Similar solutions and the asymptotics of filtration equations

In this paper we consider the asymptotic behavior of solutions of the quasilinear equation of filtration as t. We prove that similar solutions of the equation u _t = (u )_xx asymptotically represent solutions of the Cauchy problem for the full equation u _t = [(u)]_xx if (u) is close to u for small u.     

Power spectra of fluid velocities measured by laser Doppler velocimetry

The power spectrum and the correlation of the laser Doppler velocimeter velocity signal obtained by sampling and holding the velocity at each new Doppler burst are studied. Theory valid for low fluctuation intensity flows shows that the measured spectrum is filtered at the mean sample rate and that it contains a filtered white noise spectrum caused by the steps in the sample and hold signal. In the limit of high data density, the step noise vanishes and the sample and hold signal is statistically unbiased for any turbulence intensity.List of symbols A cross-section of the LDV measurement volume, m² - A empirical constant - B bandwidth of velocity spectrum, Hz - C concentration of particles that produce valid signals, number/m³ - d _m diameter of LDV measurement volume, m - f(₁, ₂ | u) probability density of t _i; and t _j given (t) for all t, Hz² - probability density for t _j-t_i, Hz - n (t, t) number of valid bursts in (t, t) = N + n - N (t, t) mean number of valid bursts in (t, t) - N _e mean number of particles in LDV measurement volume - valid signal arrival rate, Hz - mean valid signal arrival rate, Hz - R _uu time delayed autocorrelation of velocity, m²/s² - S _u power spectrum of velocity, m²/s²/Hz - t ₁, t ₂ times at which velocity is correlated, s - t _i, t _j arrival times of the bursts that immediately precede t ₁ and t ₂, respectively, s - t _ij t _j–t _i s - T averaging time for spectral estimator, s - T _u integral time scale of u (t), s - T Taylor's microscale for u (t), s - u velocity vector = U + u, m/s - u fluctuating component of velocity, m/s - U mean velocity, m/s - u _m sampled and held signal, m/s Greek symbols (t) noise signal, m/s - _m (t) sampled and held noise signal, m/s - bandwidth of spectral estimator window, radians/s - time between arrivals in pdf, s - Taylor's microscale of length = UT m - kinematic viscosity - ₁, ₂ arrival times in pdf, s - root mean square of noise signal, m/s - _u root mean square of u, m/s - delay time = t ₂ - t ₁ s - B duration of a Doppler burst, s - circular frequency, radians/s - _c low pass frequency of signal spectrum radians/s Other symbols ensemble average - conditional average - ^ estimate     

Rheologie pathologischer Gelenkflüssigkeiten

Zusammenfassung Die eingehende Analyse des viskoelastischen Verhaltens von 193 Kniegelenkspunktaten verschiedenster entzündlicher und nichtentzündlicher Gelenkerkrankungen ließ keine wesentlichen diagnostischen Hilfen für klinische Problemfälle erkennen. Untersucht wurden im einzelnen Fließkurven einschließlich der Anfangsviskosität ₀ und durch eine Normierungsmethode ermittelte master-curves, sowie Normalspannungen und in 3 Fällen gleichzeitig auch der SpeichermodulG und der VerlustmodulG mit Hilfe von dynamischen Messungen.Durch Vergleich der pathologischen Gelenkpunktate mit normaler, post mortal gewonnener gepoolter Synovia ließ sich ein Eindruck vom Grad der gestörten Viskoelastizität gewinnen. Dabei lassen die erniedrigten Hyaluronsäure-Konzentrationen, die Veränderungen der konzentrationsunabhängigen Knickzeitt _k> und die master-curve erkennen, daß hierfür sowohl eine verringerte Konzentration als auch ein geringeres Molekulargewicht der Hyaluronsäure verantwortlich ist. Konzentrierungsversuche pathologischer Synovia ergaben den Hinweis auf die Entstehung von Mikrogelen und ließen in Fällen zuvor fehlender Normalspannungen auch nach der Eindickung keine Normalspannungen erkennen. Es wird deshalb auch die Möglichkeit gestörter intermolekularer Interaktionen in der pathologischen Synovia diskutiert.

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Summary A thorough analysis of the viscoelastic behaviour of 193 synovial fluid samples of knee joints concerning different joint diseases (inflammatory and non-inflammatory) gives no essential diagnostic help in case of clinical problems.Investigations were done particularly on flow curves including the Newtonian viscosity ₀ and normal forces, and with the help of a standardization-method we got master curves. In three cases we also got dynamic properties i.e. the elastic modulusG and the loss modulusG. By comparison of the pathological synovial fluid samples with normal, post-mortem pooled synovial fluid one gets an idea of the degree of disturbance on viscoelasticity. It was found that the reduced concentration and the lower molecular weight of the hyaluronic acid are responsible for the pathological variation of the concentration independent bending timet _k as well as the shape of the master curves.Tests on concentrated pathological synovial fluids indicate the beginning formation of micro-gels. In cases of absence of normal forces even after concentration no normal forces could be detected. Therefore the possibility of disturbed intermolecular interactions in pathological synovial fluids will be discussed, too.

