Lithium-ion conducting electrolyte salts for lithium batteries

This paper presents an overview of the various types of lithium salts used to conduct Li(+) ions in electrolyte solutions for lithium rechargeable batteries. More emphasis is paid towards lithium salts and their ionic conductivity in conventional solutions, solid-electrolyte interface (SEI) formation towards carbonaceous anodes and the effect of anions on the aluminium current collector. The physicochemical and functional parameters relevant to electrochemical properties, that is, electrochemical stabilities, are also presented. The new types of lithium salts, such as the bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB), oxalyldifluoroborate (LiODFB) and fluoroalkylphosphate (LiFAP), are described in detail with their appropriate synthesis procedures, possible decomposition mechanism for SEI formation and prospect of using them in future generation lithium-ion batteries. Finally, the state-of-the-art of the system is given and some interesting strategies for the future developments are illustrated.     

Block copolymer electrolytes for rechargeable lithium batteries

Ion‐conducting block copolymers (BCPs) have attracted significant interest as conducting materials in solid‐state lithium batteries. BCP self‐assembly offers promise for designing ordered materials with nanoscale domains. Such nanostructures provide a facile method for introducing sufficient mechanical stability into polymer electrolyte membranes, while maintaining the ionic conductivity at levels similar to corresponding solvent‐free homopolymer electrolytes. This ability to simultaneously control conductivity and mechanical integrity provides opportunities for the fabrication of sturdy, yet easily processable, solid‐state lithium batteries. In this review, we first introduce several fundamental studies of ion conduction in homopolymers for the understanding of ion transport in the conducting domain of BCP systems. Then, we summarize recent experimental studies of BCP electrolytes with respect to the effects of salt‐doping and morphology on ionic conductivity. Finally, we present some remaining challenges for BCP electrolytes and highlight several important areas for future research. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014 , 52, 1–16     

Covalent organic frameworks for applications in lithium batteries

With the stone energy increasingly dried up and the environment polluted severely, developing renewable clean energy is already in extreme urgency. Exploiting new energy storage and transformation systems has progressively become the focal point in the energy research field. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have attracted extensive attention as a new kind of crosslinked polymers owing to the high crystallinity, excellent porosity, and favorable stability. The last decade has witnessed the great progress in crystalline COFs for the application in various arenas. The tailor-made functional skeleton together with well-defined periodical alignment has endowed COFs with enormous potential in lithium batteries. In this review, we initially illustrated the design principle of COFs for the application in lithium batteries. Furthermore, we made a comprehensive summary of the fast-developing COFs field in terms of lithium batteries, including lithium ion and lithium sulfur batteries. Finally, we discussed the remaining challenges and perspectives in this area and also proposed several possible future directions of development for lithium batteries. It is expected that this short review would contribute to the development of COFs materials in energy-related applications.     

用于锂离子电池的中空无机非金属纳米材料的研究进展

锂离子电池电极材料在充放电过程中由于锂离子嵌入和脱嵌,电极材料在膨胀和收缩过程中极易粉化而导致电池失效.无机中空纳米材料具有较高的比表面积,可调的空腔体积以及壳层厚度,并且每一个中空颗粒都可以作为一个微反应室,从而增加了反应界面,作为锂电池电极材料,无机中空纳米材料能够适应充放电过程中颗粒的膨胀和收缩,表现出优异的性能.面对传统模板法的局限性,基于Kirkendall效应等新的机理或方法以其操作步骤简单、无模板等优点,有望实现低成本的规模化生产.本文综述了利用Kirkendall效应,Oswald熟化和溶剂热3种机理或方法制备中空无机纳米材料作为锂离子电池电极材料的最新研究进展,并对其应用前景进行了展望.     

