Non-Maxwellian electron distributions in time-dependent simulations of low-Z materials illuminated by a high-intensity X-ray laser

The interaction of high intensity X-ray lasers with matter is modeled. A collisional-radiative time-dependent module is implemented to study radiation transport in matter from ultrashort and ultraintense X-ray bursts. Inverse bremsstrahlung absorption by free electrons, electron conduction or hydrodynamic effects are not considered. The collisional-radiative system is coupled with the electron distribution evolution treated with a Fokker-Planck approach with additional inelastic terms. The model includes spontaneous emission, resonant photoabsorption, collisional excitation and de-excitation, radiative recombination, photoionization, collisional ionization, three-body recombination, autoionization and dielectronic capture. It is found that for high densities, but still below solid, collisions play an important role and thermalization times are not short enough to ensure a thermal electron distribution. At these densities Maxwellian and non-Maxwellian electron distribution models yield substantial differences in collisional rates, modifying the atomic population dynamics.     

Diagnostics of dielectronic processes in laser produced samarium plasma

Spatially-resolved time-integrated X-ray spectra of laser produced samarium plasma were recorded, in the spectral range from 7 to 10 Å. The spectrum of samarium is characterized by the prominent pattern of transitions 3d – nf (n = 4–7) belonging to Co-like (Sm³⁵⁺), Ni-like (Sm³⁴⁺) and Cu-like (Sm³³⁺) ions. Spectral lines of Mn-like (Sm³⁷⁺) to Zn-like (Sm³²⁺) were identified. The appearance of these ionization stages as a function of distance from the target was measured. Transfer of the dominant ion stages to lower stages with increasing distance from the original target surface was demonstrated, probably indicating dielectronic recombination. The Hebrew University Lawrence Livermore Atomic Code was used to generate emission spectra for comparison with the experimental ones.A radiation-hydrodynamics code coupled to three non-Local Thermal Equilibrium ionization and equation of state models with different approaches for dielectronic processes was used to model the plasma. The simulated plasma ionization and electron densities and temperatures were found to be consistent with the experimental results.     

Natural convection and radiation heat transfer of an externally-finned tube vertically placed in a chamber

A three-dimensional numerical study was made to investigate effects of fin angle, fin surface emissivity, and tube wall temperature on heat transfer enhancement for a longitudinal externally-finned tube placed vertically in a small chamber. The numerical model was first validated through comparison with experimental measurements and the appropriateness of general boundary conditions was examined. The numerical results show that the mean Nusselt number increases with Rayleigh number for all the fin angles investigated. The maximum heat transfer rate per mass occurs when the fin angle is about 60° for fin surface emissivity between 0.7 and 0.8 and 55° when the surface emissivity increases to 0.9. With increasing tube wall temperature, both the natural convection and radiation heat transfer are enhanced, but the fraction of radiation heat transfer decreases in the temperature range studied. Radiation fraction increases with increasing fin surface emissivity. Both convection and radiation heat transfer modes are important.     

Catalytic properties of a copper transducer for determining flow parameters in a high-frequency induction plasmatron

The rate coefficients of the elementary stages of the complete system of heterogeneous catalytic recombination of dissociated oxygen on a copper oxide surface are determined on the basis of quantum-mechanics calculations within the framework of cluster models. The coefficients are used to calculate the dependence of the effective coefficient of heterogeneous catalytic recombination of oxygen atoms on the temperature and the partial pressure on a wide range of surface conditions. It is established that it can considerably vary depending on these conditions.     

Atomic modeling of the plasma EUV sources

We present the development of population kinetics models for tin plasmas that can be employed to design an EUV source for microlithography. The atomic kinetic code is constrained for the requirement that the model must be able to calculate spectral emissivity and opacity that can be used in radiation hydrodynamic simulations. Methods to develop compact and reliable atomic model with an appropriate set of atomic states are discussed. Specifically, after investigation of model dependencies and comparison experiment, we improve the effect of configuration interaction and the treatment of satellite lines. Using the present atomic model we discuss the temperature and density dependencies of the emissivity, as well as conditions necessary to obtain high efficiency EUV power at λ = 13.5 nm.     

