煤岩有机显微组分热解过程中HCN和NH3生成规律的研究

经等密度梯度离心分离，从褐煤、长焰煤、气煤和贫煤四种不同变质程度煤中获得了高纯度的有机显微组分。用石英管式反应器在600 ℃～900 ℃考察了煤岩有机显微组分热解过程中HCN和NH3的生成规律。实验结果表明，在显微组分热解过程中HCN主要是挥发分二次裂解的产物。在镜质组热解过程中，煤的变质程度越高，HCN的生成率越低，热解温度越高，HCN的生成率越高；同一种煤三种有机显微组分热解过程中，HCN的生成不仅与显微组分挥发分的质量分数有关，而且与显微组分中氮的存在形态有关，在较低温度热解时吡咯型氮质量分数高的煤样HCN的生成率较高。显微组分热解过程中NH3来自于挥发分的二次热裂解，与焦的热裂解有关，随煤变质程度增高，镜质组热解过程中NH3的收率降低；对同一种煤三种煤岩有机显微组分，由于其黏结性不同，含氮官能团和氢自由基的接触几率不同，生成NH3的能力也不同，惰质组的NH3生成率最高，壳质组最低；温度对NH3的生成也有影响，800 ℃NH3的生成率最高，惰质组NH3的生成率为11.8%，壳质组NH3的生成率为5.2%。     

平朔气煤的煤岩显微组分结构研究

用显微光度计、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射光谱(XRD)和X光电子能谱(XPS)等测试手段研究了平朔气煤的等密度梯度离心分离(DGC)显微组分富集物的结构。结果表明,镜质组和稳定组结构相似,含氧基团基本相同,但丝质组结构则不同,它含有较多的羧基和羰基。根据实验结果讨论了三种显微组分的大分子结构,认为它们是由许多结构相似而又不相同的结构单元所构成。镜质组和稳定组的单元核心主要为脂环、缩聚芳环,环数为5—6个;丝质组单元核心主要为缩聚芳环,环数为7—8个,环缩合程度最高,芳香层片在空间排列规则,相互定向程度大。     

不同还原程度煤显微组分组表面结构XPS对比分析

对煤岩组分、煤级相近而还原程度不同的平朔煤与神东煤的镜质组及惰质组的表面结构特征进行了XPS分析，揭示碳、氧、氮、硫等元素在它们表面结构中的存在形态及其差异。结果表明，碳在表面结构中存在四种形态C—C或C—H、C—O、C＝O、COO，镜质组的C—C或C—H质量分数较惰质组高，而还原程度较强的平朔煤与还原程度较弱的神东煤相比，其显微组分中C—C或C—H质量分数均较同类型的显微组分高；氧、氮、硫的赋存形态在所有的煤样中差异不大，氧的赋存形态以酚羟基氧为主，神东煤显微组分吸附氧的能力明显高于平朔煤，这是因为神东煤易自燃及燃点较低；氮以吡咯型及吡啶型氮为主，而硫以噻吩型硫为主。因此，还原程度对镜质组及惰质组的表面结构均产生影响，主要表现在C—C或C—H质量分数的差异上。     

平朔煤岩显微组分热解过程中HCN的生成

以平朔煤的三种有机显微组分为研究对象，使用石英玻璃管式反应器，在600℃～900℃范围内考察了程序升温热解和快速升温热解过程中HCN形成与释放的规律。实验结果表明,热解反应温度、升温速率和显微组分类型对HCN的释放均有较大的影响。热解温度越高，HCN在三种显微组分气相产物中的生成量越大；热解温度为900 ℃时，稳定组的HCN收率较大，热解温度为600 ℃时，镜质组的HCN收率较高，这和不同显微组分中氮的赋存形态有关；与慢速升温热解相比，快速升温热解有利于HCN的释放；与原煤热解过程中HCN的收率相比，显微组分在原煤中的百分含量不是HCN收率的权重系数，显微组分热解生成HCN的过程中有协同效应。     

