Widths and distributions of values of the approximation functional on the sobolev spaces with measure

We obtain asymptotic values for the integraln-widths of Sobolev classesW ₂ ^r equipped with Gaussian measure in theL _q -norm.     

An existence theorem for the complementarity problem

LetC be a pointed, solid, closed and convex cone in then-dimensional Euclidean spaceE ⁿ ,C* its polar cone,M:C→E ⁿ a map, andq a vector inE ⁿ . The complementarity problem (q|M) overC is that of finding a solution to the system $$(q|M) x \varepsilon C, M(x) + q \varepsilon C{^*} , \left\langle {x, M(x) + q} \right\rangle = 0.$$ It is shown that, ifM is continuous and positively homogeneous of some degree onC, and if (q|M) has a unique solution (namely,x=0) forq=0 and for someq=q ₀ ∈ intC*, then it has a solution for allq ∈E ⁿ .     

A functional equation arising from multiplication of quantum integers

For the quantum integer [n]_q=1+q+q²+?+qⁿ⁻¹ there is a natural polynomial multiplication such that [m]_q⊗_q[n]_q=[mn]_q. This multiplication leads to the functional equation f_m(q)f_n(q^m)=f_mn(q), defined on a given sequence of polynomials. This paper contains various results concerning the construction and classification of polynomial sequences that satisfy the functional equation, as well open problems that arise from the functional equation.     

A numerical investigation of the structure of the roots ofq-Bernoulli polynomials

Over the years, there has been increasing interest in solving mathematical problems with the aid of computers. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the roots of theq-Bernoulli polynomialsBn,q ^r (x) for values of the indexn by using computer. Finally, we consider the reflection symmetries of theq-Bernoulli polynomialsBn,q ^r (x).     

On simple modules of Hecke algebras of type Dn

This is a continuation of our previous work. We classify all the simple ?_q(D _n )-modules via an automorphismh defined on the set { λ | D^λ ≠ 0}. Whenf _n(q) ≠ 0, this yields a classification of all the simple ? ^q (D _n)- modules for arbitrary n. In general ( i. e., q arbitrary), if λ⁽¹⁾ = λ⁽²⁾,wegivea necessary and sufficient condition ( in terms of some polynomials ) to ensure that the irreducible ?_q,1(B _n )- module D^λ remains irreducible on restriction to ?_q(D _n ).     

Theq-gamma function forx<0

F. H. Jackson defined aq analogue of the gamma function which extends theq-factorial (n!) _q =1(1+q)(1+q+q ²)...(1+q+q ²+...+q ^n–1) to positivex. Askey studied this function and obtained analogues of most of the classical facts about the gamma function, for 0<q<1. He proved an analogue of the Bohr-Mollerup theorem, which states that a logarithmically convex function satisfyingf(1)=1 andf(x+1)=[(q ^x –1)/(q–1)]f(x) is in fact theq-gamma function He also studied the behavior of _q asq changes and showed that asq1^–, theq-gamma function becomes the ordinary gamma function forx>0.I proved many of these results forq>1. The current paper contains a study of the behavior of _q (x) forx<0 and allq>0. In addition to some basic properties of _q , we will study the behavior of the sequence {x _n (q)} of critical points asn orq changes.     

Conics and caps

In this article, we begin with arcs in PG(2, q ⁿ ) and show that they correspond to caps in PG(2n, q) via the André/Bruck?CBose representation of PG(2, q ⁿ ) in PG(2n, q). In particular, we show that a conic of PG(2, q ⁿ ) that meets ?_?? in x points corresponds to a (q ⁿ ?+?1 ? x)-cap in PG(2n, q). If x?=?0, this cap is the intersection of n quadrics. If x?=?1 or 2, this cap is contained in the intersection of n quadrics and we discuss ways of extending these caps. We also investigate the structure of the n quadrics.     