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D Schergeschwindigkeit - D _K D-Koordinate des Tangentenschnittpunktes - t _k Knickzeit - s Steigung des geradlinigen Anteils der Fließkurve - scheinbare Viskosität - _m mittlere Viskosität beiD = 10² s^–1 - ₀ Anfangsviskosität, Nullviskosität - Endviskosität - _{N 11} – ₂₂ 1. Normalspannungsdifferenz - G ₀ Ruheschermodul - G ^* komplexer (dynamischer) Schermodul - G Speichermodul - G Verlustmodul - Winkelgeschwindigkeit - Winkel der Phasendifferenz - Kegelwinkel - d Durchmesser von Kegel und Platte des Meßsystems - f Frequenz der vorgegebenen Oszillation - f _n Eigenfrequenz des Torsionskopfes - _IA Amplitude der Eingangsschwingung - _TA Amplitude der Ausgangsschwingung - _I axiale Bewegung der Schneckenwelle - _T Bewegung des Torsionskopfverminderers - [] Grenzviskositätszahl (Staudinger-Index) - v Verhängungszahl - r Korrelationskoeffizient - m Mittelwert - s Standardabweichung - p Signifikanzniveau - n.s. nicht signifikant p > 0,05 Auszugsweise vorgetragen auf der Jahrestagung der Deutschen Rheologischen Gesellschaft in Berlin vom 8.–10. Mai 1978.Mit 9 Abbildungen und 8 Tabellen     

On the viscosity of suspensions of solid spheres

A cell theory is used to derive the dependence of the zero-shear-rate viscosity on volume concentration for a suspension of uniform, solid, neutrally buoyant spheres. This result reduces to Einstein's solution at infinite dilution and to Frankel and Acrivos's expression in the limit as the concentration approaches its maximum value. Good agreement is found between the solution and the available data for the entire concentration range, provided that the maximum concentration is determined from the viscosity data themselves.Nomenclature a radius of sphere - d the distance separating the sphere surfaces measured parallel to the line connecting the sphere centers - E energy dissipation rate in one-half the liquid volume separating the spheres - E _cell total energy dissipation rate in the cell - E _homogeneous energy dissipation rate in the cell of a hypothetical one phase fluid - E _interaction energy dissipation rate in the cell due to sphere interactions - E _sphere energy dissipation rate in the cell due to the sphere at the cell center - F force on one sphere - h minimum separation distance between two spheres - J (1/2)d = one-half the distance separating the sphere surfaces measured parallel to the line connecting the sphere centers - p pressure - W velocity of one sphere in squeezing flow between two spheres relative to the midpoint of the line connecting the sphere centers - _i unit vectors in thei-th direction - elongation rate - viscosity of the suspending fluid - _r */ = relative viscosity - * viscosity of the suspension - the total stress tensor - the part of the total stress tensor that vanishes at equilibrium - volume fraction of spheres     

The rheology of polymeric liquid crystals

The molecular theory of Doi has been used as a framework to characterize the rheological behavior of polymeric liquid crystals at the low deformation rates for which it was derived, and an appropriate extension for high deformation rates is presented. The essential physics behind the Doi formulation has, however, been retained in its entirety. The resulting four-parameter equation enables prediction of the shearing behavior at low and high deformation rates, of the stress in extensional flows, of the isotropic-anisotropic phase transition and of the molecular orientation. Extensional data over nearly three decades of elongation rate (10^–2–10¹) and shearing data over six decades of shear rate (10^–2–10⁴) have been correlated using this analysis. Experimental data are presented for both homogeneous and inhomogeneous shearing stress fields. For the latter, a 20-fold range of capillary tube diameters has been employed and no effects of system geometry or the inhomogeneity of the flow-field are observed. Such an independence of the rheological properties from these effects does not occur for low molecular weight liquid crystals and this is, perhaps, the first time this has been reported for polymeric lyotropic liquid crystals; the physical basis for this major difference is discussed briefly. A Semi-empirical constant in eq. (18), N/m² - c rod concentration, rods/m³ - c ^* critical rod concentration at which the isotropic phase becomes unstable, rods/m³ - C interaction potential in the Doi theory defined in eq. (3) - d rod diameter, m - D semi-empirical constant in eq. (19), s^–1 - D _r lumped rotational diffusivity defined in eq. (4), s^–1 - rotational diffusivity of rods in a concentrated (liquid crystalline) system, s^–1 - D _ro rotational diffusivity of a dilute solution of rods, s^–1 - f distribution function defining rod orientation - F tensorial term in the Doi theory defined in eq. (7) (or eq. (19)), s^–1 - G tensorial term in the Doi theory defined in eq. (8) - K _B Boltzmann constant, 1.38 × 10^–23 J/K-molecule - L rod length, m - S scalar order parameter - S tensor order parameter defined in eq. (5) - t time, s - T absolute temperature, K - u unit vector describing the orientation of an individual rod - rate of change ofu due to macroscopic flow, s^–1 - v fluid velocity vector, m/s - v velocity gradient tensor defined in eq. (9), s^–1 - V mean field (aligning) potential defined in eq. (2) - x coordinate direction, m - Kronecker delta (= 0 if = 1 if = ) - _r ratio of viscosity of suspension to that of the solvent at the same shear stress - _s solvent viscosity, Pa · s - ^* viscosity at the critical concentrationc ^*, Pa · s - v ₁, v₂ numerical factors in eqs. (3) and (4), respectively - deviatoric stress tensor, N/m² - volume fraction of rods - ⁰ constant in eq. (16) - ^* volume fraction of rods at the critical concentrationc ^* - average over the distribution functionf(u, t) (= d ²u f(u, t)) - gradient operator - d ²u integral over the surface of the sphere (|u| = 1)     