煤质特性对CeO_2催化煤粉燃烧的影响

利用酸洗法和燃烧法分别得到煤中的有机物(脱灰煤粉)和煤灰,研究了煤变质程度、显微组分、煤灰含量等煤质特性对CeO2催化煤粉燃烧的影响。研究发现,变质程度对CeO2催化煤粉燃烧具有明显的影响,变质程度越高的脱灰煤粉燃点降低越多,燃速提高越快。其催化燃烧顺序为褐煤烟煤无烟煤。同时研究发现,CeO2对神华烟煤两种主要显微组分的燃烧没有明显的催化作用。煤灰对脱灰煤粉燃烧也有催化作用,对人工煤而言,当煤灰含量低于18%时,煤灰与CeO2具有协同作用。煤灰的质量分数为6%时,煤灰与CeO2的协同作用最强,之后随着煤灰增加协同作用逐渐变弱;当煤灰的质量分数超过18%时,协同作用消失,CeO2的催化作用消失。说明煤灰含量超过18%时,CeO2的催化作用被抑制。     

中低变质程度煤显微组分结构的13 C-NMR研究

利用13C-NMR核磁共振技术对中低变质程度煤显微组分（镜质组和惰质组）的分子结构进行了研究,计算了5种煤9个显微组分的13C-NMR结构参数,获得了样品的结构特征及变化规律。结果表明,惰质组结构中芳构化程度要高于镜质组;脂碳数量则少于镜质组,芳环上的烷烃侧链也没有镜质组长;随着煤变质程度的提高,煤分子中芳构化程度不断提高,但惰质组的芳香度随变质程度变化的规律明显不如镜质组;在中低变质阶段,对煤化进程起主导作用的的是芳构化作用而不是环缩合作用,但在惰质组中脂碳断裂形成芳环的现象不明显。惰质组中含氧官能团的总量要低于同等变质程度的镜质组。     

显微组分对粉煤燃烧的影响

本文对七种粉煤样及其富显微组分煤样的显微组分分析结果的研究发现，显微组分及其微成分在煤中分布不均匀，且分布与煤的变质程度有关。煤的挥发分并不体现占优势显微组分的特征，因此显微组分对粉煤的着火影响不大。通过扫描电镜观察和分析表明，焦颗粒形态可分为四种，并与显微组分和变质程度有关。对其中三种煤九组样的焦的比表面和平均孔径测量表明，它们之间有近似反比的关系，微成分对同一煤的不同粉煤颗粒的比表面存在影响。     

Effect of the increase in temperature on the evolution of the physical and chemical structure of vitrinite

The effect of the progressive increase in temperature (off-line pyrolysis in an open-medium system) on a monomaceralic coal (low rank and pure vitrinite) has been studied on the basis of changes in its chemical and physical structure. The properties of the solid residues and liquid effluents obtained were studied using a wide range of petrographic and geochemical techniques. Results support the validity of this pyrolysis method for following the physico–chemical processes that occur in vitrinite of bituminous coal rank. Of special interest is the information concerning the control of the structure on the vitrinite reflectance parameter in the bituminization stage. The evolution of properties and changes occurring at this stage show that the increase in vitrinite reflectance is strongly related and depends on changes in the chemical structure of this maceral during heating rather than on changes in elemental composition. However, any relationship between reflectance and chemical properties needs to be established empirically. The mechanism during heating consists of a complex mixture of depolymerization and condensation reactions with the progressive homogenisation of the botanical structure of the vitrinite. Moreover, pyrolysis conditions lead to a rapid and massive expulsion of the thermally generated products, causing a significant decrease in the H/C atomic ratio and higher thermostability of the solid residues. The enhancement of cross-linking with the formation of C–O–C bridges, which have high activation energy also contributes to an increase in thermal stability. Results obtained from the production and expulsion of oil suggest that this method is suitable for providing an estimation of the amount of hydrocarbons that might be produced and migrate from coals of similar rank. This is of special interest for coals with significant petroligenous potential or for coals that are gas-prone, depending on their composition and rank.     