Investigation of the Influence of Different Heterogeneous Recombination Mechanisms on the Heat Fluxes to a Catalytic Surface in Dissociated Carbon Dioxide

A kinetic model of heterogeneous recombination in dissociated carbon dioxide on high-temperature heat-shield coatings is developed; the model takes into account the nonequilibrium adsorption-desorption reactions of oxygen atoms and their recombination in the Eley-Rideal and Langmuir-Hinshelwood reactions. On the basis of a comparison of the calculated heat fluxes in dissociated carbon dioxide with those measured in the VGU-3 plasma generator of the Institute for Problems in Mechanics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IPM RAS) and the available literature data, the parameters of the catalysis model are chosen for the glassy coating of the Buran orbiter tile heat shield based on the SiO₂–B₂O₃–SiB₄ system. The effects of heterogeneous recombination proceeding in accordance with the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism, as well as the processes involving carbon atoms and those involving physically adsorbed oxygen atoms, on the heat fluxes to the glassy coating are analyzed on the surface temperature range from 300 to 2000 K.     

On the recombination mechanism of atomic nitrogen near a catalytic surface in a stream of dissociated air

It is shown that the heterogeneous recombination of nitrogen atoms on a catalytically active surface in a stream of dissociated air is accompanied by intense gas-phase recombination of the nitrogen in exchange reactions whose rate is determined by the rate of heterogeneous recombination of atomic oxygen.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, pp. 156–158, May–June, 1980.     

Emission and radiative cooling of xenon plasma behind a strong shock front

A numerical and experimental investigation of the emissivity and radiative cooling of xenon plasma in strong shock waves with Mach numbers M=16–45, including experimentally up to M=28, has been made. It is shown that under these conditions the equilibrium temperature behind the shock wave can be reduced by cooling by 1.5–2 times.Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 155–162, January–February, 1992.     

Construction of a collisional radiative model of complex multiple charged ions for mid- to high-Z elements

A method of constructing a compact and complete collisional radiative model of multiple charged ions of mid- to high-Z elements is proposed, for studying radiative properties of the plasmas. The proposed tungsten model, which is based on atomic data calculated by the HULLAC code, incorporates a computer algorithm to identify well-populated atomic states and dielectronic recombination channels that have a significant effect on the ionization balance. The model is validated by investigating the convergence of the mean charge and radiative power loss with respect to the size of the model, and by comparing results with other calculations presented at the nLTE kinetics workshop.     

Atomic physics of relativistic high contrast laser-produced plasmas in experiments on Leopard laser facility at UNR

The results of the recent experiments focused on study of x-ray radiation from multicharged plasmas irradiated by relativistic (I > 10¹⁹ W/cm²) sub-ps laser pulses on Leopard laser facility at NTF/UNR are presented. These shots were done under different experimental conditions related to laser pulse and contrast. In particular, the duration of the laser pulse was 350 fs or 0.8 ns and the contrast was varied from high (10^?7) to moderate (10^?5). The thin laser targets (from 4 to 750 μm) made of a broad range of materials (from Teflon to iron and molybden to tungsten and gold) were utilized. Using the x-ray diagnostics including the high-precision spectrometer with resolution R ～ 3000 and a survey spectrometer, we have observed unique spectral features that are illustrated in this paper. Specifically, the observed L-shell spectra for Fe targets subject to high intensity lasers (～10¹⁹ W/cm²) indicate electron beams, while at lower intensities (～10¹⁶ W/cm²) or for Cu targets there is much less evidence for an electron beam. In addition, K-shell Mg features with dielectronic satellites from high-Rydberg states, and the new K-shell F features with dielectronic satellites including exotic transitions from hollow ions are highlighted.     

Modeling of catalytic activity of an Al2O3 surface on the basis of the first principles

The adsorption, desorption, impact, and associative heterogeneous recombination rate coefficients are determined for atomic oxygen in the temperature range between 500 and 2000 K on the basis of quantum chemical data on the energy of interaction of atomic and molecular oxygen with the clusters that model an α-Al₂0₃ surface. These coefficients are used to calculate the heterogeneous recombination probabilities and the heat fluxes to the surface under the conditions similar to those of the MESOX facility.     