Deformationsbeständige,elastische und Relaxations-Eigenschaften der flüssigplastischen kolloiden Systeme

Zusammenfassung Es wurde gezeigt, daß es zweckmäßig ist, die strukturierten kolloiden Systeme in fest-plastische und flüssig-plastische Systeme einzuteilen, weil beide Systeme einen übereinstimmenden Eigenschaftskomplex aufweisen, sich jedoch quantitativ durch die RelaxationszeitenP >P _k im Schubspannungsbereich unterhalb der unteren FließgrenzeP < P _k unterscheiden. Es wurde darauf hingewiesen, daß für beide Systeme die Spannungsdeformationskurven sehr charakteristisch sind.Die Kurven werden unter der Bedingung der konstanten Deformationsgeschwindigkeit erhalten, wobei ihre Form von der gegenseitigen Beziehung von und abhängt und mit den Strukturelementetypen, die durch und _i charakterisiert sind, im Zusammenhang stehen.Die Methoden,die zur Messung der elastischen Deformation im breiten Bereich längs der KurveP () bei sowohl kleiner als auch größer _r entsprechend der kritischen SchubspannungP _r angewandt werden können, wurden entwickelt. Dabei wurde gezeigt, daß die Kurveine() durch das Maximum bei _m hindurchgeht.Der Einfluß von auf die kritische Deformation _r der Strukturzerstörung und auf die maximale Rückfederung _e max, die ihrerseits wiederum von der Gelkonzentration abhängen, wurde eingehend untersucht.Es wurden die Zahlenwerte der Grenzviskosität der Nachwirkung bestimmt und die Abhängigkeit der Geschwindigkeit (der Zeit) der Relaxation der elastischen Deformation von der gesamten und der elastischen Deformation ermittelt.Weiter wurde gezeigt, daß die größte elastische Deformation _e max des Systems größer als die kritische Deformation _r der Strukturzerstörung, die dem Maximum der kritischen Schubspannung der Struktur entspricht, sein kann.     

The moving, plane heat source in an elastic medium

Summary This note presents an exact solution for the stress and displacement field in an unbounded and transversely constrained elastic medium resulting from the motion of a plane heat source travelling through the medium at constant speed in the direction normal to the source plane.Nomenclature mass density - diffusivity - thermal conductivity - Q heat emitted by plane heat source per unit time per unit area - speed of propagation of plane heat source - shear modulus - Poisson's ratio - T temperature - _x, _y, _z normal stress components - u _x, u_y, u_z displacement components - c speed of irrotational waves - t time - x, y, z Cartesian coordinates - =x–vt moving coordinate     

Eine analytische Näherungslösung für die eingefrorene laminare Grenzschichtströmung eines binären Gemisches

Zusammenfassung Für die eingefrorene laminare Grenzschichtströmung eines teilweise dissoziierten binären Gemisches entlang einer stark gekühlten ebenen Platte wird eine analytische Näherungslösung angegeben. Danach läßt sich die Wandkonzentration als universelle Funktion der Damköhler-Zahl der Oberflächenreaktion angeben. Für das analytisch darstellbare Konzentrationsprofil stellt die Damköhler-Zahl den Formparameter dar. Die Wärmestromdichte an der Wand bestehend aus einem Wärmeleitungs- und einem Diffusionsanteil wird angegeben und diskutiert. Das Verhältnis beider Anteile läßt sich bei gegebenen Randbedingungen als Funktion der Damköhler-Zahl ausdrücken.

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An analytical approximation for the frozen laminar boundary layer flow of a binary mixture

An analytical approximation is derived for the frozen laminar boundary layer flow of a partially dissociated binary mixture along a strongly cooled flat plate. The concentration at the wall is shown to be a universal function of the Damkohler-number for the wall reaction. The Damkohlernumber also serves as a parameter of shape for the concentration profile which is presented in analytical form. The heat transfer at the wall depending on a conduction and a diffusion flux is derived and discussed. The ratio of these fluxes is expressed as a function of the Damkohler-number if the boundary conditions are known.

