Molecular interactions between arylazopyridines and N-hydroxyindoles

Summary The reaction of isomeric arylazopyridines with 1-hydroxy-2-phenylindole leads to molecular associations between the pyridine derivative and the 1-hydroxy-2-phenylindole itself or its dimer. The role of hydrogen bonding in the formation of the complex is also discussed in the light of conductivity measurements.

---

Molekulare Wechselwirkungen zwischen Arylazopyridinen und N-Hydroxyindolen

Zusammenfassung Die Reaktion isomerer Arylazopyridine mit 1-Hydroxy-2-phenylindol führt zu molekularen Associaten zwischen den Pyridin-Derivaten und 1-Hydroxy-2-phenylindol oder seinem Dimer. Die Rolle der Hydrogenbindung bei der Bildung der Komplexverbindung wird mittels Leitfähigkeitsmessungen geprüft.

     

对苯醌与磺胺类药物荷移反应的研究

本文研究了对苯酯与磺胺类药物［磺胺二甲嘧啶（ＳＭ２），磺胺嘧啶（ＳＤ）和磺胺甲基异恶唑（ＳＭＺ）］的荷移反应条件，络合物组成?初步探讨了此荷移反应的动力学性质和反应机理，应用拟定的方法测定了ＳＤ和ＳＭＺ等药物含量。     

利用电荷迁移反应测定头孢羟氨苄

提出一种基于电荷迁移反应简便可靠地测定头孢羟氨苄的分光光度法。在甲醇－乙醇介质中，头孢羟氨苄与氯冉酸于５０℃反应１５ｍｉｎ能够形成稳定的１：１络合物，其λｍａｘ＝５２８ｎｍ，线性范围为２０￣４００ｍｇ／Ｌ。用拟定的方法测定原粉和胶囊，结果与药典法一致。对浓度１００ｍｇ／Ｌ的药物１０次测定相对标准偏差为１．４％，样品的标准加入回收率为９９．０％￣１００．８％。     

新型三(四硫富瓦烯)环蕃的合成和性质

利用四(3'-碘丙硫基)四硫富瓦烯和四硫富瓦烯二钠盐反应合成新的三(四硫富瓦烯)环蕃, 并通过循环伏安法和化学氧化法分别对其氧化还原性质和紫外光谱进行了研究.     

Charge-transfer as a mechanism for controlling molecular fragmentation

We investigate control over molecular fragmentation in the halogen substituted acetone 1,1-dibromo-3,3,3-trifluoroacetone using shaped ultrafast laser pulses. Following insight gained from closed-loop learning control experiments, further tests reveal that control over the CF₃⁺/CHBr₂⁺ ratio exploits a charge-transfer mechanism. We interpret the control in terms of adiabatic rapid passage.     

尿酸与四氯苯醌的荷移反应及其分析应用

采用紫外分光光度法研究了尿酸与四氯苯醌之间的荷移反应。在乙腈溶液中,尿酸与四氯苯醌可迅速形成稳定的1∶1荷移配合物。其最大吸收波长为450 nm,表观摩尔吸光系数ε=1.52×104L.mol-1.cm-1,线性范围是1.01×10-6~10.1×10-6mol/L。用本法测定人体代谢物中的尿酸,回收率为99.8%~105.6%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.48%(n=5)。     

水与氯冉酸的荷移反应及其分析应用

用分光光度法研究了氯冉酸与水的荷移反应, 探讨了反应机理, 确定了反应条件. 氯冉酸与水形成紫色络合物的最大吸收波长为530 nm. 水量在0.13%～6%范围内呈线性关系, 检出限为体积分数0.13%, 相对标准偏差小于2%. 用本法测定乙醇、面粉及香料中的微量水, 与标准方法测定值相符, 回收率为97%～102%.     

Molecular complexes of cyclophanes,XVIII: Spectroscopic and thermodynamic studies on the charge-transfer complexes between 4-([2.2]paracyclophanoyl)amines and π-acceptors

The charge-transfer (CT) complexes of several substituted 4-([2.2]paracyclophanoyl)amines as donors with tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) and 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone (DDQ) as -acceptors have been studied spectrophotometrically. The role of the molecular structure of the donors on their Lewis basicities, the site and type of CT interactions are discussed. The thermodynamic properties of some CT complexes as well as the solvent effect on the CT complexation are reported.

