Sol–gel immobilized room-temperature phosphorescent metal-chelate as luminescent oxygen sensing material

The chelate formed by 8-hydroxy-7-iodo-5-quinolinesulfonic acid (ferron) with aluminium exhibits strong room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) when retained on a solid support. In a previous paper we have found that sol–gel technology is a very useful approach for developing RTP optical sensors as a new way to immobilize lumiphors. Sol–gel active phases proved to exhibit a high physical rigidity that enhanced relative RTP intensities and triplet lifetimes of the immobilized probe. In this paper we present an optical sensing phase prepared using the Al–ferron chelate which displays RTP entrapped in a sol–gel glass matrix for the determination of very low levels of oxygen both dissolved in water and organic solvents and in gaseous media. The sol–gel sensing material has proved to be chemically stable for at least 6 months under ambient storage conditions. Besides a high reproducibility in the formation of the sensing materials and no leaching or bleaching of the trapped reagent (neither in the gas phase nor in water or organic solvents) was observed. Oxygen was determined by continuous flow and flow injection methods using both intensity and triplet lifetime measurements. Both methods provided a fast response, good reproducibility and detection limits of 0.0005% (v/v) in the gas phase and <0.01 mg l⁻¹ for dissolved oxygen. An exhaustive study of the effect of some possible interferents present in the gas phase or in solution demonstrated the high specificity of this phosphorescent probe. This highly sensitive oxygen probe has been successfully applied to dissolved oxygen determinations in river and tap waters and its coupling to fiber optics for RTP in-situ monitoring or remote sensing of oxygen has been evaluated.     

光学氧传感器的研制

本文根据氧分子能有效地猝灭金属有机络合物的荧光的原理，研制了一种氧传感器。     

Smart hydrogel sensor for detection of organophosphorus chemical warfare nerve agents

A novel “turn-off” fluorescence, smart hydrogel sensor for detection of a nerve agent simulant has been developed and tested. The smart hydrogel chemosensor has demonstrated an extremely fast and select fluorescence quenching detection response to the Sarin simulant diethylchlorophosphate (DCP) in the aqueous and vapor phases. The fluorogenic sensor utilizes 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin embedded in an polyacrylamide hydrogel matrix as the fluorescent sensing material. The rapid fluorescence quenching of the smart hydrogel films could easily be observed with the naked eye using a hand-held UV light at λ = 365 nm which demonstrates their practical application in real-time on-site monitoring.     

New Optical Sensors for Oxygen Based on Phosphorescent Cationic Water-Soluble Pd(II), Pt(II), and Rh(III) Porphyrins

A new material is proposed for optical sensors for molecular oxygen; the material is obtained by the introduction of Pd(II), Pt(II), and Rh(II) complexes of cationic water-soluble porphyrins into an MF-4SK ion-exchange polymer membrane. The phosphorescence of immobilized metal porphyrins is efficiently quenched by molecular oxygen both in the gas phase and in aqueous solutions. The Stern–Volmer relationships for phosphorescence quenching are linear over the entire range of oxygen concentrations. The new material exhibits good response times and high photochemical stability.     

Optical sensor for sulfur dioxide based on fluorescence quenching

A series of potential indicator dyes is evaluated for use in the development of optical sensors for measuring sulfur dioxide in gaseous samples. Rhodamine B isothiocyanate is selected on the basis of relative sensitivity to dynamic quenching by sulfur dioxide and oxygen. A solid-state fluorometer is described for monitoring the sulfur dioxide induced fluorescence quenching of sensing membranes composed of silicone and rhodamine B isothiocyanate. A modulated blue LED is coupled with the lock-in detection of a photodiode detector to provide high signal-to-noise ratios. The limit of detection is 0.114+/-0.009% for sulfur dioxide in a carrier stream of nitrogen gas. Selectivity measurements indicate no interference from several common gases (HCl, NH(3), NO, and CO(2)). Oxygen alters the sensor response when comparing signals for sulfur dioxide in 0, 20 and 100% oxygen environments.     