锂及锂离子蓄电池有机溶剂研究进展

从有机溶剂对电池安全性的影响，氧化稳定性，与负极的相容性及对电解液电导率的影响四个方面，论述了锂及锂离子蓄电池有机溶剂的化学和电化学，介绍了碳酸酯类，醚类和羧酸酯类溶剂的性质与电极的相容性及在有机电解液中的应用，对含硫，硼基及胺类有机溶剂等也作了论述。     

Intercalation materials for lithium rechargeable batteries

An overview is given of intercalation materials for both the negative and the positive electrodes of lithium batteries, including the results of our own research. As well as lithium metal as a negative electrode, we consider insertion materials based on aluminium alloys. In the case of the positive electrode metal-oxides based on manganese, nickel and cobalt are discussed. Received: 27 May 1997 / Accepted: 30 July 1997     

High capacity and cycling stability of poly(diaminoanthraquinone) as an organic cathode for rechargeable lithium batteries

Poly(1,5‐diaminoanthraquinone) is synthesized by oxidative polymerization of diaminoanthraquinone monomers and investigated as an organic host for Li‐storage reaction. Benefiting from its high density of redox‐active, Li⁺‐associable benzoquinone groups attached to conducting polyaniline backbones, this polymer undergoes its cathodic reaction predominately through Li⁺‐insertion/extraction processes, delivering a very high reversible capacity of 285 mAh g^?1. In addition, the PDAQ polymer cathode exhibits an excellent rate capability (125 mAh g^?1 at 800 mA g^?1) and a considerable cyclability with a capacity retention of ～160 mAh g^?1 over 200 cycles, possibly serving as a sustainable, high capacity Li⁺ host cathode for Li‐ion batteries. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015 , 53, 235–238     

Nano-structured phosphorus composite as high-capacity anode materials for lithium batteries

More than LiP service: The adsorption of red phosphorus into porous carbon provides a composite anode material for lithium-ion batteries. The amorphous nano phosphorus, in the carbon matrix, shows highly reversible lithium storage with high coulombic efficiencies and stable cycling capacity of 750?mAh per gram composite.     

Conducting poly(aniline) nanotubes and nanofibers: controlled synthesis and application in lithium/poly(aniline) rechargeable batteries

The primary aim of this work was to synthesize aligned perchloric-acid-doped poly(aniline) (HClO(4)-doped PANI) nanotubes by a simple alumina template method and to investigate their application in lithium/poly(aniline) rechargeable batteries. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis were used to characterize the nanostructures obtained. The second aim addressed the preparation of HClO(4)-doped PANI microspheres and nanofibers on a large scale through a modified spraying technique, since the template synthesis has limitations in mass production. The present synthesis methods are simple and can be extended to the preparation of a broad range of one-dimensional conductive polymers. Furthermore, electrochemical measurements showed that the as-prepared HClO(4)-doped PANI nanotubes exhibit better electrode performances than their commercial counterparts because they possess more active sites, higher conductivity, and relative flexibility. This indicates that HClO(4)-doped poly(aniline) nanomaterials are promising in the application of lithium/polymer rechargeable batteries.     

准固态锂离子电池正极材料柱[5]醌的研究

锂离子电池的有机正极材料由于具有比容量高、环境友好和廉价等优点,近年来成为研究的热点.但是,有机电极材料在液态电解液中的溶解流失易导致其容量迅速衰减,严重限制了它们的实际应用.本工作基于聚(甲基丙烯酸酯)/聚乙二醇的准固态电解质,考察了以柱[5]醌为正极的准固态锂二次电池的电化学性能.结果显示,柱[5]醌正极不仅保持了高容量的特性(首次放电容量410 mA h/g),并且循环寿命得到了有效提高.0.2 C下循环100周后,电极的容量保持率为88.5%,显示了柱[5]醌在高比能量准固态锂离子电池中的应用潜力.     

