牛顿学说在中国的早期传播及其影响

 众所周知,伊萨克•牛顿(IsaacNewton,1642～1727)是英国伟大的科学家,其研究领域包括了物理学、数学、天文学、自然哲学、炼金术和神学。牛顿发明了微积分,发现了万有引力定律,创建了经典力学,设计并制造了第一架反射式望远镜等,被誉为人类历史上最有影响力的科学家。正如恩格斯所说:"牛顿由于发明了万有引力定律而创立了科学的天文学;由于进行了光的分解,而创立了科学的光学;由于创立了二项式定理和无限理论而创立了科学的数学;由于认识了力的本质,而创立了科学的力学"。假如牛顿生活的时代就有诺贝尔奖的话,他无疑会多次获得诺贝尔奖。为了纪念牛顿的杰出成就,以牛顿的姓氏命名力的单位,国际天文学联合会还把662号小行星命名为牛顿小行星。     

双波段扫描辐射计的研制

介绍了一种新型小视场、高精度的双波段扫描辐射计。描述了系统的特点,分析了系统的总体方案。介绍了系统的工作原理,对系统的NETD进行了估算,对其探测器的选择、光学系统设计、调制系统设计、扫描机构设计、信号处理等方案进行了详细论述,对系统的标定和测量原理进行了分析,并给出了相应的计算公式。给出了系统的检测结果。     

工程学科研究进展

1 工程设计技术 利用有限元软件和采用CAD设计方法，对复杂结构进行了优化设计，达到了提高产品可靠性的目的。开展了五层阻尼圆板的优化设计，达到了阻尼板具有更佳的减振效果；整机三维立体布线设计，实现了整机布线可视化装配；控制系统的集成化设计，提高了产品的可靠性和降低了电源能耗；Kα波段短脉冲检波器设计，为毫米波短脉冲的检测技术提供了重要的设计经验。     

查德威克和劳伦斯的通信

 英国物理学家查德威克于1932年发现了中子,中子的发现打开了原子核的大门,使原子核物理学有了划时代的进展,他因此荣获了1935年诺贝尔物理奖.美国物理学家劳伦斯由于发明了回旋加速器,为高能物     

入口有限制的硅微通道沸腾换热特性

本文在8根水力直径均为186ìm的硅微平行通道的入口端加工了限制装置,抑制了通道间的相互作用,得到了稳定的气液两相流动,并借助于可视化技术,揭示了通道内部不同区段典型的流型特点.分析了经过通道的压降和局部换热系数的变化规律,并用经验关系式和试验结果进行了比较.     

La/酸化膨润土吸附剂的表征与除磷性能

以酸化改性膨润土为载体,采用浸泡法制备了稀土La掺杂的La/酸化膨润土吸附剂.通过XRD和FTIR对其结构进行了表征,探讨了膨润土的改性机理,研究了该吸附剂对废水的除磷性能.结果表明：酸化过程洗掉了膨润土中的杂质和氧化铝,稀土镧的掺杂在膨润土层间及表面引入了一定数量的羟基化合物,改善了膨润土的层间结构并生成了新的La-O-Si键,实现了La与膨润土的复合,提高了膨润土的吸附性能.     

微粒污垢剥蚀机制研究

本文分析了微粒污垢的形成过程，研究了其剥蚀机制，解释了出现污垢诱导期的原因，并重新定义了微粒污垢的诱导期．利用湍流猝发理论导出了一个新的微粒污垢分析模型，该模型的特点是以易测参数表示污垢热阻．在实验室进行了气侧微粒污垢的实验研究。积累了必要的微粒污垢数据并验证了分析模型的正确性．     

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分析了电加热器对流动氦气的加热过程,从能量平衡和热传导的角度建立了系统数学模型,用解析的方法表达了热量的传递过程,得到了传递函数。用Matlab的Simulink模块搭建了PID的控制框架,用积分分离的策略改进了温度控制的效果。仿真结果显示流体在进口温度不断变化的情况下,通过加热器的功率调节获得了比较稳定的气体出口温度,表现出了良好的控制结果。     

Blackfin DSP并行外围接口在红外视频处理通用模块中的应用研究

介绍了Blackfin系列DSP的并行外围接口,提出了一种红外视频处理通用模块的构架,省略了数据缓冲硬件环节,缩短了数据等待时间,提高了DSP的运算效率。     

国家职业技能鉴定

近年来,我国高等职业教育的蓬勃发展,为现代化建设培养了大量高素质技能型专门人才,对高等教育大众化作出了重要贡献,丰富了高等教育体系结构,形成了高等职业教育体系框架;顺应了人民群众接受教育的强烈需求.     

On large time step TVD scheme for hyperbolic conservation laws and its efficiency evaluation

A large time step (LTS) TVD scheme originally proposed by Harten is modified and further developed in the present paper and applied to Euler equations in multidimensional problems. By firstly revealing the drawbacks of Harten’s original LTS TVD scheme, and reasoning the occurrence of the spurious oscillations, a modified formulation of its characteristic transformation is proposed and a high resolution, strongly robust LTS TVD scheme is formulated. The modified scheme is proven to be capable of taking larger number of time steps than the original one. Following the modified strategy, the LTS TVD schemes for Yee’s upwind TVD scheme and Yee–Roe–Davis’s symmetric TVD scheme are constructed. The family of the LTS schemes is then extended to multidimensional by time splitting procedure, and the associated boundary condition treatment suitable for the LTS scheme is also imposed. The numerical experiments on Sod’s shock tube problem, inviscid flows over NACA0012 airfoil and ONERA M6 wing are performed to validate the developed schemes. Computational efficiencies for the respective schemes under different CFL numbers are also evaluated and compared. The results reveal that the improvement is sizable as compared to the respective single time step schemes, especially for the CFL number ranging from 1.0 to 4.0.     

