Synthesis of polyphenol microsphere‐supported palladium complex and evaluation of its catalytic performance for Heck reaction

Polyphenol microspheres were prepared by template polymerization of phenol in the presence of horseradish peroxidase as bio‐enzyme catalyst and aqueous 1,4‐dioxane as solvent. The morphology of polyphenol microspheres thus obtained was observed with a scanning electron microscope. Further, polyphenol microspheres as obtained were loaded with palladium to generate polyphenol microsphere‐supported Pd complex. Resultant Pd complex catalyst supported by polyphenol microspheres was characterized by means of Fourier transformation infrared spectrometry, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and its thermal stability was examined. Moreover, the catalytic activity of polyphenol microsphere‐supported Pd catalyst as synthesized for the Heck reactions of acrylic acid with aryl iodides was evaluated. Results indicate that the polyphenol microsphere as obtained has a diameter of about 500 nm. Polyphenol microsphere‐supported Pd catalyst, as synthesized, at a dosage of 0.37 mol% Pd, possesses good catalytic activity for the Heck reactions of acrylic acid with aryl iodides in air at a low temperature of 50°C, and it also exhibits catalytic activity for bromide and activated chlorobenzene. The polyphenol microsphere‐supported Pd complex has good thermal stability, and it can be readily separated and reused; the yield of the reaction of iodobenzene with acrylic acid remains at 82% after five recycle runs, showing promising potential as a catalyst for Heck reactions. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Catalytic performances of heteropoly compounds supported on dealuminated ultra-stable Y zeolite for liquid-phase esterification

Carboxylic ester is one of the important fine chemicals, which is usually synthesized with various mineral acids as catalysts, such as H2SO4, HF, H3PO4, etc. But these liquid catalysts are toxic, corrosive and often hard to be recovered from the reaction …     

离子交换树脂固载SnCl4：合成,表征和酯化反应

均相催化剂的固载化,由于具有独特属性,近年来发展很快.我们在用高分于材料固载路易斯酸的研究中,发现固载在离子交换树脂的路易斯酸催化性能非常稳定.本文将空气中强烈水解,且腐蚀性很强的四氯化锡与大孔苯乙烯系阳离子交换树脂反应,首次合成了离了交换树脂四氯化锡复合物(以下简写成压IER·SnCl_4),并对IER·SnCl_4的IR、UV光谱性质及在酯化反应中的催化性能进行了研究.结果表明IER·SnCl_4不仅活性高,而且在重复使用性能上表现了突出特点,显示了良好的应用前景.     

Morphological silica-supported acid catalyst for esterification of aliphatic fatty acid

Abstract

Silica-supported acid catalysts were synthesized and characterized for composition, morphology, particle size distribution, and crystallinity. The catalysts are used for the esterification of long-chain aliphatic acids with alcohol to produce the corresponding ester. Process parameters such as time, temperature, and solvent ratio influence the conversion of fatty acid to ester. A supported catalyst was found to show higher catalytic activity as compared to the conventional sulfuric acid catalyst.     

Sulphate-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes as catalysts for the esterification of glycerol with acetic acid

Sulphate-functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (S-CNTs) were synthesized by an efficient and convenient method and characterized by FT-IR and TEM methods. Catalytic activities of the S-CNTs were evaluated in the esterification of glycerol with acetic acid at low temperature under atmospheric pressure. The CNTs grafted with sulphate groups show activity and stability in this reaction. The catalyst can be recycled and reused for several times without any significant loss of its catalytic activity.     

Xylan-type hemicelluloses supported terpyridine–palladium(II) complex as an efficient and recyclable catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura reaction

Xylan-type hemicelluloses supported terpyridine–palladium(II) as a novel biomass-supported catalyst was synthesized and characterized in terms of morphology, composition, and thermal stability. The nano-Pd catalyst was further explored for Suzuki–Miyaura reaction between arylboronic acid and aryl halide under aerobic condition, with a yield up to 98 %. In particular, the catalyst exhibited both high catalytic activity and stability for Suzuki–Miyaura reaction. Furthermore, the catalyst could be easily recovered by simple filtration and reused at least six times without significant loss of its catalytic activity. This work provides a novel and effective supported catalyst, and broadens the applications of polysaccharides in green catalysis.     