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Formelzeichen A Atom - A₂ Molekül - C Konstante in Gl. (20) - c₁=1/(2C) Konstante in Gl. (35) - c_p spezifische Wärme bei konstantem Druck - D binärer Diffusionskoeffizient - Ec=u ² /(2h_f) Eckert-Zahl - h spezifische Enthalpie - h_t=h+u²/2 totale spezifische Enthalpie - h _A ⁰ spezifische Dissoziationsenthalpie - K_w Reaktionsgeschwindigkeitskonstante der heterogenen Wandreaktion - 1= /( ) Champman-Rubesin-Parameter - Le=Pr/Sc Lewis-Zahl - M Molmasse - p statischer Druck - Pr= c_pf/ Prandtl-Zahl - q_w Wärmestromdichte an der Wand - q_cw, q_dw Wärmeleitungsbzw. Diffusionsanteil der Wärmestromdichte an der Wand - universelle Gaskonstante - R=/(2M_a) individuelle Gaskonstante der molekularen Komponente - Re_x= u x/ Reynolds-Zahl - Sc=/( D) Schmidt-Zahl - T absolute Temperatur - T_d=h _A ⁰ /R charakteristische Dissoziationstemperatur - u, v x- und y-Komponenten der Geschwindigkeit - U=u/u normierte x-Komponente der Geschwindigkeit - x, y Koordinaten parallel und senkrecht zur Platte Griechische Symbole - =A/ Dissoziationsgrad - Grenzschichtdicke - ₂ Impulsverlustdicke - Damköhler-Zahl der Oberflächenreaktion - =T/T normierte Temperatur - =y/ normierter Wandabstand - Wärmeleitfähigkeit - dynamische Viskosität - , ^* Ähnlichkeitskoordinaten - Dichte - Schubspannung Indizes A auf ein Atom bezogen - M auf ein Molekül bezogen - f auf den eingefrorenen Zustand bezogen - w auf die Wand bezogen - auf den Außenrand der Grenzschicht bezogen     

Measurement of dynamic surface tension by the oscillating droplet method

An optical measuring method has been applied to determine the dynamic surface tension of aqueous solutions of heptanol. The method uses the frequency of an oscillating liquid droplet as an indicator of the surface tension of the liquid. Droplets with diameters in the range between 100 and 200 m are produced by the controlled break-up of a liquid jet. The temporal development of the dynamic surface tension of heptanol-water solutions is interpreted by a diffusion controlled adsorption mechanism, based on the three-layer model of Ward and Tordai. Measured values of the surface tension of bi-distilled water, and the pure dynamic and static (asymptotic) surface tensions of the surfactant solutions are in very good agreement with values obtained by classical methods.List of symbols a coefficient of intermolecular forces, Nm^-1 - B adsorption constant - c _o bulk concentration, mol m^-3 - D apparent diffusion coefficient, m²s^-1 - t time, s - T absolute temperature, K - R universal gas constant=8.314, J mol^-1 K^-1 - (, t) droplet contour function - _o droplet equilibrium radius, m Greek symbols maximum surface excess concentration, mol m^-2 - (t) droplet volume normalization function - azimuth of the polar coordinate system - density, kgm^-3 - surface tension, N m^-1 - (t) concentration in the subsurface, molm^-3 - droplet oscillation frequency Daimler-Benz AG, Produktion & Umwelt, D-89081 UlmOn leave of absence from the Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, PL-00-049 Warszawa     

Natural convection in a partitioned enclosure heated from below

Cubic spline collection numerical method has been developed to determine two dimensional natural convection in a partitioned enclosure heated from below. The both sides of impermeable partition are considered to have continuity in heat flux and temperatures. The governing equations are solved with aid of the SADI procedure. Parametric studies of the effects of the partition and Rayleigh number on the fluid flow and temperature fields have been performed. Results show that the location of the partition and Rayleigh number have a significant influence on the flow and heat transfer characteristics.

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Freie Konvektion in einem von unten beheizten, unterteiltem Hohlraum

Zusammenfassung Eine numerische dreidimensionale SplineMethode zur Berechnung der zweidimensionalen Naturkonvektion in einem von unten beheizten, unterteiltem Hohlraum wird vorgestellt. Der Wärmestrom und die Temperatur auf beiden Seiten der undurchlässigen Trennwand werden als konstant betrachtet. Mit Hilfe der SADI-Prozedur werden die beschreibenden Gleichungen gelöst. Über den Einfluß der Unterteilung und der Rayleigh-Zahl auf die Strömung des Fluids und das Temperaturfeld wird eine Parameter-Studie durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Anordnung der Unterteilung und die Rayleigh-Zahl einen entscheidenden Einfluß auf das Wärmeübertragungsverhalten haben.

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Nomenclature A aspect ratio=L/H - g gravitational acceleration - H enclosure height - H₁ distance between the top wall of enclosure and the partition - H₂ distance between the bottom wall of enclosure and the partition - k thermal conductivity of fluid - L enclosure length - m number of vertical grid lines - n number of horizontal grid lines - Nu Nusselt number - P pressure - Pr Prandtl number - Q heat transfer across enclosure - Ra Rayleigh number based onH - t time - T dimensional temperature - T _H temperature of warm horizontal wall - T _L temperature of cold horizontal wall - T ₀ average temperature=T(_H+T_L)/2 - T temperature difference between the hot and cold wall =T _H–T_L - u, U dimensional and dimensionless horizontal velocity - , V dimensional and dimensionless vertical velocity - x, X dimensional and dimensionless horizontal coordinate - y, Y dimensional and dimensionless vertical coordinate - fluid thermal diffusivity - coefficient of thermal expansion - viscosity - kinematic viscosity=/g9 - density - , dimensional and dimensionless stream function - dimensionless temperature - , dimensional and dimensionless vorticity - dimensionless time     