强弱还原煤聚集态对其可溶性影响的分子力学和分子动力学分析

选取代表性原煤3种, 采用等密度梯度离心分离法将原煤分别提纯出2种主要煤岩有机显微组分: 镜质组和惰质组. 运用分子力学和分子动力学对煤岩有机显微组分的模拟分子结构进行了理论分析. 结果表明, 弱还原煤为片状结构, 具有较多的敞开式孔, 强还原煤为团状结构, 具有较多的闭合式孔. 实测13C-核磁共振波谱(NMR)分析和模拟结果充分显示显微组分的芳环结构片层和分子之间的非成键作用能是影响煤溶剂可萃取性的主要因素. 结合X射线衍射(XRD)对样品晶态结构的测量, 证明煤中芳环结构片层较少、非成键作用能较小的显微组分其溶剂萃取率高.     

煤质特性对CeO2催化煤粉燃烧的影响

利用酸洗法和燃烧法分别得到煤中的有机物（脱灰煤粉）和煤灰,研究了煤变质程度、显微组分、煤灰含量等煤质特性对CeO₂催化煤粉燃烧的影响。研究发现,变质程度对CeO₂催化煤粉燃烧具有明显的影响,变质程度越高的脱灰煤粉燃点降低越多,燃速提高越快。其催化燃烧顺序为褐煤<烟煤<无烟煤。同时研究发现,CeO₂对神华烟煤两种主要显微组分的燃烧没有明显的催化作用。煤灰对脱灰煤粉燃烧也有催化作用,对人工煤而言,当煤灰含量低于18%时,煤灰与CeO₂具有协同作用。煤灰的质量分数为6%时,煤灰与CeO₂的协同作用最强,之后随着煤灰增加协同作用逐渐变弱;当煤灰的质量分数超过18%时,协同作用消失,CeO₂的催化作用消失。说明煤灰含量超过18%时,CeO₂的催化作用被抑制。     

Stable radicals formation in coals undergoing weathering: effect of coal rank

Once coal is excavated it comes into contact with atmospheric oxygen and begins to undergo low temperature oxidation. The mechanism by which the molecular oxygen interacts with the coal macromolecule is suggested to occur in several steps. These steps primarily involve O(2) diffusion to the surface where physical adsorption followed by chemical adsorption takes place. The chemical adsorption forms several types of oxides that can subsequently react to form several products, primarily CO(2). It has also been suggested that some of these oxidation mechanisms might involve radical reactions. As the previous studies were conducted under conditions where significant structural changes occur it is possible that in the low temperature range (T < 100 °C) the oxidation mechanism is different. Several different rank (lignite-subbituminous-bituminous) coals were isothermally heated at 95 °C in an air atmosphere for a period of up to 6 months and samples were collected at two week intervals. The radical concentration of each sample was measured by Continuous Wave Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (CW-EPR). It is apparent that there are distinct differences between the lower rank (lignite) and the higher rank (subbituminous, bituminous) coals. The lower rank coals exhibited only carbon centered radicals with an adjacent oxygen atom and the higher rank coals exhibited only carbon centered radicals. Interestingly, the lower rank coals exhibited no change in radical concentration due to the long term oxidation treatment while the higher rank coals showed a distinct increase in the radical concentration. These findings shed new light on the complex heterogeneous low temperature oxidation reactions occurring at the coal surface.     