All solid polymer electrolytes based on polar side group rotation for rechargeable lithium batteries

A novel polymer matrix with a polar carbonyl group was designed and used to prepare an all‐solid polymer electrolyte in lithium rechargeable batteries. The ionic conductivity of this type of polymer electrolyte was examined. The relationship between the lithium salt concentration and ionic conductivity was investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The carbonyl groups in the polymer matrix effectively interacted with the lithium salt, which improved the ionic conductivity at a large range of temperatures. The ionic conductivity of this type of polymer electrolyte was approximately 10^?4 S cm^?1 at room temperature. The stability of the interface between electrode and electrolyte was evaluated by measuring the alternating current (AC) impedance. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

High safety separators for rechargeable lithium batteries

Lithium-ion batteries(LIBs) are presently dominant mobile power sources due to their high energy density, long lifespan, and low self-discharging rates. The safety of LIBs has been concerned all the time and become the main problem restricting the development of high energy density LIBs. As a significant part of LIBs, the properties of separators have a significant effect on the capacity and performances of batteries and play an important role in the safety of LIBs. In recent years, researchers devoted themselves to the development of various multi-functional safe separators from different views of methods, materials, and practical requirements. In this review, we mainly focus on the recent progress in the development of high-safety separators with high thermal stability, good lithium dendritic resistance, high mechanical strength and novel multifunction for high-safety LIBs and have in-depth discussions regarding the separator's significant contribution to enhance the safety and performances of the batteries. Furthermore, the future directions and challenges of separators for the next-generation high-safety and high energy density rechargeable lithium batteries are also provided.     

Metal-catalyzed organosulfur cathodes for rechargeable lithium batteries

Extensive studies were carried out to apply composite materials composed of polyaniline (PAn) and 2,5-dimercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole (DMcT) to develop cathode materials which exhibit high energy densities. Previous results have established that composites of PAn and DMcT which are coated onto copper substrates exhibit greatly enhanced charge and discharge performance. It is shown that composite materials composed of DMcT, PAn, and Cu ion have the ability to be reversibly charged and discharged at ca. 260 A h per kg-cathode (ca. 830 W h per kg-cathode) for more than 80 cycles. These two results are explored in general in this contribution via investigation of the electron transfer reactions between the components using UV/Vis and investigation of the copper substrate/DMcT chemistry using electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance and phase modulated interferometric microscopy.     

Electrode materials for aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries

In this review, we describe briefly the historical development of aqueous rechargeable lithium batteries, the advantages and challenges associated with the use of aqueous electrolytes in lithium rechargeable battery with an emphasis on the electrochemical performance of various electrode materials. The following materials have been studied as cathode materials: LiMn₂O₄, MnO₂, LiNiO₂, LiCoO₂, LiMnPO₄, LiFePO₄, and anatase TiO₂. Addition of certain additives like TiS₂, TiB₂, CeO₂, etc. is found to increase the performance of MnO₂ cathode. The following materials have been studied as anode materials: VO₂ (B), LiV₃O₈, LiV₂O₅, LiTi₂(PO4)₃, TiP₂O₃, and very recently conducting polymer, polypyrrole (PPy). The cell PPy/LiCoO₂, constructed using polypyrrole as anode delivers an average voltage of 0.86?V with a discharge capacity of 47.7?mA?h?g^?1. It retains the capacity for first 120 cycles. The cell, LiTi₂(PO₄)₃/1?M Li₂SO₄/LiMn₂O₄, delivers a capacity of 40?mA?h?g^?1 and specific energy of 60?mW?h?g^?1 with an output voltage of 1.5?V over 200 charge?Cdischarge cycles. An aqueous lithium cell constructed using MWCNTs/LiMn₂O₄ as cathode material is found to exhibit more than 1,000 cycles with good rate capability.     

Novel siloxane polymers as polymer electrolytes for high energy density lithium batteries

A variety of disubstituted (double-comb) polysiloxane polymers have been prepared containing linear, branched, and cyclic oligoethyleneoxide units, –(OCH₂CH₂)_n–, in the side chains and as part of the siloxane backbone. Copolymers, using mixtures of linear ethylene oxide side chains, were also synthesized. These polymers were doped with LiN(SO₂CF₃)₂ (LiTFSI, 1) and conductivities of the polymer-salt complexes were determined as a function of temperature and doping level. The maximum conductivity of these polymers at 25 ° C was 2.99 ×10^–4, for a copolymer containing equimolar amounts of side chains with n = 5 and 6.