Oxygen-sensing film coated photodetectors for portable instrumentation

A sensor configuration for oxygen determination based on luminescence quenching is presented in which the measured parameter is closely related to the luminescence lifetime. The sensing film is based on the dye platinum octaethylporphyrin complex immobilised in a polystyrene membrane and stabilised with the heterocyclic amine DABCO. In this report, we study the feasibility of using photodiodes as elements to be coated by this oxygen sensing film with the aim of obtaining a sensing device whose small size makes it possible to embed it into a portable measurement system. In addition to the concomitant sensor miniaturisation, several advantages have been demonstrated such as fast response, low energy consumption, the lack of any need for optical filter elements and less tendency to photobleaching than with previous configurations. A complete study of the coated photodetector preparation was carried out in order to optimise the specifications of the portable instrument where the photodetector is included, such as: repeatability, transient response and selectivity. We propose a preparation procedure for coating photodetectors with this film that has demonstrated the capacity to produce repetitive and reliable sensing devices.     

Application of Polymer-Embedded Tris(2,2′ Bipyridine-Ruthenium(II) to Photodetection of Oxygen

A Nafion film containing tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) as a luminescence probe was applied to photodetection of oxygen in a gas by utilizing the luminescence quenching by dioxygen. The linear Stern-Volmer plots of the emission intensity with respect to the oxygen concentration allowed quantitative determination of the oxygen. From the emission decay studied by a single-photon counting method, it was concluded that the quenching of the excited state Ru complex by oxygen proceeds by a conventional dynamic mechanism.     

Concurrent sensing of benzene and oxygen by a crystalline salt of tris(5,6-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium(II)

The complex [Ru(5,6-Me2Phen)3]tfpb2 has been examined as a solid-state benzene and oxygen sensor. The crystalline solid undergoes a reversible vapochromic shift of the emission lambda max to higher energy in the presence of benzene. Additionally, in the presence of oxygen the solid exhibits linear Stern-Volmer quenching behavior. When simultaneously exposed to benzene vapor and oxygen the crystals uptake benzene which inhibits the diffusion of oxygen in the lattice; very little quenching is observed. However, when benzene is removed from the carrier gas, partial loss of benzene occurs and oxygen diffusion is restored resulting in quenching of the emission. The practicality of this crystalline solid as a benzene sensor was investigated by examination of a lower concentration of benzene vapor (0.76%).     

Fast screening of terpenes in fragrance-free cosmetics by fluorescence quenching on a fluorescein–bovine serum albumin probe confined in a drop

A headspace single drop microextraction procedure is proposed for terpene screening in fragrance-free cosmetics. The drop is composed by an aqueous solution of a fluorescence probe formed by bovine serum albumin and fluorescein. Extracted volatile terpenes produce a fluorescence quenching that can be monitored by microvolume-fluorospectrometry. This quenching is observed on the fluorescein fluorescence only when it is linked to bovine serum albumin. A mechanism of contact quenching is proposed. Variables related to the terpene microextraction procedure were carefully studied, namely drop composition and volume, microextraction time, sample volume and temperature, stirring rate and salt addition. The only sample treatment is the dilution of cosmetic with 40% (v/v) ethanol. Citronellol was selected as a representative terpene for calibration purposes. According to the European legislation, the probability-concentration graph of the screening system was established using 0.001% (w/w) as the cut-off level. Low limits of detection with simple instrumentation, absence of matrix effects and high sample throughput can be emphasized.     