POLYMER-SUPPORTED LEWIS ACID CATALYSTS. Ⅵ. POLYSTYRENE-BONDED STANNIC CHLORIDE CATALYST

A polystyrene-bonded stannic chloride catalyst was synthesized by the method of lithium polystyryl combined with stannic chloride. This catalyst is a polymeric organometallic compound containing 0.25 mmol Sn (Ⅳ)/g catalyst. The catalyst showed sufficient stability and catalytic activity in organic reaction such as esterification, acetalation and ketal formation, and it could be reused many times without losing its catalytic activity.     

乳酸丁酯的非均相催化合成

在Ga2 O3负载量为20％,500℃焙烧2h的条件下制备了固体酸催化剂Ga2 O3/SiO2,利用红外光谱分析对催化剂进行了表征.将其用于非均相催化合成乳酸丁酯的反应,考察了催化剂用量、n(正丁醇)∶n(乳酸)、环己烷用量、反应时间和催化剂重复使用性能等因素对酯化率的影响.结果表明,该催化剂催化合成乳酸丁酯的适宜反应...     

磺酸型阳离子交换树脂催化合成肉桂酸甲酯

以磺酸型阳离子交换树脂为催化剂，由肉桂酸和甲醇合成了肉桂酸甲酯。考察了反应条件对酯化反应的影响和树脂的催化稳定性。结果表明，肉桂酸的转化率可达９５．５％，且催化剂的性能稳定。     

Polymer-supported lewis acid catalysts. VII. Polystyrene-bonded Ti(IV) chloride catalysts

A polystyrene-bonded Ti(IV) chloride catalyst was synthesized by the reaction of a polystyryl lithium (catalyst I , PS—TiCl₂) or a polystyryl magnesium (catalyst II , PS-TiCl₃) combined with titanium tetrachloride. The catalyst produced is a polymeric organometallic compound containing 0.479 mmol Ti/g catalyst, 0.986 mmol Cl/g catalyst (catalyst I ) and 0.281 mmol Ti/g catalyst, 0.766 mmol Cl/g catalyst (catalyst II ), depending on the method of synthesis. Both catalysts showed very good stability and good catalytic activity in such organic reactions as esterification, acetalation, and ketal formation. They can be reused many times without losing its catalytic activity. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

七水三氯化铈-碘化钠/二氧化硅-壳聚糖催化剂的制备及其在脱保护反应中的应用

分别以Y沸石、活性碳和二氧化硅-壳聚糖(SiO₂-CS)为载体、利用浸渍法制备了一系列负载型七水三氯化铈-碘化钠(CeCl₃·7H₂O-NaI)催化剂,考察了它们在叔丁基苯基醚的脱保护反应中的催化性能。 结果表明,SiO₂-CS为载体的催化剂呈现出良好的催化性能和较高的稳定性。 另外,在中性条件下,SiO₂-CS负载CeCl₃·7H₂O-NaI催化剂在叔丁基醚及1,3-二硫缩醛脱保护反应中呈现出较高的催化活性,从而避免使用强酸和强碱。     

酸性聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮—杂多酸杂化催化剂的合成及其催化酯化反应性能

合成并表征了聚乙烯基吡咯烷酮修饰的杂多酸杂化催化剂PVP-PW,比较了它与其它催化剂上乙酸和正丁醇的酯化反应性能.结果表明,PVP-PW是催化酯化反应的高效多相催化剂,所得酯收率和选择性分别高达98.4%和100%;反应结束后,催化剂通过简单过滤即可分离回收,重复使用6次后,其催化活性没有明显下降.通过改变反应底物羧酸和醇,发现催化剂PVP-PW在众多酯化反应中均具有较高的催化活性.     

