射频超导技术与ERL技术新进展

射频超导谐振腔可以工作在连续波或长宏脉冲模式. 射频超导技术已发展为加速各种带电粒子束的重要手段. 射频超导技术发展的前期受材料性能、腔的处理以及加工安装水平等的限制. 经过几十年的不断改进, 射频超导技术获得了重大突破. 射频超导腔应用到超导加速器上并成功运行, 积累了腔的质量控制工艺和工业化制备的大量经验. 近期国际上面对未来大科学装置项目, 在射频超导技术方面进行了大量的研发工作, 主要包括提高超导腔加速梯度的新腔型研究和采用新型材料(大晶粒铌材)超导腔的研究. 能量回收直线加速器(ERL)技术是近年来获得发展的重要加速器技术. ERL具有高效、节能、稳定性好、低辐射水平等优势, 被越来越多地应用到先进光源和自由电子激光装置中.     

射频超导腔的研究新进展

 射频超导谐振腔已经大规模地应用到粒子加速器领域,其优越之处在于它可以在CW模式或长宏脉冲模式下,提供高的加速梯度。射频超导已经成为自由电子激光和能量回收直线加速器的关键技术。经过30多年的研究发展,解决了超导腔的热崩溃、场致发射等诸多关键问题,目前加速梯度已经超过40 MV/m。高加速梯度的获得是射频超导领域的前沿热点,电抛光＋低温热处理技术使射频超导腔的加速梯度提高3～4 MV/m。最新发展起来的超导腔的干式处理可以改善超导腔的表面状况,提高超导腔的Q值,抑制次级电子发射效应,有可能成为提高超导腔性能的又一有效手段。     

加速100 mA质子束的低β超导半波长谐振腔内的高阶模（英）

基于超导器的连续波运行的高流强质子/氘束被越来越多的大科学装置所采用。在流强低于10 mA情况下,用于加速低段粒子的超导腔的高阶模影响基本可以忽略,但是对于加速百mA强流的低超导腔,其高阶模损耗情况有待研究。近期北京大学设计并加工了一支=0.09、运行频率162.5 MHz的超导半波长谐振腔,用于研究非相对论低超导半波长谐振腔加速100 mA强流质子束时可能涉及到的关键物理问题。重点研究了这支半波长谐振腔内部高阶模损耗的问题,用时域和频域两种方法分别计算了腔的高阶模损失因子,同时计算了考虑加工误差下腔内发生高阶模共振激发的概率。     

Status of the IHEP 1.3 GHz superconducting RF program

The 1.3 GHz superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) technology is one of the key technologies for the ILC and future XFEL and ERL projects in China. With the aim to develop 1.3 GHz SRF technology, IHEP has started a program to build an SRF Accelerating Unit. This unit contains a 9-cell 1.3 GHz superconducting cavity, a short cryomodule, a high power input coupler, a tuner and a low level RF system. This program also includes the SRF laboratory upgrade, which will permit the unit to be built and tested at IHEP. The unit will be used for the 1.3 GHz SRF system integration study, high power horizontal test and possible beam test in the future. In this paper, we report the recent R&D status of this program. The first large grain low-loss shape 9-cell superconducting RF cavity made by IHEP reached 20 MV/m in the first vertical test in July, 2010. The prototype tuner and low level RF (LLRF) system are under test. The high power input coupler and cryomodule are under fabrication. Several key SRF facilities for 9-cell cavity surface treatment and pre-tuning were successfully commissioned and are in operation.     

国内首次超导高频系统束流调试及高功率试验

2004—2007年BEPC高频系统从常温腔改建到超导腔, 逐渐解决了改频的物理问题和超导技术的工程难题, 实现了与国际先进技术接轨, 并按期保质完成了工程、调束任务. 高频系统是BEPCⅡ工程首个吸收国外超导技术、自主完成集成和调试成功的大型装置; 2006年7月国内首次超导高频大功率试验成功; 2006年11月完成系统联调, 按期投入BEPCⅡ首轮调束; 同年12月首次投入同步辐射运行; 2007年2至5月, 东、西两套超导高频系统在1MV以上的加速电压均已实现正/负电子1.89GeV注入积累和110/114mA对撞; 在同步辐射运行中, 逐渐达到2.5GeV/250mA、束流功率100kW, 接近国外同类机器水平; 束流试验证明两套高频系统的     

A coaxial HOM coupler for a superconducting RF cavity and its low-power measurement results

A resonant buildup of beam-induced fields in a superconducting radio frequency(RF)cavity may make a beam unstable or a superconducting RF cavity quench. Higher-order mode(HOM)couplers are used for damping higher-order modes to avoid such a resonant buildup. A coaxial HOM coupler based on the TTF (TESLA Test Facility)HOM coupler has been designed for the superconducting RF cavities at the Proton Engineering Frontier Project(PEFP)in order to overcome notch frequency shift and feed-through tip melting issues. In order to confirm the HOM coupler design and finalize its structural dimensions, two prototype HOM couplers have been fabricated and tested. Low-power testing and measurement of the HOM couplers has shown that the HOM coupler has good filter properties and can fully meet the damping requirements of the PEFP low-beta superconducting RF linac.     