矿物质对煤显微组分热解的影响

用常压热天平考察了平朔气煤三种主要显微组分(镜质组、丝质组和稳定组)的热解特性及其原生矿物质和外加无机物对各显微组分热解的影响。用ST-03表面孔径测定仪测定了三种显微组分及焦样的比表面积。研究表明,各显微组分的热解反应性从强到弱的排列顺序为:稳定组>镜质组>丝质组;原生矿物质对各显微组分的热解具有抑制作用,对热解活化能也有影响,并使焦样的比表面积显著增加;外加CaO等无机物及其添加量对不同显微组分的热解有不同的影响,但都使焦样比表面积增加。用分段连续一级反应机理可以较好地描述各显微组分的热解过程,统一形式不同参数的动力学模型为dx_(ij)/dt_(ij)=k_(ij)(1-x_(ij))。     

Groups of paramagnetic centres in coal samples with different carbon contents

Complex systems of paramagnetic centres existing in demineralised flame coal (71.4 wt% C), medium-rank coal (85.6 wt% C) and anthracite (94.9 wt% C) were analysed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). Different groups of paramagnetic centres were searched in macerals (exinite, vitrinite, inertinite) of coals with carbon contents of 73.8 wt% C and 85.6 wt% C. Experimental EPR spectra were fitted by different superposition of theoretical lines. Total concentration of paramagnetic centres both in coal and macerals increases with carbon content in the sample. Total concentration of paramagnetic centres in macerals increases from exinite to inertinite. Four groups of paramagnetic centres were found in medium-rank coal, and only two groups exist in flame coal and anthracite. The EPR spectrum of medium-rank coal is a superposition of two broad and two narrow lines. Both broad and narrow, and two narrow lines were measured in EPR spectra of flame coal and anthracite, respectively. Two types of paramagnetic centres with broad lines and one group with narrow lines exist in exinite and vitrinite from medium-rank coal. Two narrow components were observed in EPR spectra of its inertinite. Two different broad electron paramagnetic resonance signals were detected for macerals from low-coalificated coal. Paramagnetic centres systems of medium-rank coal samples reveal the most complex character. Broad EPR lines were not observed for the higher coalificated samples, i.e., anthracite and inertinite from medium-rank coal. Narrow lines do not occur in EPR spectra of low-coalificated macerals. Strong dipolar interactions and fast spin-lattice relaxation processes are characteristic for paramagnetic centres with broad lines. Strong exchange interactions and short spin-lattice relaxation time were measured for paramagnetic centres with the narrowest EPR signals.     

原位漫反射红外光谱中采用新的实验手段研究煤岩显微组分中的氢键

首次提出采用小瓷片反应器,结合增大载气流量的方法进行产生挥发组分固体的原位漫反射红外光谱实验,研究了两种煤的镜质组和丝质组中的氢键分布及热稳定性.两种显微组分间氢键分布的规律相似;镜质组中SH-N、羧酸二聚体和自缔合羟基等的热稳定性比丝质组中的高.但对OH-N、羟基四聚体和OH-OR₂的热稳定性随煤岩组分的变化无明显规律;随着温度的升高,OH-π含量先升高后降低,于350～380℃达最大值,其中镜质组OH-π的含量增加较快.显微组分中氢键的变化规律反映了其结构上的差异.     

Hydrogen Bonds in Coal -The Influence of Coal Rank and the Recognition of a New Hydrogen Bond in Coal

By means of in-situ diffuse reflectance FTIR.The IR spectra of 6 coals with different ranks were obtained from room temperature to 230℃.A new curve fitting method was used to recognize the different hydrogen bonds in the coals.and the influence of coal ranks on the distribution of hydrogen bonds(HBs) in the coals and their thermal stability were discussed.The results show that there is another new HB(around 2514cm^-1) between the-SH in mercaptans or thiophenols and the nitrogen in the pyridine-like compounds in the coals.and the evidence for that was provided.The controversial band of the HB between hydroxyl and the nitrogen of the pyridine-like compounds was determined in the range of 3028-2984cm^-1,and the result is comsistent with but more specific than that of Painter et al.It was ound that the stability of different HBs in the coals is influenced by both coal rank and temperature,For some HBs.the higher the coal rank,the higher the stability of them.Within the temperature range of our research,the stability of the HB between the hydroxyl and the π bond increases to some extent for some coals at temperatures higher than 110 or 140℃.     

