times effective as biocatalysts. Hence the idea to apply enzymes fixed to a suitable carrier for repeated in vitro usage promises some success. Recently several groups of analysts succeeded in immobilizing enzymes of the protein metabolism for preparative purposes. We immobilized the enzymes saccharose, hexokinase, phosphohexose-isomerase and glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase at CNBr activated agarose and by means of this affinity absorption-method determined the concentration of sucrose solutions in a closed recycling column system. The reduced form of nicotinamide-dinucleotide-phosphate being the measuring agent of the reaction is regenerated by means of glutathion reductase. The results of our investigation show, that the determination of the three carbohydrates sucrose, glucose and fructose by immobilized enzymes is by far superior to the common batch procedure regarding accuracy, velocity and costs.  相似文献   

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Zusammenfassung Die elementaranalytische Bestimmung von Chlor, Brom, Jod, Fluor und Schwefel sowie die Spurenbestimmung dieser Elemente in organischen Substanzen wurde durch wesentliche Vereinfachung des Substanzaufschlusses in einer modifizierten Wickbold-Apparatur (Knallgasverbrennung) bedeutend verbessert und beschleunigt.
Summary The determination of chlorine, bromine, iodine, fluorine and sulphur including the determination of traces of these elements in organic substances is significantly improved by a modified Wickbold apparatus. The modification permits to introduce a new sample and to rinse the absorber after a finished combustion without turning-off the oxygen-hydrogen flame.


Alleinhersteller: Fa. Heraeus, Quarzschmelze GmbH., Hanau/Main, Rohrstr.8.  相似文献   

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The reagents Ph3M-CH(I)Li (M = Si, Ge) react with benzaldehyde via anionic benzaldehyde adducts stereospecifically to give (Z)-1-phenyl-2-triphenylsilyl- (7a) or (Z)-1-phenyl-2-triphenylgermyl-oxirane (7b), respectively. By protolysis of the anionic benzaldehyde adducts at ?65°C corresponding iodohydrins (5a,5b) have been obtained.  相似文献   

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Inhaltsübersicht. Die Verbindungen Na6MnS4, Na6MnSe4, Na6MnTe4, K6MnS4, K6MnSe4 und K6MnTe4 wurden durch Umsetzungen von Alkalimetallcarbonaten mit Chalkogen und Mangan bzw. Mangancarbonat in einem mit Chalkogen beladenen Wasserstoffstrom erhalten. Röntgenstrukturuntersuchungen an Einkristallen ergaben, daß alle sechs Verbindungen isotyp kristallisieren (Na6ZnO4-Typ, Raumgruppe P63mc). Als charakteristische Baugruppen treten “isolierte” tetraedrische [MnX4]-Einheiten auf. Die Temperaturabhängigkeiten der magnetischen Suszeptibilitäten führen zu einem Curie-WeissVerhalten. Erst bei tiefen Temperaturen treten offensichtlich antiferromagnetische Kopplungen auf. Dabei sind die Wechselwirkungen in den Tellurverbindungen stärker als in den Schwefelverbindungen und in den Kaliumverbindungen stärker als in den Natriumverbindungen ausgeprägt. Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetic Properties of Alkali Metal Manganese Chalcogenides A6MnX4 with A Na or K and X S, Se or Te The compounds Na6MnS4, Na6MnSe4, Na6MnTe4, K6MnS4, K6MnSe4 and K6MnTe4 were synthesized by the reaction of alkali metal carbonates with chalcogen and Mn or MnCO3 in a stream of hydrogen charged with chalcogen. Structural investigations on single crystals show that all six compounds crystallize in isotypic atomic arrangements (Na6ZnO4-type, space group P63mc), which are characterized by isolated [MnX4] tetrahedra. The magnetic susceptibilities show Curie-Weiss behaviour. At low temperatures there are obviously antiferromagnetic interactions increasing from the sulfides to the tellurides and from the sodium compounds to the potassium compounds.  相似文献   

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Summary In general the DIN-method 38405, Part 5 is stipulated and used to determine sulphate in drinking and waste water. Since the processes of complexometric titration after ion exchange and precipitation described in those methods are rather time consuming and the number of samples to take is constantly increasing, it is opportune to adopt more rapid methods. For this purpose, flow injection analysis (FIA) is also suitable in addition to ion-chromotography.We have therefore revised and modified the analysis method ASTN 15/84, published by Tecator. This is based on the following principle:Methylthymolblue added to barium ions in an alkaline and alcoholic solution results in a blue complex with a peak at about 620 nm.Sulphate contained in the sample will precipitate out of the complex barium sulphate and the loss of coloration can be measured photometrically. In the revised version the method is especially suitable for routine tests. In order to prove that the results obtained are equivalent to those of the DIN-method, the equivalence of both methods has been examined according to DIN 38402, Part 71.The test has shown that the same results are obtained with both methods. Significant differences are not ascertainable.  相似文献   

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]The recently found (1) stereospecific transformation of benzaldehyde by the reagents Ph3M-CH(I)Li (M = Si, Ge) to Ph3M-substituted oxiranes renders possible a method for olefination of benzaldehyde to give Z- or E-olefins, alternatively. This is demonstrated with two examples. - The synthesis of Ph3Sn-CH(I)Li is described.  相似文献   

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Zusammenfassung Es wird die Darstellung von Austauschern mit cyclischen Polyäthern als Ankergruppen durch Kondensations- bzw. Polymerisationsreaktionen beschrieben. Eingebaut werden Kronenverbindungen mit 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 und 10 Sauerstoffatomen im Ätherring oder Kryptanden mit 4 bzw. 6 Sauerstoffatomen und 2 Stickstoffatomen. Die Eigenschaften der Austauscher werden eingehend untersucht und Anwendungsmöglichkeiten an zahlreichen Beispielen der anorganischen und organischen Chemie aufgezeigt. Im analytischen Bereich sind die Trenn- und Bestimmungsmethoden auch für die Spuren- und Mikroanalyse geeignet.Für finanzielle Unterstützung danken wir der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft, Bonn-Bad Godesberg.  相似文献   

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Inhaltsübersicht. Die Verbindungen K2MnS2, Rb2MnS2, Cs2MnS2, K2MnSe2, Rb2MnSe2, Cs2MnSe2, K2MnTe2, Rb2MnTe2 und Cs2MnTe2 wurden durch Umsetzungen von Alkalimetall-carbonaten mit Mangan bzw. Mangantellurid in einem mit Chalkogen beladenen Wasserstoffstrom erhalten. Kristallstrukturuntersuchungen an Einkristallen ergaben, daß alle neun Verbindungen isotyp kristallisieren (K2ZnO2-Typ, Raumgruppe Ibam). Untersuchungen zum magnetischen Verhalten zeigen antiferromagnetische Kopplungen der Manganionen in den [MnX4/22–]-Ketten, On Alkali Metal Manganese Chalcogenides A2MnX2 with A K, Rb, or Cs and X S, Se, or Te The compounds K2MnS2, Rb2MnS2, Cs2MnS2, K2MnSe2, Rb2MnSe2, Cs2MnSe2, K2MnTe2, Rb2MnTe2, and Cs2MnTe2 were synthesized by the reaction of alkali metal carbonates with Mn or MnTe in a stream of hydrogen charged with chalcogen. Structural investigations on single crystals show that all nine compounds crystallize in isotypic atomic arrangements (K2ZnO2 type, space group Ibam). The magnetic behaviour indicates antiferromagnetic interactions of the manganese ions within the [MnX1/22–] chains.  相似文献   

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