Loss of real characteristics for models of three-phase flow in a porous medium

In this paper we examine the generalized Buckley-Leverett equations governing threephase immiscible, incompressible flow in a porous medium, in the absence of gravitational and diffusive/dispersive effects. We consider the effect of the relative permeability models on the characteristic speeds in the flow. Using a simple idea from projective geometry, we show that under reasonable assumptions on the relative permeabilities there must be at least one point in the saturation triangle at which the characteristic speeds are equal. In general, there is a small region in the saturation triangle where the characteristic speeds are complex. This is demonstrated with the numerical results at the end of the paper.Symbols and Notation a, b, c, d entries of Jacobian matrix - A, B, C, D coefficients in Taylor expansion of _t, _v, _a - det J determinant of matrix J - dev J deviator of matrix J - J Jacobian matrix - L linear term in Taylor expansion for J near (s _v, s_a) = (0, 1) - m slope of r ₊ - p pressure - r± eigenvectors of Jacobian matrix - R real line - S intersection of saturation triangle with circle of radius centered at (1, 0) - S intersection of saturation triangle with circle of radius centered at (0, 1) - s _l, s_v, s_a saturations of phases (liquid, vapor, aqua) - tr J trace of matrix J - v _l , v _v , v _a phase flow rates (Darcy velocities) - v _T total flow rate - X, Y, Z entries of dev J - smooth closed curve inside saturation triangle - saturation triangle - _l, _v, _a phase density times gravitational acceleration times resevoir dip angle - K total permeability - _l, _v, _a three-phase relative permeabilities - _lv>, _la liquid phase relative permeabilities from two-phase data - _l, _v, _a mobilities of phases - _T total mobility - _l Corey mobility - _l, _v, _a phase viscosities - _± eigenvalues of Jacobian matrix - porosity Supported in part by National Science Foundation grant No. DMS-8701348, by Air Force Office of Scientific Research grant No. AFOSR-87-0283, and by Army Research Office grant No. DAAL03-88-K-0080.This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract No. W-7405-Eng-48.     

Finite difference solution of unsteady natural convection boundary layer flow over an inclined plate with variable surface temperature

The unsteady natural convection boundary layer flow over a semi-infinite inclined plate is considered with the wall temperatureT _w ,(x) (=T +ax ⁿ )varying as the power of the axial coordinate. The governing equations are solved by an implicit finite difference scheme of Crank-Nicolson type. Numerical results are obtained for different values of Prandtl number, Grashof number and n for different angles of inclination. The steadystate velocity and temperature profiles, local and average skin frictions and Nusselt numbers are shown graphically. The effects of the angle of inclination and exponent n on velocity and temperature profiles, skin friction and Nusselt number have been discussed. The velocity, temperature and Nusselt number of the present study are compared with the available results and a good agreement is found to exist between the two.

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Differenzlösung für nichtstationäre natürliche Grenzschicht-Konvektionsströmung an einer geneigten Platte mit veränderlicher Oberflächentemperatur

Zusammenfassung Die nichtstationäre natürliche Grenzschicht-Konvektionsströmung an einer halbunendlichen geneigten Platte wird unter Zugrundelegung der GesetzmäßigkeitT _w ,(x) (=T +ax ⁿ für die Wandtemperatur als Funktion der Achsialkoordinate untersucht, und zwar mit Hilfe eines impliziten Differenzverfahrens vom Crank-Nicolson Typ und bei Variation der Prandtl- und Grashof-Zahlen, des Exponenten n und des Neigungswinkels. Graphisch dargestellt sind die Geschwindigkeits-und Temperaturprofile im stationären Zustand, die örtlichen und gemittelten Reibungsbeiwerte und der Nusselt-Zahlen. Der Einfluß des Neigungswinkels und des Exponenten n auf diese Größe wird diskutiert. Im Vergleich mit den Ergebnissen aus anderen Arbeiten konnte gute Übereinstimmung festgestellt werden.

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Nomenclature g acceleration due to gravity - Gr _L Grashof number at x=L - L length of the plate - n exponent in the power law variation of the wall temperature - Nu _x local Nusselt number - Nu _X dimensionless local Nusselt number - average Nusselt number - dimensionless average Nusselt number - p pressure - Pr Prandtl number - t time - t dimensionless time - T temperature - Tw temperature on the plate - T dimensionless temperature - u x-velocity component - U dimensionlessX-velocity component - v y-velocity component - V dimensionlessY-velocity component - x spatial coordinate along the plate - X dimensionless spatial coordinate along the plate - y spatial coordinate normal to the plate - Y dimensionless spatial coordinate normal to the plate Greek symbols thermal diffusivity - ß volumetric coefficient of thermal expansion - t dimensionless time-step - X dimensionless finite difference grid spacing in theX-direction - Y dimensionless finite difference grid spacing in theY-direction - angle of inclination of plate with horizontal - kinematic viscosity - density - _x local skin friction - _X dimensionless local skin friction - average skin friction - dimensionless average skin friction     

