“链接”化学及其应用

介绍了“链接”化学(click chemistry)的一些基本概念, 综述了近几年来“链接”化学作为一种新的组合合成方法, 在先导的发现、优化、蛋白质组学(proteomics)和DNA的研究中的应用.     

Click Chemistry with Polysaccharides

Summary: The copper‐catalyzed Huisgen reaction as a typical example of click chemistry was realized with the polysaccharide cellulose for the first time. The generality, selectivity, and the efficiency of click chemistry perfectly fit the requirements of polysaccharide modification, which is demonstrated by the introduction of triazole‐spacer bound functional groups, i.e., carboxylic ester, thiophene, and aniline moieties. Azide moieties introduced into cellulose via the tosyl derivative were simply transferred with ethynyl compounds under Cu(I) catalysis and mild and easily applicable conditions. Hydrolytically stable cellulose derivatives soluble in organic solvents, e.g., DMSO or DMF with DS up to 0.9 are obtained. The triazole substituted cellulose derivatives were characterized by elemental analysis, FTIR, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR spectroscopies and show no impurities or substructures resulting from side reactions.

6‐Azido‐6‐deoxy cellulose.     

点击化学最新进展

点击化学(click chemistry)是由2001年诺贝尔化学奖获得者美国化学家 Sharpless首次提出。最主要的一类点击化学反应是Cu(Ⅰ)化合物催化叠氮化合物与炔基化合物反应生成1,2,3-三唑五元环化合物,它能够将两种不同物质通过五元环共价结合起来。该方法具备产量高、效率高、副反应少、反应条件温和、分离提纯简单、环境污染小等优点,因此得到了广泛的应用。目前点击化学的发展极为迅速,涉及到了各个领域,特别是在功能聚合物、表面修饰、生物大分子、DNAs,生物与化学传感器等方面取得了瞩目的成就。本文论述了点击化学反应的基本概念、特点及优势,对近几年点击化学的发展状况,以及一些最新研究成果作一简要概述,并展望了点击化学的发展前景。     

Click assembly of dye-functionalized octasilsesquioxanes for highly efficient and photostable photonic systems

New hybrid organic–inorganic dyes based on an azide‐functionalized cubic octasilsesquioxane (POSS) as the inorganic part and a 4,4‐difluoro‐4‐bora‐3a,4a‐diaza‐s‐indacene (BDP) chromophore as the organic component have been synthesized by copper(I)‐catalyzed 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of azides to alkynes. We have studied the effects of the linkage group of BDP to the POSS unit and the degree of functionalization of this inorganic core on the ensuing optical properties by comparison with model dyes. The high fluorescence of the BDP dye is preserved in spite of the linked chain at its meso position, even after attaching one BDP moiety to the POSS core. The laser action of the new dyes has been analyzed under transversal pumping at 532 nm in both the liquid phase and when incorporated into solid polymeric matrices. The monosubstituted new hybrid dye exhibits high lasing efficiency of up to 56 % with high photostability, with its laser output remaining at the initial value after 4×10⁵ pump pulses in the same position of the sample at a repetition rate of 30 Hz. However, functionalization of the POSS core with eight fluorophores leads to dye aggregation, as quantum mechanical simulation has revealed, worsening the optical properties and extinguishing the laser action. The new hybrid systems based on dye‐linked POSS nanoparticles open up the possibility of using these new photonic materials as alternative sources for optoelectronic devices, competing with dendronized or grafted polymers.     

Interplay of Exciton Coupling and Large‐Amplitude Motions in the Vibrational Circular Dichroism Spectrum of Dehydroquinidine

A detailed analysis of the computed structure, energies, vibrational absorption (VA) and circular dichroism (VCD) spectra of 30 low‐energy conformers of dehydroquinidine reveals the existence of families of pseudo‐conformers, the structures of which differ mostly in the orientation of a single O?H bond. The pseudo‐conformers in a family are separated by very small energy barriers (i.e., 1.0 kcal mol^?1 or smaller) and have very different VCD spectra. First, we demonstrate the unreliable character of the Boltzmann factors predicted with DFT. Then, we show that the large differences observed between the VCD spectra of the pseudo‐conformers in a family are caused by large‐amplitude motions involving the O?H bond, which trigger the appearance/disappearance of strong VCD exciton‐coupling bands in the fingerprint region. This interplay between exciton coupling and large‐amplitude‐motion phenomena demonstrates that when dealing with flexible molecules with polar bonds, vibrational averaging of VCD spectra should not be neglected. In this regard, the dehydroquinidine molecule considered here is expected to be a typical example and not the exception to the rule.     