2阶精度时间后差隐式格式TVD充分条件

非定常流动问题计算中常用到含三个时间层的二阶精度时间后差隐式格式,并且希望构成TVD格式,然而理论上的问题多年一直没有解决。本文找到了解决办法,构造了这种类型的隐式TVD格式,证明了其为TVD的充分条件。理论结果为计算所验证,并表明通常未采取本文对时间差分处理方法的格式尚不具备TVD性质。     

一种具有较小数值耗散的对称TVD格式

为了减小TVD格式的数值粘性,提高TVD格式的分辨度,提出了一种具有较小数值耗散的Harten型TVD格式.数值模拟结果表明,这种Harten型TVD格式比原来的Harten格式^[1]及其改进形式Harten-Yee^[2]的TVD格式能更好地模拟出边界层及涡流.     

高分辨率TVD格式的改进及应用

详细分析对比了已有的Harten TVD格式在三维任意曲线坐标系下的形式,尤其是其校正流量的构造。通过几何意义及物理意义的分析,指出了其缺陷,即校正流量中包含不必要的几何参数。由此,对校正流量的构造进行了几何改进,使其满足几何与物理要求。这一改进简单、意义明确、而且不增加计算量与存储量,在网格变化剧烈处可以明显改善计算的精度。同时,也考虑了预处理下的Harten TVD格式的几何修正,并通过计算证明了在预处理修正下几何改进仍然有效。     

涡流数值模拟中的计算格式粘性分辨率探讨

采用理论分析和三角翼数值模拟实验相结合的方法,研究了目前常用的CFD计算格式——Jameson中心格式、RoeFDS格式、VanLeerFVS格式、迎风TVD格式等的粘性分辨率,论述了Jameson中心格式和RoeFDS格式在粘性分辨率上具有的优势,以及VanLeerFVS格式和迎风TVD格式在此方面的不足     

具有TVD性质的三阶精度GODUNOV格式在粘性流场计算中的应用

本文发展了一种具有TVD性质的三阶精度的Godunov格式。隐式部分采用迎风对角线形隐式近似因式分解法。并引入了粘性通量的简化算法。显式部分采用三阶精度TVD格式。为进一步增强格式的稳定性及对间断的捕捉能力,在单元边界上构造Riemann问题。应用上述方法对某型涡轮高压级及压气机进行了数值模拟。     

非定常喷流有限差分方法数值试验

以欠膨胀自由喷流初期流动为例,采用Euler方程和Beam Warming TVD有限差分格式,对比分析了Beam WarmingAF方法,隐式亚迭代方法和简化Runge Kutta五步格式的非定常流场描述能力,结果表明:(1)隐式近似因式分解方法基本上可以描述非定常流动现象;(2)隐式亚迭代一阶时间精度格式会导致流场结构的变化,其精度可能是不足的;(3)隐式亚迭代二阶时间精度与简化Runge Kutta五步格式的计算结果一致,可以认为是计算非定常问题的适当方法.     

二维翼型跨音速绕流的数值模拟

本文结合高精度TVD格式的数值通量和时间进展多步法给出了一种求解定常流问题的数值方法。同时给出一些特殊处理来加快数值解的收敛速度。本文用以上方法计算了翼型跨音速绕流问题,结果表明此方法具有分辨率高,收敛速度较快之性质。     

Solution of the equation of radiative transfer using a Newton–Krylov approach and adaptive mesh refinement

The discrete ordinates method (DOM) and finite-volume method (FVM) are used extensively to solve the radiative transfer equation (RTE) in furnaces and combusting mixtures due to their balance between numerical efficiency and accuracy. These methods produce a system of coupled partial differential equations which are typically solved using space-marching techniques since they converge rapidly for constant coefficient spatial discretization schemes and non-scattering media. However, space-marching methods lose their effectiveness when applied to scattering media because the intensities in different directions become tightly coupled. When these methods are used in combination with high-resolution limited total-variation-diminishing (TVD) schemes, the additional non-linearities introduced by the flux limiting process can result in excessive iterations for most cases or even convergence failure for scattering media. Space-marching techniques may also not be quite as well-suited for the solution of problems involving complex three-dimensional geometries and/or for use in highly-scalable parallel algorithms. A novel pseudo-time marching algorithm is therefore proposed herein to solve the DOM or FVM equations on multi-block body-fitted meshes using a highly scalable parallel-implicit solution approach in conjunction with high-resolution TVD spatial discretization. Adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) is also employed to properly capture disparate solution scales with a reduced number of grid points. The scheme is assessed in terms of discontinuity-capturing capabilities, spatial and angular solution accuracy, scalability, and serial performance through comparisons to other commonly employed solution techniques. The proposed algorithm is shown to possess excellent parallel scaling characteristics and can be readily applied to problems involving complex geometries. In particular, greater than 85% parallel efficiency is demonstrated for a strong scaling problem on up to 256 processors. Furthermore, a speedup of a factor of at least two was observed over a standard space-marching algorithm using a limited scheme for optically thick scattering media. Although the time-marching approach is approximately four times slower for absorbing media, it vastly outperforms standard solvers when parallel speedup is taken into account. The latter is particularly true for geometrically complex computational domains.     

Higher Order KFVS Algorithms Using Compact Upwind Difference Operators

A family of high order accurate compact upwind difference operators have been used, together with the split fluxes of the KFVS (kinetic flux vector splitting) scheme to obtain high order semidiscretizations of the 2D Euler equations of inviscid gas dynamics in general coordinates. A TVD multistage Runge–Kutta time stepping scheme is used to compute steady states for selected transonic/supersonic flow problems which indicate the higher accuracy and low diffusion realizable in such schemes.