The energy-integral method: application to linear hyperbolic heat-conduction problems

This paper utilizes the energy-integral method to obtain approximate analytic solutions to a linear hyperbolic heat-conduction problem for a semi-infinite one-dimensional medium. As for the mathematical formulation of the problem, a time-dependent relaxation model for the energy flux is assumed, leading to a hyperbolic differential equation which is solved under suitable initial and boundary conditions. In fact, analytical expressions are derived for uniform as well as varying initial conditions along with (a) prescribed surface temperature, or (b) prescribed heat flux at the surface boundary. The case when a heat source (or sink) of certain type takes place has also been discussed. Comparison of the approximate analytic solutions obtained by the energy-integral method with the corresponding available or obtainable exact analytic solutions are made; and the accuracy of the approximate solutions is generally acceptable.Nomenclature A,C constants - a ₀(t),a ₁(t),...,a _n (t) arbitrary time-dependent coefficients, equation (3.2) - b thermal propagation speed - C _p specific heat of solid at constant pressure - g(x) given function, equation (5.1) - h(t) specified function of time - I _n modified Bessel function of the first kind - K thermal conductivity - j,n positive constants - P _n (x,t) polynomial of degreen - q(x,t) heat flux - Q(t),R(t),H(t),E(t) see equations (3.9), (II.d), (4.10), (4.12), respectively - (t) thermal penetration depth - (t,) approximate thermal penetration depth - T(x,t) temperature distribution - t time - y dimensionless time, equation (3.17) - V(y) dimensionless surface heat flux - W(y) dimensionless surface temperature - U-(t) unit-step function - G(x;t,) Green's function - x spatial variable - ()₀ surface value (atx=0) Greek symbols thermal diffusivity - density of solid - parameter, see equations (3.11) and (3.13) - parameter depending onn and - specified parameter, equations (4.5a) and (5.12b) - (t),(t) given functions of time, equations (4.6) and (5.5b) - , dummy variables - relaxation time - energy integral - (y),(y) specified functions ofy; equations (3.22) and (4.19)     

Some remarks on differential equations of quadratic type

In this paper we study differential equations of the formx(t) + x(t)=f(x(t)), x(0)=x ₀ C HereC is a closed, bounded convex subset of a Banach spaceX,f(C) C, and it is often assumed thatf(x) is a quadratic map. We study the differential equation by using the general theory of nonexpansive maps and nonexpansive, non-linear semigroups, and we obtain sharp results in a number of cases of interest. We give a formula for the Lipschitz constant off: C C, and we derive a precise explicit formula for the Lipschitz constant whenf is quadratic,C is the unit simplex inR ⁿ, and thel ₁ norm is used. We give a new proof of a theorem about nonexpansive semigroups; and we show that if the Lipschitz constant off: CC is less than or equal to one, then lim_tf(x(t))–x(t)=0 and, if {x(t):t 0} is precompact, then lim_tx(t) exists. Iff¦C=L¦C, whereL is a bounded linear operator, we apply the nonlinear theory to prove that (under mild further conditions on C) lim_t f(x(t))–x(t)=0 and that lim_t x(t) exists if {x(t):t 0} is precompact. However, forn 3 we give examples of quadratic mapsf of the unit simplex ofR ⁿ into itself such that lim_t x(t) fails to exist for mostx ₀ C andx(t) may be periodic. Our theorems answer several questions recently raised by J. Herod in connection with so-called model Boltzmann equations.     

Das Temperaturfeld in laminar durchströmten Kanälen mit Rechteck-Querschnitt bei unterschiedlicher Beheizung der Kanalwände

Zusammenfassung Es werden die Temperaturfelder im thermischen Einlauf und im ausgebildeten Zustand von laminar durchströmten Kanälen angegeben. Dabei ergeben sich bemerkenswerte Verläufe der Wandtemperaturen, insbesondere bei einer unterschiedlichen Beheizung der Kanalwände. Die extremen Temperaturen der Wände können den Mittelwert der Wandtemperaturen beträchtlich über- und unterschreiten und daher eine Zerstörung des Werkstoffes zur Folge haben.

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The temperature fields in the thermal entrance region and in fully developed condition of channels with laminar flow are indicated. Hereof result considerable wall temperature profiles, especially at different wall heat flux. The extreme wall temperatures can be considerably above or under mean wall temperature and, therefore, may cause destruction of the material.