---

Molekulare Komplexe von Cyclophanenen, 18. Mitt.: Spektroskopische und thermodynamische Untersuchungen der Charge-Transfer-Komplexe von 4-([2.2]Paracyclophanoyl)aminen mit -Akzeptoren

Zusammenfassung Es wurden die Charge-Transfer-Komplexe einiger substituierter 4-([2.2]Paracyclophanoyl)amine als Donoren mit Tetracyanoethylen (TCNE) und 2,3-Dichlor-5,6-dicyanobenzochinon (DDQ) als -Akzeptoren spektrophotometrisch untersucht. Der Einfluß der Donor-Molekülstrukturen auf ihre Lewis-Basizitäten sowie Ort und Typ der CT-Wechselwirkung werden diskutiert. Es wird über die thermodynamischen Eigenschaften einiger CT-Komplexe und auch über Lösungsmitteleffekte bei der Komplexierung berichtet.

     

氧氟沙星的荷移分光光度法测定

研究了氧氟沙星与７，７，８，８－四氰基对二次甲基苯醌（ＴＣＮＱ）的荷移反应，确定了反应的最佳条件，在甲醇－丙醇（３：２）介质中，二者于３０℃水浴中恒温３０ｍｉｎ即可形成１：１络合物，在测定波长７４３ｎｍ处络合物的表观摩尔吸光系数为３．５８×１０＾４Ｌ．ｍｏｌ＾－１．ｃｍ＾－１，氧氟沙星浓度在０～１５ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内符合比尔定律，方法的相对标准差小于３％。     

Synthesis and Guest-Binding Properties of pH/Reduction Dual-Responsive Cyclophane Dimer

A water-soluble cyclophane dimer having two disulfide groups as a reduction-responsive cleavable bond as well as several acidic and basic functional groups as a pH-responsive ionizable group 1 was successfully synthesized. It was found that 1 showed pH-dependent guest-binding behavior. That is, 1 strongly bound an anionic guest, 6-p-toluidinonaphthalene-2-sulfonate (TNS) with binding constant (K/M⁻¹) for 1:1 host-guest complexes of 9.6 × 10⁴ M⁻¹ at pH 3.8, which was larger than those at pH 7.4 and 10.7 (6.0 × 10⁴ and 2.4 × 10⁴ M⁻¹, respectively), indicating a favorable electrostatic interaction between anionic guest and net cationic 1. What is more, release of the entrapped guest molecules by 1 was easily controlled by pH stimulus. Large favorable enthalpies (ΔH) for formation of host-guest complexes were obtained under the pH conditions employed, suggesting that electrostatic interaction between anionic TNS and 1 was the most important driving force for host-guest complexation. Such contributions of ΔH for formation of host-guest complexes decreased along with increased pH values from acidic to basic solutions. Upon addition of dithiothreitol (DTT) as a reducing reagent to an aqueous PBS buffer (pH 7.4) containing 1 and TNS, the fluorescence intensity originating from the bound guest molecules decreased gradually. A treatment of 1 with DTT gave 2, having less guest-binding affinity by the cleavage of disulfide bonds of 1. Consequently, almost all entrapped guest molecules by 1 were released from the host. Moreover, such reduction-responsive cleavage of 1 and release of bound guest molecules was performed more rapidly in aqueous buffer at pH 10.7.     

Utilization of Donor–Acceptor Interactions for the Catalytic Acceleration of Nucleophilic Additions to Aromatic Carbonyl Compounds

A conceptually new method for the catalytic electrophilic activation of aromatic carbonyl substrates, by utilizing donor–acceptor interactions between an electron‐deficient macrocyclic boronic ester host ( [2+2] _BTH‐F ) and an aromatic carbonyl guest substrate, was realized. In the presence of a catalytic amount of [2+2] _BTH‐F , dramatic acceleration of the nucleophilic addition of a ketene silyl acetal towards either electron‐rich aromatic aldehydes or ketones was achieved. Several control experiments confirmed that inclusion of the aromatic substrates within [2+2] _BTH‐F , through efficient donor–acceptor interactions, is essential for the acceleration of the reaction.     