13C固体核磁共振分析煤中含氧官能团的研究

采用 ¹³C交叉极化/魔角旋转-核磁共振（¹³C CP/MAS NMR）技术对四种煤进行分析，结合化学分析方法，考察了含氧官能团的分布规律，尤其是非活性醚键的含量。结果表明，¹³C CP/MAS NMR方法可以定量分析煤中部分含氧官能团，四种煤中羧基和羰基的含量分别为0.00~1.41和0.45~1.91 mol/kg；¹³C CP/MAS NMR与化学分析方法结合，可以定量解析煤中非活性醚键的含量，四种煤的醚键含量值为5.33~10.54 mol/kg，而活性醚键含量仅为0.04~0.13 mol/kg，煤中醚键的赋存状态以非活性醚键为主。     

Application of reflectance micro-infrared spectroscopy in coal structure studies

Fourier transform infrared micro-scale analysis of organic matter has been applied to characterise individual petrographic components of coal. The use of an infrared microscope made it possible to study and compare different parts of a single individual grain of vitrinite. This method enables analysis of particular macerals without the need for previous separation from coals. For this purpose the polished grainy micro-sections of coal have been prepared. The results obtained indicated the progression of aromatisation in the vitrinite structure with an increase of coalification degree of the parent coals.     

煤热解过程中含氮产物的析出及金属离子的催化特性研究

选择3种典型煤种为研究对象,通过脱灰和添加含Fe、Ca、Na等金属盐,研究煤热解过程中金属离子对含氮气相产物析出特性的影响以及与煤种和温度的交互关联。结果表明,脱灰煤HCN和NH3的产率均比原煤样下降,而随温度的升高HCN的产率逐渐增大,NH3的产率则先增加后减小,在800℃有最大值。金属离子对不同变质程度煤的含氮气相产物析出的催化作用不同;Fe和Na抑制中等变质程度煤HCN的析出,而对低变质程度煤起促进作用,Ca则对HCN的析出均有一定的促进作用。而对于NH3的形成,3种离子均对中等变质程度煤有抑制作用,而对低变质程度的煤则有促进作用。不同金属离子对HCN和NH3析出的催化作用均有一定的范围。煤热解时含氮气相产物的析出是煤中固有多种金属离子共同作用的结果。     

Biomarker Assemblages of Resin-Genetic Immature Source Rocks and Their Geological Significance

In view of the exploration cases of immature coal-associated hydrocarbons in the world, it can be seen that resinite and exudatinite are important macerals in Huangxian and Baise brown coals on the basis of a random sampling investigation from twelve Chinese Tertiary coal-bearing basins, and resin-genetlc compounds, i.e. isopimarane, abietane, simonellite, retene, etc., account for 60% and more of total hydrocarbon fractions in the soluble parts of both the brown coals. Owing to the effect of redox environmental factors during sedimentary and diagenetic phases, the aromaticity of resin-genetic compounds is apparently different in both kinds of brown coals, it probably is one of the important reasons why naphthenic base or aromatic base oils have resulted.     

粒径对不同煤阶煤焦气化反应活性的影响研究

选取气流床气化炉所使用不同煤阶的八种煤焦,通过多级筛分制得单分散煤粉样本,利用热重分析仪考察了气化温度、煤焦粒径对不同煤阶煤焦CO_2气化反应的影响。对比了不同碳转化率阶段下的反应差异,并讨论了高碳转化率阶段的情况。研究表明,随着煤阶的升高,煤焦碳微晶结构更为有序,其气化活性也随之降低。煤焦粒径对气化反应的影响与煤阶有关。对于无烟煤,平均粒径300μm的无烟煤煤焦转化率达到95%所需时间可达40μm煤焦的7倍;对于褐煤与烟煤,由于其孔隙结构较为发达,粒径变化对煤焦气化活性的影响并不明显。综合煤阶、气化温度、煤焦粒径对气化反应活性的影响发现,相较低阶煤,提高气化温度、减小煤焦粒径能够更有效地提升高阶煤气化反应活性。