A Quencher-Based Blood-Autofluorescence-Suppression Strategy Enables the Quantification of Trace Analytes in Whole Blood

Precise quantification of trace components in whole blood via fluorescence is of great significance. However, the applicability of current fluorescent probes in whole blood is largely hindered by the strong blood autofluorescence. Here, we proposed a blood autofluorescence-suppressed sensing strategy to develop an activable fluorescent probe for quantification of trace analyte in whole blood. Based on inner filter effect, by screening fluorophores whose absorption overlapped with the emission of blood, a redshift BODIPY quencher with an absorption wavelength ranging from 600–700 nm was selected for its superior quenching efficiency and high brightness. Two 7-nitrobenzo[c] [1,2,5] oxadiazole ether groups were introduced onto the BODIPY skeleton for quenching its fluorescence and the response of H₂S, a gas signal molecule that can hardly be quantified because of its low concentration in whole blood. Such detection system shows a pretty low background signal and high signal-to-back ratio, the probe thus achieved the accurate quantification of endogenous H₂S in 20-fold dilution of whole blood samples, which is the first attempt of quantifying endogenous H₂S in whole blood. Moreover, this autofluorescence-suppressed sensing strategy could be expanded to other trace analytes detection in whole blood, which may accelerate the application of fluorescent probes in clinical blood test.     

A New Simple Chromo‐fluorogenic Probe for NO2 Detection in Air

A new chromo‐fluorogenic probe, consisting of a biphenyl derivative containing both a silylbenzyl ether and a N,N‐dimethylamino group, for NO₂ detection in the gas phase has been developed. A clear colour change from colourless to yellow together with an emission quenching was observed when the probe reacted with NO₂. A limit of detection to the naked eye of about 0.1 ppm was determined and the system was successfully applied to the detection of NO₂ in realistic atmospheric conditions.     

Installation of efficient quenching groups of a fluorescent probe for the specific detection of cysteine and homocysteine over glutathione in solution and imaging of living cells

Herein, we report the synthesis and characterisation of a new fluorescent probe 4-(7-nitro-benzo[1,2,5]oxadiazol-4-yl)-benzaldehyde (NBOB) installed with quenching groups for highly selective and sensitive sensing of biothiols. The probe itself is non-fluorescent due to the presence of quenching groups and photoinduced electron transfer (PET) process. Thus, sensitivity of the probe towards thiols was significantly improved by quenching effects. NBOB has been shown to exhibit selective reactivity towards cysteine (Cys) and homocysteine (Hcy) over glutathione (GSH) under stoichiometric conditions. The response mechanism was proved by ¹H NMR, LCMS and theoretical calculation. The probe NBOB has been shown to react with Cys present in Vero cells by fluorescence microscopy.     

Engineering of efficient phosphorescent iridium cationic complex for developing oxygen-sensitive polymeric and nanostructured films

In this study, a novel phosphorescent Ir(III) complex [Ir(2-phenylpyridine)2(4,4'-bis(2-(4-N,N-methylhexylaminophenyl)ethyl)-2-2'-bipyridine)Cl] (for convenience, the complex was given the synonym N-948) has been designed and synthesized, to be used as an oxygen probe. It was characterized by spectroscopic and analytical methods when incorporated in a polystyrene and nanostructured metal oxide support. N-948 is the first Ir complex in the literature with a luminescence emission at a wavelength higher than 650 nm (665 nm), with a quantum yield higher than 0.50 (0.58 +/- 0.05) and an extremely long phosphorescence lifetime (102 micros) which has been used for developing oxygen-sensitive films. In addition, the new complex shows a Stern-Volmer constant which is 20 times higher than that of other Ir complexes known from the literature when they are immobilized in polystyrene. The sensing film shows long-term stability (up to 12 months), complete reversibility of the signal quenched by oxygen and a quick response time to various oxygen concentrations (<2 s changing from 10 vol% pO2 to 90 vol% pO2). Thus, it is an interesting and promising complex for developing oxygen-selective sensors for gas analysis and the analysis of dissolved oxygen.     