巯基-环氧点击化学及其在高分子材料中的应用

巯基-环氧反应作为一类典型的“点击化学”具有反应速度快、选择性高且反应条件温和等优点,近年来备受关注。本文首先阐述了巯基-环氧反应的碱催化机理,并评述了碱性催化剂、取代基团以及溶剂等因素对于巯基-环氧反应速率的影响。归纳认为,无机碱如氢氧化锂以及有机碱如四丁基氟化铵具有较高催化活性,并比较了无机碱和有机碱催化剂的优缺点;与供电子基团连接的巯基化合物以及与吸电子基团连接的环氧化合物具有较高的反应活性,位阻效应也对其有影响;在无溶剂的本体条件下反应活性较高。同时,重点介绍了巯基-环氧反应在高分子材料领域中应用的最新进展,并将其分为在溶剂中合成结构可控的高分子（包括线型或复杂结构高分子的合成和高分子或表面的修饰改性）以及本体条件下制备性能优良且具有应用价值的高分子网络两大类进行讨论。最后,简要展望了其发展前景。     

点击化学在生物医用高分子中的应用

点击化学的概念提出不到10年,由于其反应条件温和,反应效率高,产物后处理简单等诸多优点而备受关注。本文概述了点击化学技术应用于生物医用高分子材料的合成,主要介绍了铜催化叠氮炔环加成(copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition)点击化学合成和制备多功能性和智能响应性高分子用于非病毒高分子基因载体、高分子胶束药物载体和水凝胶控制释放体系等的研究和最新进展,提出了点击化学在生物医用高分子材料合成中应用的主要问题,并对其发展前景进行了展望。     

Copper‐Chelating Azides for Efficient Click Conjugation Reactions in Complex Media

The concept of chelation‐assisted copper catalysis was employed for the development of new azides that display unprecedented reactivity in the copper(I)‐catalyzed azide–alkyne [3+2] cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction. Azides that bear strong copper‐chelating moieties were synthesized; these functional groups allow the formation of azide copper complexes that react almost instantaneously with alkynes under diluted conditions. Efficient ligation occurred at low concentration and in complex media with only one equivalent of copper, which improves the biocompatibility of the CuAAC reaction. Furthermore, such a click reaction allowed the localization of a bioactive compound inside living cells by fluorescence measurements.     

ATRP和点击化学结合法制备PDMAAm—PDMS—PDMAAm嵌段聚合物

采用原子转移自由基聚合（ATRP）法制得了端基分别为烯丙基和溴原子的聚二甲基丙烯酰胺（PDMAAm）,经叠氮基亲核取代后与端炔基聚二甲基硅氧烷进行点击反应,得到两亲三嵌段聚合物。利用^1HNMR、FTIR、GPC等测试方法对聚合物的结构进行了表征。结果表明：采用ATRP法合成的PDMAAm均聚物分子量分布较窄,通过点击化学法将热力学不相容的亲水性PDMAAm链段及疏水性聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）链段制备PDMAAmPDMS—PDMAAm嵌段聚合物,是一种高效易行的方法。     

Quadruple Click: A Facile Pathway leading to Tetrakis(4‐(1,2,3‐triazolyl)methyl)‐ethylenediamine Derivatives as a New Class of Extracting Agents for Soft Metal Ions

Tetrakis(triazolylmethyl)ethylenediamine, which is a class of tetrakis(2‐pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine (TPEN) analogue, is synthesized by a quadruple click reaction of tetrapropargylated ethylenediamine and four equivalents of alkyl azide. The obtained compound efficiently extracted the soft metal cadmium(II) ions by solvent extraction. It is also found that an N‐isopropylacryl amide (NIPA) gel using the triazole ethylenediamine as a cross‐linker exhibits a temperature‐dependent extraction performance.     

Sequential Control over Thiol Click Chemistry by a Reversibly Photoactivated Thiol Mechanism of Spirothiopyran

A novel photocontrolled thiol click chemistry based on spirothiopyran and maleimide is reported. Upon irradiation with λ=365 nm light, the spirothiopyran can isomerize to the open merocyanine form, a thiophenolate group, which can rapidly react with maleimide. The unreacted MC will readily isomerize back to the starting spirothiopyran, which can be repeatedly photoactivated as needed. Thus, this reversible photoactivated thiol confers spatiotemporal sequential control on the thiol–maleimide reaction using only one type of photochemical reaction. Polymer post‐functionalization and hydrogel building with subsequent multipatterning using different maleimide molecules in a temporal sequential manner indicate that this photocontrolled Michael addition reaction can modulate the specific chemical events in a sequence.     