Ratiometric Detection of ATP by Fluorescent Cyclophanes with Bellows-Type Sensing Mechanism

Pyrene-based cyclophanes have been synthesized with the aim to realize a bellows-type sensing mechanism for the ratiometric detection of nucleotide concentrations in a buffered aqueous solution. The sensing mechanism involves the encapsulation of a nucleobase between two pyrene rings, which affects the monomer-excimer equilibrium of the receptor in the excited state. The nature of the spacer and its connection pattern to pyrene rings have been varied to achieve high selectivity for ATP. The 1,8-substituted pyrene-based cyclophane with the 2,2’-diaminodiethylamine spacer demonstrates the best selectivity for ATP showing a 50-fold increase in the monomer-excimer emission ratio upon saturation with the nucleotide. The receptor can detect ATP within the biological concentrations range over a wide pH range. NMR and spectroscopic studies have revealed the importance of hydrogen bonding and stacking interactions for achieving a required receptor selectivity. The probe has been successfully applied for the real-time monitoring of creatine kinase activity.     

Charge-transfer complex formation between p-chloranil and 1,n-dicarbazolylalkanes

Dimer model compounds of polyvinylcarbazoles (1,n-di(N-carbazolyl)alkanes, when n=1-5) were synthesized to model the effects of distance and orientation between carbazole groups in polymeric systems. Charge-transfer (CT) complexes of carbazole, N-ethylcarbazole and 1,n-di(N-carbazolyl)alkanes with p-chloranil (p-CHL) have been investigated spectrophotometrically in dichloromethane. The colored products are measured spectrophotometrically at different wavelength depending on the electronic transition between donors and acceptor. The formation constants of the CT complexes were determined by the Benesi-Hildebrand equation. The thermodynamic parameters were calculated by Van't Hoff equation. Stochiometries of the complexes formed between donors and acceptor were defined by the Job's method of the continuous variation and found in 1:1 complexation with donor and acceptor at the maximum absorption bands.     

Charge-transfer interactions in tris-donor-tris-acceptor hexaarylbenzene redox chromophores

Symmetric- and asymmetric hexaarylbenzenes (HABs), each substituted with three electron-donor triarylamine redox centers and three electron-acceptor triarylborane redox centers, were synthesized by cobalt-catalyzed cyclotrimerization, thereby forming compounds with six- and four donor-acceptor interactions, respectively. The electrochemical- and photophysical properties of these systems were investigated by cyclovoltammetry (CV), as well as by absorption- and fluorescence spectroscopy, and compared to a HAB that only contained one neighboring donor-acceptor pair. CV measurements of the asymmetric HAB show three oxidation peaks and three reduction peaks, whose peak-separation is greatly influenced by the conducting salt, owing to ion-pairing and shielding effects. Consequently, the peak-separations cannot be interpreted in terms of the electronic couplings in the generated mixed-valence species. Transient-absorption spectra, fluorescence-solvatochromism, and absorption spectra show that charge-transfer states from the amine- to the boron centers are generated after optical excitation. The electronic donor-acceptor interactions are weak because the charge transfer has to occur predominantly through space. Moreover, the excitation energy of the localized excited charge-transfer states can be redistributed between the aryl substituents of these multidimensional chromophores within the fluorescence lifetime (about 60?ns). This result was confirmed by steady-state fluorescence-anisotropy measurements, which further indicated symmetry-breaking in the superficially symmetric HAB. Adding fluoride ions causes the boron centers to lose their accepting ability owing to complexation. Consequently, the charge-transfer character in the donor-acceptor chromophores vanishes, as observed in both the absorption- and fluorescence spectra. However, the ability of the boron center as a fluoride sensor is strongly influenced by the moisture content of the solvent, possibly owing to the formation of hydrogen-bonding interactions between water molecules and the fluoride anions.     