Fiber-optic fluorescence sensor for dissolved oxygen detection based on fluorinated xerogel immobilized with ruthenium (II) complex

A fiber-optic sensor based on fluorescence quenching was designed for dissolved oxygen (DO) detection. The fluorinated xerogel-based sensing film of the present sensor was prepared from 3, 3, 3-trifluoropropyltrimethoxysilane (TFP–TriMOS). Oxygen-sensitive fluorophores of tris (2, 2′- bipyridine) ruthenium (II) (Ru(bpy)₃²⁺) were immobilized in the sensing film and the emission fluorescence was quenched by dissolved oxygen. In the sensor fabrication, a two-fiber probe was employed to obtain the best fluorescence collection efficiency and the sensing film was attached to the probe end. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy (UV–Vis) and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements have been used to characterize the sensing film. The sensor sensitivity is quantified by I _deoxy/I _oxy, where I _deoxy and I _oxy represented the detected fluorescence intensities in fully deoxygenated and fully oxygenated environments, respectively. Compared with tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) and methyltriethoxysilane (MTMS)-derived sensing films, TFP–TriMOS-based sensor exhibited excellent performances in dissolved oxygen detection with short response time of 4 s, low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.04 ppm (R.S.D. = 2.5%), linear Stern–Volmer calibration plot from 0 to 40 ppm and long-term stability during the past 10 months. The reasons for the preferable performances of TFP–TriMOS-based sensing film were discussed.     

Sol-Gel-derived Film for Oxygen Sensor

Oxygen concentration is an important parameter in environmental, chemical and other fields. Oxygen sensor based on luminescence quenching by oxygen have been developed and wide applied. The oxygen quenching process is described by the Stern-Volmer equation. Ruthenium complex are chosen as fluorescence indicator because they are particularly attractive for oxygen sensing, exhibit high luminescent quantum yield, long excited-state lifetime, large Stokes shift, and strong absorption in the blue-green spectral region^[1]. The sensor involves immobilizing the ruthenium complex within a porous sol-gel-processed film. Sol-gel process has many advantages as a method of immobilization. At ambient temperature, it allows the fabrication of a tough, inert, porous glass material with a high surface area. Sol-gel-derived silica film has a low optical absorption in the visible and UV region of the spectrum and is relatively inexpensive to produce^[2].     

A Nitro-Modified Luminescent Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Framework for Non-Contact and High-Contrast Sensing of Aromatic Amines

The global demand for intelligent sensing of aromatic amines has consistently increased due to concerns about health and the environment. Efforts to improve material design and understand mechanisms have been made, but highly efficient non-contact sensing with host–guest structures remains a challenge. Herein, we report the first example of non-contact, high-contrast sensing of aromatic amines in a hydrogen-bonded organic framework (HOF) based on a nitro-modified stereo building block. Direct observation of binding interactions of trapped amines is achieved, leading to charge separation-induced emission quenching between host and guests. Non-contact sensing of aniline and diphenylamine is realized with quenching efficiencies up to 91.7 % and 97.0 %, which shows potential for versatile applications. This work provides an inspiring avenue to engineer multifunctional HOFs via co-crystal preparations, thus enriching applications of porous materials with explicit mechanisms.     

Polypyridylpropyne‐Pd and ‐Pt porphyrin coating for visualization of oxygen pressure

Poly[1‐trimethylsilyl‐1‐propyne‐co‐1‐(3‐pyridyl)propyne] 1 was prepared both as a polymer‐ligand of a palladium porphyrin (PdOEP) and of a platinum porphyrin (PtTFP) and as a highly gas‐permeable polymer matrix of the porphyrin. The porphyrin acted as a phosphorescence probe which could be quenched with oxygen and sense the oxygen partial pressure. 1 gave a smooth and tough coating with a thickness of ca. 2 µm which homogeneously involved the porphyrin. The porphyrin‐ 1 coatings displayed strong red‐colored phosphorescences (the emission maximum at 670 and 650 nm for PdOEP and PtTFP, respectively), and their intensity significantly decreased with an increase in the oxygen partial pressure on the coating. The high oxygen‐quenching efficiency or the high oxygen pressure sensitivity of the porphyrin's phosphorescence was observed even at cryogenic temperature. Aggregation of the porphyrin was suppressed in the coating by ligation of the porphyrin with the nitrogenous residue of 1 to significantly reduce spatial noise in the phosphorescence measurement or the oxygen‐pressure sensing. PtTFP‐ 1 was coated on the surface of a delta wing model. The oxygen‐pressure distribution on the coated model was successfully visualized in a cryogenic wind tunnel test. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthesis of ratiometric fluorescent nanoparticles for sensing oxygen