Enumerating pairs of permutations with the same up-down form

For each sequence q = {q_i} = ± 1, i = 1, …, n−1 let N_q = the number of permutations σ of 1, 2, …, n with up-down sequence sgn(σ_i+1 − σ_i) = q_i, i = 1,…, n−1. Clearly Σ_q (N_q/n!) =1 but what is the probability p_n = Σ_q (N_q/n!)² that two random permutations have the same up-down sequence? We show that p_n = (Kⁿ⁻¹1,1) where 1 = 1(x, y) ≡ 1 and Kⁿ⁻¹ is the iterated integral operator with Kφ(x, y) = ∫₀¹∫₀¹ K(x, y; x′, y′)φ(x′, y′) dx′ dy′ on L²[0, 1] × [0, 1] where K(x, y; x′, y′) is 1 if (x− x′)(y − y′) > 0 otherwise, and (f, g) = ∫₀¹∫₀¹fg. The eigenexpression of K yeilds p_n ∼ cαⁿ as n → ∞, where c ≈ 1.6, α ≈ 0.55.We also give a recursion formula for a polynomial whose coefficients are the frequencies of all the possible forms.     

A new symmetry for Biedenharn's G-functions and classical hypergeometric series

We show that the general bisymmetric polynomials ^m_μG⁽ⁿ⁾_q(γ₁,…, γ_n; δ₁,…, δ_m) are a limiting case of the bisymmetric, invariant polynomials ⁿ_μG⁽ⁿ⁾_q(γ₁,…, γ_n; δ₁,…, δ_n) which characterize U(n) tensor operators 〈p, q,…, q, 0, …, 0〉. By taking suitable limits of a pair of difference equations for ⁿ_μG⁽ⁿ⁾_q(γ; δ) we then deduce “transposition symmetry” for ^m_μG⁽ⁿ⁾_q(γ; δ) from the same symmetry for ⁿ_μG⁽ⁿ⁾_q(γ; δ). As an application of transposition symmetry for ^m_μG⁽ⁿ⁾_q(γ; δ) we derive an elegant, new contiguous relation for classical, well-poised hypergeometric series, and also prove an identity between these series and multiple hypergeometric series well-poised in SU(n).     

Configurations in projective planes and quadrilateral-star Ramsey numbers

Some classes of configurations in projective planes with polarity are constructed. As the main result, lower bounds for the Ramsey numbers r(n)=r(C₄;K_1,n) are derived from these geometric structures, which improve some bounds due to Parsons about 30 years ago, and also yield a new class of optimal values: r(q²-2q+1)=q²-q+1 whenever q is a power of 2. Moreover, the constructions also imply a known result on C₄-K_1,n bipartite Ramsey numbers.     

Covering all triples on n marks by disjoint Steiner systems

Let q be a number all whose prime factors divide integers of the form 2^s ? 1, s odd. If n = q + 2, the (₃ⁿ) triples on n marks can be partitioned into q sets, each forming a Steiner triple system.     

Surfaces and Curves Corresponding to the Solutions Generated from Periodic“Seed”of NLS Equation

The solutions q [n] generated from a periodic "seed" q = cei(as+bt) of the nonlinear Schrdinger(NLS) by n-fold Darboux transformation is represented by determinant.Furthermore,the s-periodic solution and t-periodic solution are given explicitly by using q [1].The curves and surfaces(F1,F2,F3) associated with q [n] are given by means of Sym formula.Meanwhile,we show periodic and asymptotic properties of these curves.     

Equalities on the number of conjugacy classes of the Sylow p-subgroups of GL(n,q)

We denote by Gn the group of the upper unitriangular matrices over F_q, the finite field with q = p^t elements, and r(G_n) the number of conjugacy classes of G_n. In this paper, we obtain the value of r(G_n) modulo (q² -1)(q -1). We prove the following equalities     

Primitive Elements with Zero Traces

Let F_q denote the finite field of order q, a power of a prime p, and n be a positive integer. We resolve completely the question of whether there exists a primitive element of F_qⁿ which is such that it and its reciprocal both have zero trace over F_q. Trivially, there is no such element when n<5: we establish existence for all pairs (q, n) (n≥5) except (4, 5), (2, 6), and (3, 6). Equivalently, with the same exceptions, there is always a primitive polynomial P(x) of degree n over F_q whose coefficients of x and of x^n-1 are both zero. The method employs Kloosterman sums and a sieving technique.     

