La15Fe77B8型储氢合金的结构和电化学性能

研究了快淬和退火态La15Fe77B8型储氢合金的组织结构和电化学性能。应用中频感应熔炼-快淬方法制备了La15Fe77B8型储氢合金,其组成为La15Fe2Ni72Mn7B2Al2。结构分析表明:快淬La15Fe2Ni72Mn7B2Al2合金为多相结构,包括LaNi5相、La3Ni13B2相和(Fe,Ni)相,快淬合金经1223 K保温3 h,然后在873 K保温3 h退火处理后,LaNi5相增加,La3Ni13B2相几乎消失,(Fe,Ni)相增加且形态变大。电化学测试表明,退火合金的最大容量(307 mAh.g-1)略小于快淬合金(309 mAh.g-1),而循环稳定性有所改善。退火合金电极的倍率放电能力(HRD)低于快淬合金,原因在于交换电流密度(I0)及氢在合金中的扩散系数(D)降低。快淬和退火合金电极在低温233 K时均能放出55%的容量。     

Fe部分替代Cu对低钴AB_5型贮氢合金相结构和电化学性能的影响

为了获得既具有较高电化学容量又具有良好循环稳定性的低钴AB5型贮氢合金,研究了Fe部分替代Cu对低钴AB5型贮氢合金相结构和电化学性能的影响.采用真空感应熔炼方法,制备了一系列含Cu和Fe的低钴AB5型贮氢合金LaNi3.55Mn0.35Co0.20Al0.20Cu0.85-xFex(x=0.10,0.20,0.25,0.40,0.60).粉末X射线衍射(XRD)分析表明,合金含有单一CaCu5型六方结构的LaNi5相,Fe部分替代Cu并没有改变合金的本体相结构,但随着Fe含量的增大,晶格参数a,c和晶胞体积V增大.电化学性能测试表明,随着x增加,合金的放电容量和高倍率放电能力降低,但是循环稳定性得到了显著提高.当x从0.10增加到0.60时,合金的200周循环稳定性(S200)从77.6%提高到89.9%.Fe替代Cu有利于提高合金的循环稳定性,这主要是随着Fe替代量增大,晶胞体积增大,晶格体积膨胀率明显减小,合金的抗粉化能力增强.     

硼对La17Fe76B7型储氢合金结构和电化学性能的影响

采用中频感应熔炼-快淬方法制备了La17Fe3Mn5Al2Ni73-xBx(x=0,1,3,5)储氢合金。结构分析表明,不含B的合金为双相结构,主相为LaNi5相,第二相为La2Ni7相,含B合金均由LaNi5相、La2Ni7相和La3Ni13B2相组成,且随着B含量的增加,LaNi5相和La2Ni7相减少,La3Ni13B2相逐渐增加。电化学测试表明,随着B含量的增加,合金的活化性能、最大放电容量不同程度下降,而循环稳定性有所改善。合金电极的倍率放电能力(HRD)随着B含量的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,表明适量的B有利于提高合金的高倍率放电性能。合金电极的交换电流密度(I0)随着B含量的增加先增大后减小,而氢在合金中的扩散系数(D)则逐渐增大,表明合金的高倍率放电性能主要取决于合金表面的电荷转移能力。     

热处理对La0.63Gd0.2Mg0.17Ni3.1Co0.3Al0.1储氢合金微观组织和电化学性能的影响

在氩气气氛和1173 K保温条件下对La0.63 Gd0.2 Mg0.17Ni3.1 Co0.3 Al0.1储氢合金进行不同时间(t=8 ～168 h)的热处理,采用电感耦合等离子发射光谱(ICP)、X射线衍射(XRD)、电子探针显微分析方法(EPMA)和电化学测试分析方法对比研究了退火时间对合金显微组织演化和电化学性能的影响.研究结果表明,铸态合金组织由Ce2 Ni7型、Gd2Co7型、Pr5 Co19型、PuNi3型和CaCu5型相组成,其Ce2 Ni7型相的丰度为78.9％,随退火时间的延长,退火合金中Ce2 Ni7型相的丰度逐渐增加,当退火时间t=168 h时其相丰度达到94.5％,Ce2 Ni7型相结构的晶胞参数和晶胞体积随退火时间增加而减小.电化学测试分析表明,退火合金电极的电化学性能与Ce2 Ni7型相的丰度有密切关系,退火时间对合金电极的活化性能影响不大,但合金电极放电容量随退火时间的延长逐渐提高,当t=168 h时,合金电极放电容量达到最大值386.8mAh·g-1;退火时间对合金电极循环稳定性的提高和改善有不同程度的影响,当退火时间t=16～168 h时,经100次充放电循环后,其电极容量保持率S100=90.3％～91.5％.热处理能有效改善合金电极电化学反应的动力学性能,但不同退火时间对合金电极的高倍率放电性能影响不明显.     

稀土元素对R-Y-Ni系A2B7型无镁储氢合金微观结构和电化学性能的影响

采用真空电弧熔炼及退火处理制备R-Y-Ni系A_2B_7型R0.3Y0.7Ni3.25Mn0.15Al0.1(R=Y,La,Pr,Ce,Nd,Gd,Sm)储氢合金,系统研究稀土元素R对合金微观组织与结构、储氢和电化学性能的影响。XRD和SEM-EDS分析表明,合金退火组织由Ce2Ni7型主相、PuNi3型及少量Ca Cu5型相组成,Ce2Ni7型主相的晶格常数a、c及晶胞体积V均随稀土R原子半径的减小而依次降低。该合金均具有明显的吸放氢平台,常温下最大吸氢容量为1.17%~1.48%(w/w),吸氢平台压Peq为0.037~0.194 MPa。电化学分析表明,退火合金电极的电化学活化性能优良,R=La合金具有最高的放电容量(389.2 mAh·g-1)和较佳的容量保持率(充放电循环100次后的S100=85.7%),其中合金微观组织的不均匀性及稀土元素的电化学腐蚀是影响电极循环稳定性的主要原因。合金电极的高倍率放电性能(电流密度为900 m A·g-1)HRD900=71.05%~86.94%,其电极反应动力学控制步骤主要由氢原子在合金体相中的扩散速率所控制。     