A coaxial HOM coupler for a superconducting RF cavity and its low-power measurement results

A resonant buildup of beam-induced fields in a superconducting radio frequency (RF) cavity may make a beam unstable or a superconducting RF cavity quench. Higher-order mode (HOM) couplers are used for damping higher-order modes to avoid such a resonant buildup. A coaxial HOM coupler based on the TTF (TESLA Test Facility) HOM coupler has been designed for the superconducting RF cavities at the Proton Engineering Frontier Project (PEFP) in order to overcome notch frequency shift and feed-through tip melting issues. In order to confirm the HOM coupler design and finalize its structural dimensions, two prototype HOM couplers have been fabricated and tested. Low-power testing and measurement of the HOM couplers has shown that the HOM coupler has good filter properties and can fully meet the damping requirements of the PEFP low-beta superconducting RF linac.     

Physics design for the C-ADS main linac based on two dif f erent injector design schemes

The China ADS（C-ADS） project proposes to build a 1000 MW Accelerator Driven sub-critical System around 2032. The accelerator will work in CW mode with 10 mA in beam current and 1.5 GeV in final beam energy. The linac is composed of two major sections： the injector section and the main linac section. There are two diferent schemes for the injector section. The Injector-scheme is based on a 325 MHz RFQ and superconducting spoke cavities of the same RF frequency and the Injector-scheme is based on a 162.5 MHz RFQ and superconducting HWR cavities of the same frequency. The main linac design will be diferent for diferent injector choices. The two diferent designs for the main linac have been studied according to the beam characteristics from the diferent injector schemes.     

BEPCⅡ超导腔失效分析

以北京正负电子对撞机(BEPCII)超导腔为例,通过监测运行中超导腔的主要参数,如腔压、输入功率、调谐角等,并与理论计算相比较的方法,对超导腔失效常见的几种原因,包括:高频系统硬件故障、束流丢失以及调谐器机械运动不畅等,进行了分析,重点解决了调谐器机械运动不畅导致超导腔失效这一比较复杂的问题。这些分析为减少BEPCII高频故障,增加BEPCII运行可靠性提供了重要参考。     

HOMs simulation and measurement results of IHEP02 cavity

In accelerator RF cavities, there exists not only the fundamental mode which is used to accelerate the beam, but also higher order modes(HOMs). The higher order modes excited by the beam can seriously affect beam quality, especially for the higher R/Q modes. 1.3 GHz low-loss 9-cell superconducting cavity as a candidate for ILC high gradient cavity, the properties of higher order mode has not been studied carefully. IHEP based on existing low loss cavity, designed and developed a large grain size 1.3 GHz low-loss 9-cell superconducting cavity(IHEP02cavity). The higher order mode coupler of IHEP02 used TESLA coupler's design. As a result of the limitation of the mechanical design, the distance between higher order mode coupler and end cell is larger than TESLA cavity.This paper reports on measured results of higher order modes in the IHEP02 1.3 GHz low-loss 9-cell superconducting cavity. Using different methods, Q e of the dangerous modes passbands have been obtained. The results are compared with TESLA cavity results. R/Q of the first three passbands have also been obtained by simulation and compared with the results of the TESLA cavity.     

Study on the 1.3 GHz low loss shape superconducting cavities at IHEP

As part of the international research program on the superconducting cavity for the International Linear Collider (ILC) R&D on the 1.3 GHz low loss superconducting cavities has been carried out at the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) since 2005. A design of 1.3 GHz low loss cavity shape was proposed and six single-cell cavities of different niobium material were successfully fabricated with standard technology. In this study our priority was on large grain (LG) cavities. The two LG cavities were treated with complete procedures of surface treatments based on chemical polishing (CP) without electro polishing (EP) at IHEP. The two LG cavities and a fine grain cavity were sent to KEK for vertical testing. All the three cavities reached accelerating gradients higher than 35 MV/m and the maximum gradient of 40.27 MV/m was achieved in the LG cavity. This paper presents the process of the vertical RF tests and the comparison of the LG and fine grain cavities's performance.     