Mapping temperature distributions in flows using radiating high-porosity meshes

A technique to visualise and measure temperature distributions in gas flows is described which places fine, highly-emissive planar meshes in the heated flow and images them with an IR camera. Fine meshes with high porosity are used to minimise the disturbance to the flow field and ensure that the local mesh temperature is close to the local gas temperature. The radiation received by the camera is a function of both the temperature and the emissivity of the body visualised. In the case of a porous mesh, the camera will visualise both the mesh surface and the background through the mesh apertures. An effective emissivity, which combines the relative area fraction and emissivity of the mesh can be obtained via calibration. This effective emissivity is used to reduce the intensity data to temperature distributions. Attention must be paid to the ratio of the size of the projected camera pixel to the mesh opening size to ensure accuracy. The technique is demonstrated on a number of buoyant jet flows and the potential application of the technique to higher temperature flows is discussed.     

Modeling of the oscillating field effects on the Heβ line emission in short pulse laser-produced plasmas

Strong oscillating fields may induce strong modifications of the emission spectra of ions. We discuss here the possibility of observing such effects in actual laser experiments where space- and time-integration effects can easily mask their existence. Focusing on the Al He_β transition, we first discuss the calculation of its spectral broadening in the presence of a strong laser field. Then, starting from 1D hydro-simulations of short, intense, laser pulse-produced plasmas that provide the density, temperature and laser intensity profiles as a function of time, full integrated collisional-radiative calculations of the laser field-dependent emissivity of the Al He_β line, are presented.     

Total hemispherical emissivity of oxidized Inconel 718 in the temperature range 300–1000°C

Total hemispherical emissivities were measured for Inconel 718 as a function of sample temperature. Measurements were made for both unoxidized and oxidized samples. The oxidation temperatures were 1000°C, 1100°C and 1142°C and the oxidation times were 15, 30 and 60 min, respectively. The oxidized samples showed a significant increase in emissivity over the unoxidized one which was in an as-received condition. No apparent pattern was observed in the change of emissivity as a function of oxidation time at a given oxidation temperature. In some cases, emissivity measurements made with increasing temperature were greater than those made with descending temperature. One possible explanation for this is the spalling of the oxide layer as the sample area contracted with descending sample temperature.     

Bestimmung des gerichteten spektralen Emissionsgrades von Feststoffen im Wellenlängenbereich von 2,5 µm bis 45 µm bei Temperaturen zwischen 80°C und 350°C

Zusammenfassung Der beschriebene Meßaufbau gestattet, den gerichteten spektralen Emissionsgrad im Wellenlängenbereich von 2,5 µm bis 45 µm bei Temperaturen zwischen 80°C und 400°C zu bestimmen. Die Proben müssen für Strahlung der untersuchten Wellenlänge undurchlässig sein und einen Durchmesser zwischen 50 mm und 90 mm bei einer Dicke bis zu 10 mm haben. Die Standardabweichung bei der Bestimmung des spektralen Emissionsgrades beträgt 1,0%. Zur Bestimmung des spektralen Emissionsgrades werden die spektralen Strahldichten des Schwarzen Körpers und der Probenoberfläche bei bekannter Temperatur mit einem Fourierspektrometer verglichen. Die problematische Bestimmung der Probenoberflächentemperatur geschieht mittels der Fourierschen Wärmeleitungsgleichung mit der bekannten, gesondert zu bestimmenden Wärmeleitfähigkeit der Probe und dem berechneten Energieverlust der Oberfläche an die Umgebung durch Leitung, Konvektion und Strahlung. Zur Überprüfung der Meßergebnisse wurde der senkrechte spektrale Emissionsgrad an drei beschichteten Glasproben gemessen, an denen bei einem internationalen Vergleich der Gesamtemissionsgrad gemessen wurde. Die aus den hier bestimmten spektralen Werten berechneten senkrechten Gesamtemissionsgrade zeigten eine sehr hohe Übereinstimmung mit den Werten aus dem internationalen Vergleich und anderen Meßwerten.