含锡AB_5型非化学计量贮氢合金Ⅰ.合金的结构

采用X射线衍射法研究了LaNi5 .1 5 ,La(NiSn) 5 .1 4 ,La(NiSnCo) 5 .1 2 ,La(NiSnMn) 5 .1 2 ,La(NiSnCoMnAl) 5 .1 0 5种AB5 型非化学计量贮氢合金的结构。发现主物相中并未产生第二物相 ,AB5 型贮氢合金中B原子数发生正偏移时 ,晶胞体积减小 ,当B侧含有取代元素时 ,这种变化更加明显。对于非化学计量贮氢合金而言 ,少量Sn取代Ni后 ,晶胞体积大大提高。Mn ,Co和Al的加入也会影响晶胞常数。Sn ,Co ,Mn ,Al均会降低贮氢合金放氢平台压力。     

AB2型La1-xMgxNi2．28（X=0．0—0．6）贮氢合金相结构和电化学性能的研究

用冷坩埚磁悬浮熔炼方法制备La1-xMgxNi2.28(x=0.0～0.6)贮氢电极合金,采用FESEM,EDS,XRD,p-c-t测试及三电极电化学性能测试研究合金的相成分、相结构、p-c-t曲线和电化学性能.EDS结合XRD分析表明,LaNi2.28合金主相为四方结构的La7Ni16相;Mg替代量x为0.3时合金主相为MgSnCu4型的LaMgNi4相,还含有LaNi5和(La,Mg)Ni3相.p-c-t曲线显示,当Mg替代量x不超过0.2时,合金无放氢平台;x为0.3时合金出现明显平台;x为0.5时合金出现两个放氢平台,相应贮氢量达到1.24%(质量分数).电化学性能测试表明,最大放电容量从100.2 mAh·g-1(x=0.0)增大到329.0 mAh·g-1(x=0.5),然后减小到207.8 mAh·g-1(x=0.6);活化性能改善;高倍率放电性能先降低后提高;循环稳定性S100从84.8%(x=0.0)提高到91.5%(x=0.2),然后降低到63.3%(x=0.5).     

La0.5Mg0.5(Ni1-xCox)2.28(x=0.0～0.2)储氢合金的相结构和电化学性能

用冷坩埚磁悬浮熔炼方法制备La0.5Mg0.5(Ni1-xCox)2.28(x=0.0～0.2)贮氢电极合金,采用SEM,EDS,XRD,P-C-T测试及三电极电化学性能测试研究合金的相成分、相结构、P-C-T曲线和电化学性能.EDS结合XRD分析表明,La0.5Mg0.5Ni2.28及La0.5Mg0.5(Ni0.85Co0.15)2.28合金主相均为MgSnCu4型的LaMgNi4相,还包括LaNi5和(La,Mg)Ni3相.P-C-T曲线显示,合金均有双放氢平台,合金的贮氢量由Co替代量x=0.0时的1.24%增大至极大值x=0.15时的1.27%.电化学性能测试表明,随Co含量增加,最大放电容量从329.0mAh·g-1(x=0.0)增大到337.5 mAh·g-1(x=0.15),合金活化性能及高倍率放电性能明显改善;循环稳定性无明显变化.     

退火温度对La0.75Mg0.25Ni3.5Co0.2贮氢电极合金的结构及电化学性能的影响

为了改善La-Mg-Ni系合金电极的循环稳定性,对铸态合金La0.75Mg0.25Ni3.5Co0.2在0.3 MPa压力氩气保护下进行不同温度的退火（1123,1223和1323 K）,保温时间均为10 h。系统研究了退火温度对合金的微观结构及电化学性能的影响。X射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电镜（SEM）研究结果表明,合金具有多相结构,当铸态及1123 K温度退火后合金主要由LaNi5,（La,Mg）2（Ni,Co）7相以及少量的LaNi2相组成。当退火温度为1223和1323 K时,合金中LaNi2相消失,合金主要由LaNi5,（La,Mg）2（Ni,Co）7及（La,Mg）（Ni,Co）3相组成。随退火温度提高,合金最大放电容量单调下降,但合金的循环稳定性得到改善。退火处理改善合金循环稳定性的原因在于退火后合金组织均匀,晶粒增大,在KOH电解质溶液中增强合金电极抗氧化腐蚀能力,抑制合金颗粒粉化。     

四元Mg0.9Ti0.1Ni0.9X0.1(X=Mn,Zn,Co,Fe)系列合金的制备及性能研究

用机械合金化法合成了Mg0.9Ti0.1Ni0.9X0.1(X=Mn, Zn, Co, Fe)系列合金. X射线衍射(XRD)结构分析表明, 用X部分替代Ni后, 促进了Mg0.9Ti0.1Ni合金的非晶化过程. 用Co和Fe部分替代Ni提高了合金的放电容量, 但却降低了合金的循环稳定性. 用Zn和Mn部分替代Ni提高了合金电极的循环寿命, 尤其是Mg0.9Ti0.1Ni0.9Zn0.1合金电极经10个充放电循环后, 其放电容量仍可达到313.8 mA·h/g. 对添加Co后的合金进行p-c-T测试发现, Mg0.9Ti0.1Ni0.9Co0.1合金的吸放氢容量明显比Mg0.9Ti0.1Ni合金高, 这与电化学所测到的结果一致.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.