A facile reprecipitation-encapsulation method is used for the preparation of ratiometric fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) for sensing intracellular oxygen. The surface of the NPs is modified in-situ with poly-L-lysine, which renders good biocompatibility and enables easy internalization into living cells. The sensor NPs contain a red fluorescent probe whose fluorescence is sensitive to oxygen with a quenching response of 77 % on going from nitrogen saturation to oxygen saturation, and a reference dye giving a green signal that acts as an oxygen-independent reference. The ratio of the two emissions serves as the analytical information and is sensitive to dissolved oxygen in the 0–43?ppm concentration range. When incorporated into cells, the ratio of the signals increases by 400?% on going from oxygen-saturated to oxygen-free environment.

Study of the Effect of Solubilized Gases on the Properties of Microemulsion Droplets

The effect of dissolved gas (nitrogen, argon) on the properties of the droplets in water-in-oil and oil-in-water microemulsions (surfactant aggregation number, microviscosity, and micropolarity) has been investigated by means of time-resolved fluorescence quenching and spectrofluorometry. This study extends a similar one on aqueous micellar solutions (R. G. Alargova et al., Langmuir 14, 1575, 1998). The selected microemulsions were characterized by droplets of fairly large size and high volume fraction, in order to minimize the effect of the curvature of the surfactant layer and maximize the amount of gas that can be solubilized in the system. Within the experimental error, the investigated properties (surfactant aggregation number, intradroplet quenching rate constant which is related to the droplet microviscosity, and fluorescent probe lifetime and micropolarity) were found to be independent on whether the system was degassed, nitrogen-saturated, or argon-saturated, in the temperature range between 10 and 35 degrees C. The results confirm the conclusion reached in the above study; i.e., the effect of solubilized gases on the hydrophobic interaction which controls the formation of surfactant assemblies is extremely small and well below the sensitivity of the fluorescence probing techniques used in this investigation. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.     

A novel planar optical sensor for simultaneous monitoring of oxygen,carbon dioxide,pH and temperature

The first quadruple luminescent sensor is presented which enables simultaneous detection of three chemical parameters and temperature. A multi-layer material is realized and combines two spectrally independent dually sensing systems. The first layer employs ethylcellulose containing the carbon dioxide sensing chemistry (fluorescent pH indicator 8-hydroxy-pyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonate (HPTS) and a lipophilic tetraalkylammonium base). The cross-linked polymeric beads stained with a phosphorescent iridium(III) complex are also dispersed in ethylcellulose and serve both for oxygen sensing and as a reference for HPTS. The second (pH/temperature) dually sensing system relies on the use of a pH-sensitive lipophilic seminaphthorhodafluor derivative and luminescent chromium(III)-activated yttrium aluminum borate particles (simultaneously acting as a temperature probe and as a reference for the pH indicator) which are embedded in polyurethane hydrogel layer. A silicone layer is used to spatially separate both dually sensing systems and to insure permeation selectivity for the CO₂/O₂ layer. The CO₂/O₂ and the pH/temperature layers are excitable with a blue and a red LED, respectively, and the emissions are isolated with help of optical filters. The measurements are performed at two modulation frequencies for each sensing system and the modified Dual Lifetime Referencing method is used to access the analytical information. The feasibility of the simultaneous four-parameter sensing is demonstrated. However, the practical applicability of the material may be compromised by its high complexity and by the performance of individual indicators.