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Determination of the directional spectral emissivity of solids in the spectral range from 2.5 µm to 45 µm at temperatures between 80°C and 350°C

The measuring set-up described allows the directional spectral emissivity to be determined in the wavelength range from 2.5 ¶m to 45 ¶m at temperatures between 80°C and 400°C. The samples must be opaque to radiation of the wavelength investigated. They must have a diameter of between 50 mm and 90 mm and be up to 10 mm thick. The uncertainty of the determination of the spectral emissivity amounts to 1.0%. To determine the spectral emissivity, the spectral radiances of black-body and sample surface are compared at known temperature using a Fourier spectrometer. The problematic determination of the sample surface temperature is carried out on the basis of Fourier's equation of thermal conduction, making use of the known thermal conductivity of the sample (which must be separately determined) and the calculated energy loss from the surface to the environment by conduction, convection and radiation. To check the measurement results, the vertical spectral emissivity was measured on three coated glass samples whose total emissivity had been measured in an international comparison. The total vertical emissivities calculated from the spectral values determined here show very good agreement with the values obtained in the international comparison and with other measurement values.

     

Increased heat transfer to a titanium surface with oxygen injection into the nonequilibrium boundary layer

The results of an experimental and numerical investigation of the heat transfer between a subsonic jet of dissociated nitrogen and a titanium surface, through which molecular oxygen is blown into the jet, are presented. It is established that in the nonequilibrium boundary layer regime the dependence of the heat flux on the injected oxygen flow rate is nonmonotonic. At a certain flow rate the heat transfer to the titanium surface reaches a maximum that considerably exceeds (by 20%) the heat transfer to an impermeable wall. The observed increase in heat transfer in the presence of injection is attributed to the interaction of the gas-phase exchange reactions and the recombination of atoms on the titanium surface, which has sharply different catalytic properties with respect to the recombination of nitrogen and oxygen atoms.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 4, pp. 148–155, July–August, 1991.     

Effects of surface radiation on natural convection in a rayleigh-benard square enclosure: steady and unsteady conditions

Coupled laminar natural convection with radiation in air-filled square enclosure heated from below and cooled from above is studied numerically for a wide variety of radiative boundary conditions at the sidewalls. A numerical model based on the finite difference method was used for the solution of mass, momentum and energy equations. The surface-to-surface method was used to calculate the radiative heat transfer. Simulations were performed for two values of the emissivities of the active and insulated walls (ɛ₁=0.05 or 0.85, ɛ₂=0.05 or 0.85) and Rayleigh numbers ranging from 10³ to 2.3×10⁶ . The influence of those parameters on the flow and temperature patterns and heat transfer rates are analyzed and discussed for different steady-state solutions. The existing ranges of these solutions are reported for the four different cases considered. It is founded that, for a fixed Ra, the global heat transfer across the enclosure depends only on the magnitude of the emissivity of the active walls. The oscillatory behavior, characterizing the unsteady-state solutions during the transitions from bicellular flows to the unicellular flow are observed and discussed.     

Determining the temperature on the sides of a microsatellite

An approach to determine the temperature on the sides of a satellite is proposed depending on the thermal coefficients of absorption and emissivity as well as on the altitude and inclination of the satellite orbit. The shape of the satellite, the solar heat radiation, the Earth’s heat radiation, and the Earth’s albedo are considered among the other factors affecting the satellite.     

Research on synchronous measurement technique of temperature and deformation fields using multispectral camera with bilateral telecentric lens

The hot-section parts easily occur the creep-fatigued interaction under the condition of mechanical-thermal coupled load during the period of service, which may lead to the damage of the parts, and therefore, the measurement and characterization of thermal-deformed fields of the parts are important to understand its damage process. Aiming at relevant demand, the bilateral telecentric-multispectral imaging system was established, the research of synchronous measurement technique of the temperature and deformation fields was developed. On the one hand, the measurement technology for surface temperature of the object was developed using the two-color images captured by the multispectral camera with bilateral telecentric lens and combined with colorimetric method. On the other hand, the 2D-DIC measurement technique of the multispectral camera was developed by conducting digital image correlation analysis using the blue light images before and after deformation, which can measure the high temperature deformation field of the object (the blue light images were filtered by multispectral camera). Results showed that the bilateral telecentric lens is used to replace the ordinary optical lens for imaging, which can effectively eliminate the distortion of the multispectral imaging system. Since the temperature measurement process of this measurement system is little affected by the emissivity of the object, therefore, it has excellent robustness. The thermal expansion coefficients of the nickel alloys are evaluated at the temperature ranges of 700–1000 ℃, indicating this system can achieve the synchronous and precise measurement of the temperature and deformation fields of the object.