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Bezeichnungen a halbe Seitenlänge eines Rechtecks inx-Richtung - a _ij,a _i Koeffizienten - A _n Wert der Gl. (A 3) - U Matrix - b halbe Seitenlänge eines Rechtecks iny-Richtung - B _n Wert der Gl. (A 5) - B Matrix - c spezifische Wärmekapazität des Fluids - c _n Koeffizienten - D _h=4F/U hydraulischer Durchmesser des Kanals - F Querschnittsfläche - G Wert der Gl. (1 b) - J, J ₁,J ₂ Werte von Integralen - L Kanallänge - P _r=c/ Prandtl-Zahl - Wärmestromdichte - Wärmestrom - L= /L auf die Kanallänge bezogener Wärmestrom - R _e=D _h/ Reynolds-Zahl - R _n Eigenfunktion - t Temperatur - u Strömungsgeschwindigkeit - mittlere Strömungsgeschwindigkeit - U Umfang des Kanals - x Koordinatenachse senkrecht zur Strömungsrichtung - X=x/a dimensionslose Koordinate - y Koordinatenachse senkrecht zur Strömungsrichtung - Y=y/b dimensionslose Koordinate - z Koordinatenachse in Strömungsrichtung - z*=z/D _h dimensionslose Koordinate - -z=z*/Re Pr dimensionslose Länge - Faktor - =b/a Seitenverhältnis eines Rechtecks - _x, _y Faktoren - Abweichung - =t–t _E/ L/(4) dimensionslose Temperatur - Viskosität des Fluids - _n Eigenwert - Wärmeleitfähigkeit des Fluids - Dichte des Fluids - kinematische Viskosität des Fluids Indizes 1, 2, 3 ... Numerierung - ausgebildet - + positive Koordinatenachse - – negative Koordinatenachse - alls allseitig konstant beheizt - E Einlauf - l linearer Ansatz - m Mittel- - q quadratischer Ansatz - T teilweise beheizt - ü überlagernd - x x-Richtung - y y-Richtung Teil der von der Fakultät für Maschinenwesen der Technischen Hochschule Braunschweig genehmigten Dissertation des Verfassers.     

Homoclinic Saddle-Node Bifurcations in Singularly Perturbed Systems

In this paper we study the creation of homoclinic orbits by saddle-node bifurcations. Inspired on similar phenomena appearing in the analysis of so-called localized structures in modulation or amplitude equations, we consider a family of nearly integrable, singularly perturbed three dimensional vector fields with two bifurcation parameters a and b. The O() perturbation destroys a manifold consisting of a family of integrable homoclinic orbits: it breaks open into two manifolds, W ^s() and W ^u(), the stable and unstable manifolds of a slow manifold . Homoclinic orbits to correspond to intersections W ^s()W ^u(); W ^s()W ^u()= for a<a*, a pair of 1-pulse homoclinic orbits emerges as first intersection of W ^s() and W ^u() as a>a*. The bifurcation at a=a* is followed by a sequence of nearby, O( ²(log)²) close, homoclinic saddle-node bifurcations at which pairs of N-pulse homoclinic orbits are created (these orbits make N circuits through the fast field). The second parameter b distinguishes between two significantly different cases: in the cooperating (respectively counteracting) case the averaged effect of the fast field is in the same (respectively opposite) direction as the slow flow on . The structure of W ^s()W ^u() becomes highly complicated in the counteracting case: we show the existence of many new types of sometimes exponentially close homoclinic saddle-node bifurcations. The analysis in this paper is mainly of a geometrical nature.     

Dynamic-mechanical properties of a bitumen-silica composite

Summary The dynamic-mechanical behaviour of bitumensilica composites is described by a linear biparabolic model. Its mathematical expression allows the calculation of the mean relaxation times () either at different temperatures and given filler contents or for diverse filler contents () at imposed temperatures. At fixed filler concentration and within restricted temperature domains, obeys Arrhenius' law. The activation energies are respectively close to 10 kcal/mole (creep) and 30 kcal/mole (glass-transition). varies exponentially with. The mathematical treatment of the expressions ofE , as a function of temperature and of, leads to a general equation relating the complex modulus to temperature, frequency and filler content. A unique master curve, accounting for the viscoelastic behaviour of the composites, in limited ranges, can thus be constructed.

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Zusammenfassung Das dynamisch-mechanische Verhalten von Bitumen-Siliziumdioxyd-Zusammensetzungen kann durch ein lineares biparabolisches Modell beschrieben werden. Sein mathematischer Ausdruck erlaubt die Ausrechnung der mittleren Relaxationszeiten () entweder für verschiedene Temperaturen bei gegebenem Füllstoffgehalt oder für unterschiedliche Siliziumdioxydmengen () bei bekannter Temperatur. Für einen bestimmten Füllstoffgehalt folgt in einem beschränkten Temperaturbereich dem Arrheniusschen Gesetz. Die Aktivierungsenergien betragen näherungsweise 10 kcal/Mol (Fließprozeß) bzw. 30 kcal/Mol (Glasübergang). ändert sich exponentiell mit. Die mathematische Umformung der Ausdrücke fürE und als Funktion der Temperatur und des Parameters ergibt eine allgemeine Gleichung, die den komplexen Modul mit der Temperatur, der Frequenz und dem Füllstoffgehalt verknüpft. Man kann eine einzige Masterkurve bilden, die das viskoelastische Verhalten der Zusammensetzungen zumindest in begrenzten Bereichen beschreibt.