超导腔数字自激垂直测试系统

基于数字自激算法设计并实现的超导腔垂直测试系统提高了超导腔的垂直测试效率,为先进光源技术研发与测试平台(PAPS)的超导腔批量化生产提供了重要保障;垂直测试系统的射频前端和时钟分配系统采用了二次上下变频方案,可以在一定范围内灵活设置测试系统自激环路的工作频率,增大了该测试系统的工作带宽。利用此系统完成了1.3 GHz 9-cell超导腔的通带频率测试,结果表明,该测试系统能有效避免不同模式之间的串扰,具备较强的频率分辨能力(<800 kHz),保证多单元超导腔性能验证的进行。     

RF超导腔低温测量原理

本文依据能量守恒,就RF超导腔低温测量方法和原理进行了推敲.指出:由于在超导腔中存在场致电子发射(FE)效应,高功率腔和低功率腔在测量方法上是有区别的.并系统地推导了获得超导腔物理参数,比如空载Q₀、最大表面电场和最大加速梯度等的准确公式.     

R&D of BEPCII 500 MHz superconducting cavity

Beijing Electron-Positron Collider Upgrade (BEPCII) adopts two 500 MHz superconducting cavities (SCCs) in each ring for higher accelerated gradient, higher Q and lower impedance (Wang et al. The proceedings of SRF’07). There’s no spare cavity due to the limited time and funding during BEPCII construction. If any serious trouble happened on either one of the two cavities and could not be recovered in a short time, the operation of BEPCII facility will be affected. Therefore, since 2009 three spare cavities have been fabricated in China to ensure reliable operation, and two of them have been successfully vertically tested in January and July 2011. This paper will briefly present the manufacture, post-process and vertical test performance of the 500 MHz spare cavities.     

Recent progress on RF superconducting cavities

RF superconducting （SRF） cavities can work in continuous wave mode or long pulse mode. SRF technology has been developing rapidly since the end of the last century. RF superconducting technology is widely used in particle accelerators around the world. As the key elements, research on superconducting cavities is carried out worldwide. Besides Europe, the United States and Japan, many countries have already started SRF projects, such as Canada, India, Korea, etc. Great improvements on SRF technology have been made in China in recent years. Progress in SRF cavities is introduced in this paper.     

Study of multipacting effect in superconducting cavity

A number of superconducting cavities of axis-symmetric geometry have been considered to study the effect in order to achieve the desired performance.It is shown that the multipacting effect is strongly dependent on the condition of the RF surface and can be suppressed with reconsideration of the geometry.The simulation result is compared with the result of the semi-analytical model in the end.     

Study of multipacting effect in superconducting cavity

A number of superconducting cavities of axis-symmetric geometry have been considered to study the effect in order to achieve the desired performance. It is shown that the multipacting effect is strongly dependent on the condition of the RF surface and can be suppressed with reconsideration of the geometry. The simulation result is compared with the result of the semi-analytical model in the end.     

Electron bunch train excited higher-order modes in a superconducting RF cavity

Higher-order mode(HOM) based intra-cavity beam diagnostics has been proved effective and convenient in superconducting radio-frequency(SRF) accelerators.Our recent research shows that the beam harmonics in the bunch train excited HOM spectrum,which have much higher signal-to-noise ratio than the intrinsic HOM peaks,may also be useful for beam diagnostics.In this paper,we will present our study on bunch train excited HOMs,including a theoretical model and recent experiments carried out based on the DC-SRF photoinjector and SRF linac at Peking University.     

射频超导谐振腔中的电磁场研究

由高纯铌制成的射频超导谐振腔在高场时会出现Q值下降现象，这是高场下超导腔表面局部磁场增强所致. 为研究高场下超导腔表面的电磁场特性，用单cell超导腔设计了腔表面峰值磁场的研究实验. 通过对单cell超导腔表面峰值磁场的测量，可以确定超导腔焊缝及iris附近表面是否存在缺陷，以便进一步进行腔的处理来改进腔的性能.     

提高射频超导加速腔性能的表面干式处理研究

射频超导谐振腔以其优越性在加速器领域起到了常温加速腔无法替代的作用. 超导腔的表面 特性直接影响到加速腔的性能. 为进一步提高超导腔的加速性能，北京大学利用超高真空氩 离子清洗技术发展了一种超导腔表面的干式处理方法. 与传统的湿处理方法(化学抛光BCP和 电抛光EP)相比，干式处理方法具有其特有的优点，有可能成为一种新的超导腔表面处理方 法，对提高加速腔的性能起到推动作用. 进一步的研究正在进行之中. 关键词： 射频超导 表面处理 溅射 抛光