Click chemistry in materials synthesis. 1. Adhesive polymers from copper‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition

The copper(I)‐catalyzed cycloaddition reaction between azides and alkynes has been employed to make metal‐adhesive materials. Copper and brass surfaces supply the necessary catalytic Cu ions, and thus the polymerization process occurs selectively on these metals in the absence of added catalysts. Alternatively, copper compounds can be added to monomer mixtures and then introduced to reducing metal surfaces such as zinc to initiate polymerization. The resulting materials were found to possess comparable or superior adhesive strength to standard commercial glues, and structure‐activity correlations have identified several important properties of the monomers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 4392–4403, 2004     

Multiple Paramagnetic Effects through a Tagged Reporter Protein

Paramagnetic effects provide unique information about the structure and dynamics of biomolecules. We developed a method in which the lanthanoid tag is not directly attached to the protein of interest, but instead to a “reporter” protein, which binds and then transmits paramagnetic information to the target. The designed method allows access to a large number of paramagnetic restraints and residual dipolar couplings produced from independent molecular alignments in high‐molecular‐weight proteins with unknown 3D structure     

利用点击化学制备有机硅材料及应用

有机硅材料因其特殊结构和性能已成为材料科学研究领域的热点之一,点击化学以其反应条件温和、高效、易于进行且无副产物和高产率等优点受到化学家的广泛关注.本文综述了近年来点击化学在有机硅材料合成中的研究成果,重点介绍了利用点击化学对有机硅化合物的功能化,有机硅两亲性聚合物及有机硅弹性体的合成及在生物医学和光电材料等方面的应用,并对点击化学在新型材料领域中的应用及其发展方向进行了展望.     

Experimental Evidence for the Involvement of Dinuclear Alkynylcopper(I) Complexes in Alkyne–Azide Chemistry

Dinuclear alkynylcopper(I) ladderane complexes are prepared by a robust and simple protocol involving the reduction of Cu₂(OH)₃OAc or Cu(OAc)₂ by easily oxidised alcohols in the presence of terminal alkynes; they function as efficient catalysts in copper‐catalysed alkyne–azide cycloaddition reactions as predicted by the Ahlquist–Fokin calculations. The same copper(I) catalysts are formed during reactions by using the Sharpless–Fokin protocol. The experimental results also provide evidence that sodium ascorbate functions as a base to deprotonate terminal alkynes and additionally give a convincing alternative explanation for the fact that the Cu^I‐catalysed reactions of certain 1,3‐diazides with phenylacetylene give bis(triazoles) as the major products. The same dinuclear alkynylcopper(I) complexes also function as catalysts in cycloaddition reactions of azides with 1‐iodoalkynes.     

Vibrational and quantum-chemical study of nonlinear optical chromophores containing dithienothiophene as the electron relay

A series of nonlinear optical (NLO) donor-acceptor (D-A) chromophores containing a fused terthiophene, namely dithienothiophene (DTT), as the electron relay, the same donor group, and acceptors of various strengths, has been investigated by means of infrared and Raman spectroscopies, both in the solid state as well as in a variety of solvents, to evaluate the effectiveness of the intramolecular charge transfer from the electron-donor to the electron-acceptor end groups. The Raman spectral profiles of these NLO-phores measured from their dilute solutions have been found to be rather similar to those of the corresponding solids, and thus their intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) shows very little dependence on the solvent polarity. The experimental results obtained for the DTT-containing NLO-phore with a 4-(N,N-dibutylamino)styryl end group as the donor and a 2,2-dicyanoethen-1-yl end group as the acceptor differ from those previously obtained for two parent "push-pull" chromophores with the same D-A pair but built-up around either a bis(3,4-ethylenedioxythienyl) (BEDOT) or a bithienyl (BT) electron relay. Vibrational spectroscopy shows that DTT is significantly more efficient as an electron relay than BT (which has the same number of conjugated C=C bonds) or BEDOT (which can be viewed as a rigidified version of BT on account of noncovalent intramolecular interactions between heteroatoms of adjacent rings). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have also been performed on these NLO-phores to assign their main electronic and vibrational features and to obtain information about their structures. An additional merit of these molecular materials was revealed by the infrared spectra of the DTT-based NLO-phores recorded at different temperatures. Thus, spectra recorded between -170 and 150 degrees C did not show any substantial change, indicating that the materials have a high thermal stability, which is of significance for their use as active components in optoelectronic devices.     

Click Polyester: Synthesis of Polyesters Containing Triazole Units in the Main Chain by Click Chemistry and Improved Thermal Property

A “click” polymerization of dialkynes that contain an ester linkages and diazides to has been performed to synthesize various polyesters, termed “click polyesters” with a high of 1.0 × 10⁴ to 7.0 × 10⁴ in an excellent yield. This polymerization accompanied a formation of 1,4‐disubstituted triazoles in the polyester main chain by a Cu^I catalyst. The triazole ring formation in the polyester main chain leads to improved thermal properties and enhancement of the even–odd effect of methylene chain length of the produced click polyesters. This report is the first report of the application of click chemistry to synthesize a series of polyesters under mild conditions.