Compactified Jacobians and q,t-Catalan numbers, II

We continue the study of the rational-slope generalized q,t-Catalan numbers c _m,n (q,t). We describe generalizations of the bijective constructions of J. Haglund and N. Loehr and use them to prove a weak symmetry property c _m,n (q,1)=c _m,n (1,q) for m=kn±1. We give a bijective proof of the full symmetry c _m,n (q,t)=c _m,n (t,q) for min(m,n)≤3. As a corollary of these combinatorial constructions, we give a simple formula for the Poincaré polynomials of compactified Jacobians of plane curve singularities x ^kn±1=y ⁿ . We also give a geometric interpretation of a relation between rational-slope Catalan numbers and the theory of (m,n)-cores discovered by J. Anderson.     

Isometries of a generalized numerical radius

For 0<q<1, the q-numerical range is defined on the algebra M_n of all n×n complex matrices by

W_q(A)={x^∗Ay:x,y∈Cⁿ,∥x∥=∥y∥=1,〈y,x〉=q}.     

On subgroups and factor groups of GL(n, q) acting on spreads with the same characteristic

Let π^l_∞ be an affine translation plane of order q^r with GF(q) in its kern. Suppose G is a subgroup of the translation complement of π^l_∞ which leaves invariant a set Δ of q + 1 slopes and acts transitively on l_∞?Δ. We study the situation when G≌SL(n, q) or PSL(n, q).We show that if G|Δ = identity, then π^l_∞ is a Hall plane, a Lorimer-Rahilly plane (LR-16) or a Johnson-Walker plane (JW-16). Moreover, if n?3, then G fixes Δ elementwise and π^l_∞ is LR-16 or JW-16.     

Some inverse results for Hill's equation

We consider Hill's equation y″+(λ−q)y=0 where q∈L¹[0,π]. We show that if l_n—the length of the n-th instability interval—is of order O(n^−(k+2)) then the real Fourier coefficients a_n^k,b_n^k of q^(k)—k-th derivative of q—are of order O(n⁻²), which implies that q^(k) is absolutely continuous almost everywhere for k=0,1,2,….     

Theq-gamma function forq>1

F. H. Jackson defined a generalization of the factorial function by $$1(1 + q)(1 + q + q^2 ) \cdot \cdot \cdot (1 + q + q^2 + \cdot \cdot \cdot + q^{n - 1} ) = (n!)_q $$ forq>0. He also generalized the gamma function, both for 0<q<1, and forq>1. Askey then obtained analogues of many of the classical facts about theq-gamma function for 0<q<1. He proved an analogue of the Bohr-Mollerup theorem, which states that a logarithmically convex function satisfyingf(1)=1 andf(x+1)=[(q ^x ?1)/(q?1)]f(x) is theq-gamma function. He also considered the behavior of theq-gamma function asq changes, and showed that asq→1^?, theq-gamma function becomes the ordinary gamma function. In this paper we will state two analogues of the Bohr-Mollerup theorem forq>1. It turns out that the log convexity off together with the initial condition and the functional equation no longer forcesf to be theq-gamma function. A stronger condition is needed than the log convexity, and two sufficient conditions are given in this paper. Also we will consider the behavior of theq-gamma function asq-changes forq>1.     

A q-integral representation of Rogers' q-ultraspherical polynomials and some applications

Aq-integral representation of Rogers'q-ultraspherical polynomialsC _n (x;β∥q) is obtained by using Sears' summation formula for balanced non-terminating₃ φ ₂ series. It is then used to give a simple derivation of the Gasper-Rahman formula for the Poisson kernel ofC _n (x;β∥q). As another application it is shown how this representation can be directly used to give an asymptotic expansion of theq-ultraspherical polynomials.