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Résumé Le comportement mécanique dynamique des composites à base de bitume et de silice peut être décrit par un modèle biparabolique linéaire. L'expression mathématique permet le calcul des temps moyens () de relaxation d'une part aux différentes températures, à taux de charge donné, et d'autre part pour diverses valeurs des taux de charge (paramètre) à température imposée. A taux de charge donné, et pour des domaines de température restreints, suit la loi d'Arrhénius. Les énergies apparentes d'activation sont respectivement voisines de 10 kcal/mole (processus de fluage) et de 30 kcal/mole (passage à l'état vitreux). Avec, varie exponentiellement. L'évaluation mathématique deE , de en fonction deT et de conduit à une expression générale du module complexe en fonction de la température, de la fréquence et du taux de charge. On peut donc construire une courbe maitresse unique qui décrit entièrement, mais dans des domaines restreints, le comportement viscoélastique des composites.

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With 6 figures     

Transient flow towards a well in an aquifer including the effect of fluid inertia

Transient propagation of weak pressure perturbations in a homogeneous, isotropic, fluid saturated aquifer has been studied. A damped wave equation for the pressure in the aquifer is derived using the macroscopic, volume averaged, mass conservation and momentum equations. The equation is applied to the case of a well in a closed aquifer and analytical solutions are obtained to two different flow cases. It is shown that the radius of influence propagates with a finite velocity. The results show that the effect of fluid inertia could be of importance where transient flow in porous media is studied.List of symbols b Thickness of the aquifer, m - c ₀ Wave velocity, m/s - k Permeability of the porous medium, m² - n Porosity of the porous medium - p( ,t) Pressure, N/m² - Q Volume flux, m³/s - r Radial coordinate, m - r _w Radius of the well, m - s Transform variable - S Storativity of the aquifer - S _d(r, t) Drawdown, m - t Time, s - T Transmissivity of the aquifer, m²/s - ( ,t) Velocity of the fluid, m/s - Coordinate vector, m - z Vertical coordinate, m - Coefficient of compressibility, m²/N - Coefficient of fluid compressibility, m²/N - Relaxation time, s - (r, t) Hydraulic potential, m - Dynamic viscosity of the fluid, Ns/m² - Dimensionless radius - Density of the fluid, Ns²/m⁴ - (, ) Dimensionless drawdown - Dimensionless time - , x Dummy variables - ₀, ₁ Auxilary functions     

The third-normal stress difference in entangled melts: Quantitative stress-optical measurements in oscillatory shear

Stress-optical measurements are used to quantitatively determine the third-normal stress difference (N ₃ = N ₁ + N ₂) in three entangled polymer melts during small amplitude (<15%) oscillatory shear over a wide dynamic range. The results are presented in terms of the three material functions that describe N ₃ in oscillatory shear: the real and imaginary parts of its complex amplitude ₃ ^* = ₃ - i ₃ , and its displacement ₃ ^d . The results confirm that these functions are related to the dynamic modulus by ² ₃ ^* ()=(1-)[G ^*())– G ^*(2)] and ² ₃ ^d ()=(1- )G() as predicted by many constitutive equations, where = –N ₂/N ₁. The value of (1-) is found to be 0.69±0.07 for poly(ethylene-propylene) and 0.76±0.07 for polyisoprene. This corresponds to –N ₂/N ₁ = 0.31 and 0.24±0.07, close to the prediction of the reptation model when the independent alignment approximation is used, i.e., –N ₂/N ₁ = 2/7 – 0.28.     

A three-parameter model describing the behaviour of a viscoelastic liquid in a tangential annular flow

A three-parameter model describing the shear rate-shear stress relation of viscoelastic liquids and in which each parameter has a physical significance, is applied to a tangential annular flow in order to calculate the velocity profile and the shear rate distribution. Experiments were carried out with a 5000 wppm aqueous solution of polyacrylamide and different types of rheometers. In a shear-rate range of seven decades (5 10^–3 s^–1 < < 1.2 10⁵ s^–1) a good agreement is obtained between apparent viscosities calculated with our model and those measured with three different types of rheometers, i.e. Couette rheometers, a cone-and-plate rheogoniometer and a capillary tube rheometer. a physical quantity defined by:a = {1 – ( / ₀)}/ ₀ (Pa^–1) - C constant of integration (1) - r distancer from the center (m) - r ₁,r ₂ radius of the inner and outer cylinder (m) - v _r local tangential velocity at a distancer from the center (v _r = _r r) (m s^–1) - v ₂ local tangential velocity at a distancer ₂ from the center (m s^–1) - shear rate (s^–1) - local shear rate (s^–1) - ₁ wall shear rate at the inner cylinder (s^–1) - dynamic viscosity (Pa s) - _a apparent viscosity (_a = / ) (Pa s) - _a1 apparent viscosity at the inner cylinder (Pa s) - ₀ zero-shear viscosity (Pa s) - infinite-shear viscosity (Pa s) - shear stress (Pa) - _r local shear stress at a distancer from the center (Pa) - ₀ yield stress (Pa) - ₁, ₂ wall shear-stress at the inner and outer cylinder (Pa) - _r local angular velocity (s^–1) - ₂ angular velocity of the outer cylinder (s^–1)