Host-guest interactions with hydrophobic cyclophanes in aqueous media

Hydrophobic cyclophanes containing amide nitrogens in a rigid macrocyclic skeleton and flexible hydrocarbon chains, branched out at such nitrogen atoms, were prepared and their substrate-binding behavior was studied in aqueous media. the fluorescence spectroscopy was primarily adopted for the investigation of host-guest interactions by the aid of various hydrophobic probes. These host molecules provide cavities that are deep and hydrophobic enough to incorporate hydrophobic substrates of various bulkiness through an induced-fit mechanism originated from the flexible character of the alkyl branches. In addition to the hydrophobic interaction, the roles of electrostatic and charge-transfer interactions in molecular recognitions were clarified. Much hydrophobic, less polar, and highly viscous binding sites for hydrophobic guest molecules were provided by the octopus azaparacyclophane bearing eight hydrocarbon chains and the tetraazacyclotetradecane-capped azaparacyclophane having four flexible hydrocarbon chains connecting both macrocycles.     

头孢唑啉钠的荷移分光光度法测定

研究了头孢唑啉钠与７，７，８，８－四氰基对二次甲基苯醌（ＴＣＮＱ）的荷移（ＣＴ）反应，确立了荷移反应的最佳条件。结果表明：在丙酮－甲醇介质中，两者于３０℃水浴中恒温３０ｍｉｎ即可形成１∶２的络合物，在其最大吸收波长７４３ｎｍ处表观摩尔吸光系数ε＝１７６×１０４Ｌ·ｍｏｌ－１·ｃｍ－１，在０～２４ｍｇ／Ｌ范围内符合比尔定律线性关系。方法的相对标准偏差小于３％（ｎ＝１０）。对形成ＣＴ络合物的机理进行了探讨。并应用拟定的方法对样品注射用头孢唑啉钠进行了含量测定，结果与标准方法一致，回收率符合要求     

Charge-transfer interactions between nucleophilic compounds and chromatographic packings containing chemically bonded Cu(II) complexes

Summary Results are presented of studies of packings containing copper (II) acetylacetonate (acac), hexafluoroacetylacetonate (hfac), and chloride, chemically bonded via β-dik-etonate groups. The retention parameters retention factor (k) specific retention volume (V _g), and molecular retention index (M _e) were measured and used to calculate the thermodynamic parameters free energy of adsorption (ΔG _a) heat of adsorption (−ΔH _a), and entropy of adsorption (ΔS _a). These parameters enable, characterization of specific interactions between aromatic and cyclic hydrocarbons, ethers and thioethers and metal complexes chemically bonded, to a silica surface.     

Differential refractometry of molecular complexes: A reinvestigation

A modified plot method is used to calculate equilibrium constants of molecular complexes. This method (Sahai andSingh's plot) is compared with the method ofYoshida andOsawa.

---

Differentielle Refraktometrie von Molekülkomplexen: Eine Neuuntersuchung (Kurze Mitteilung)

Zusammenfassung Eine modifizierte refraktometrische Methode zur Berechnung von Gleichgewichtskonstanten von Molekülkomplexen wird verwendet und diese mit der Methode vonYoshida undOsawa verglichen.

     

分光光度法研究氨基酸与四氯苯醌形成的荷移配合物

本文用分光光度法研究了5种氨基酸与四氯苯醌形成的荷移配合物.通过对影响配合物形成因素的研究,确立了以四氯苯醌形成荷移配合物的方法测定氨基酸的最佳反应条件,测定了反应平衡常数.讨论了配合物的组成.     

Synthesis and characterization of new trinitrofluorene-fullerene dyads as photosensitizers in photorefractive polymer materials. Redox behavior and charge-transfer properties

Novel trinitrofluorene-C₆₀ dyads bearing a flexible polyether chain have been synthesized and characterized. UV-vis spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetric results indicate that there is no interaction in their ground states. NMR and electrochemical studies of dyads 2 and 3 in solution indicate the existence of a charge-transfer complex between the trinitrofluorene moieties and N-ethylcarbazol. Preliminary results of the photorefractive performance of these compounds as sensitizers in polymer composites based on poly(N-vinylcarbazole) are similar to that of C₆₀, but with shorter response times and slightly lower gain coefficients.