聚吡咯改性炭载Pd催化剂促进甲酸电氧化

直接甲酸燃料电池(DFAFC)阳极活性炭载Pd催化剂活性组分易聚集,分散差且存在炭载体的电腐蚀作用,造成催化活性低稳定性差。 为解决上述问题,本文通过调控炭载Pd催化剂的载体改善催化活性和稳定性。 采用低温化学氧化法制备了聚吡咯(PPy)与活性炭复合材料,在聚合过程中加入活性炭,经过高温热解聚吡咯形成复合碳载体负载Pd催化剂,并表征了热解聚吡咯碳修饰催化剂表面形貌,发现聚吡咯修饰后的催化剂载体表面氮元素以吡咯氮的形式存在,催化剂活性组分Pd纳米粒子可稳定在2.25 nm。 通过甲酸电催化氧化性能测试,结果表明,Pd单位质量比活性比Pd/C催化剂提高了2.5倍。     

Synthesis of mono and diesters using eco-friendly solid acid catalyst – zirconium titanium phosphate

Abstract

Amorphous zirconium titanium phosphate (ZTPA), an advanced inorganic ion exchanger of the class of tetravalent bimetallic acid (TBMA) salt, has been synthesized by sol gel route. ZTPA has been characterized by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES), Thermal analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The acid sites present in ZTPA indicate good potential to be explored as solid acid catalyst. The catalytic characteristics of ZTPA have been evaluated by determining surface area and surface acidity. The catalytic performance of ZTPA as a solid acid catalyst has been explored by studying esterification as a model reaction wherein mono and diesters have been synthesized. Crystalline zirconium titanium phosphate as well as amorphous and crystalline phases of zirconium phosphate and titanium phosphate have also been synthesized, characterized, and their catalytic performance investigated for comparative studies. TBMA salt exhibits enhanced catalytic activity compared to its single salt counterparts and amorphous phases exhibit higher catalytic activity compared to their crystalline phases.     

Cyclodextrin-assisted catalytic hydrogenation of hydrophobic substrates with halloysite immobilized ruthenium NPs dispersed in aqueous phase

Halloysite nanotube supported ruthenium catalyst was prepared by an easy and reproducible in situ bottom up approach. Ruthenium (III) chloride was reduced by sodium borohydride in the presence of halloysite nanotubes dispersed in water. Several analyses confirm the immobilization of ruthenium particles onto the aluminosilicate support. The synthesized catalyst was then tested in the hydrogenation of 1-hexadecene, a highly hydrophobic compound, in aqueous medium using cyclodextrins as mass transfer additives. The catalytic activity deeply depended on the nature of the cyclodextrin. Best results were obtained with randomly methylated β-cyclodextrin. The catalytic system was also evaluated in the hydrogenation of biosourced long chain alkenes such as fatty acid methyl esters and vegetable oils and showed high activities in mild reaction conditions.     

新型磷钨酸基固体酸催化油酸酯化合成生物柴油

利用磷钨酸（PTA）与1,2,3-三氮唑-4,5-二羧酸（TDA）在水溶液中的反应,合成了一种新的固体酸TDA-PTA,采用X射线粉末衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、红外光谱（FT-IR）、热重（TG）以及电位滴定等方法对其进行了表征,并以油酸与甲醇的酯化反应为探针反应,考察了其催化性能,探讨了催化剂用量、醇酸物质的量比、反应时间、反应温度以及催化剂重复利用次数等对产物收率的影响。结果表明,TDA-PTA不仅保留有磷钨酸典型的Keggin结构,而且具有较强的酸强度;经修饰后,催化剂具有规整的球形形貌,比表面积明显大于磷钨酸;TDA-PTA在油酸与甲醇的酯化反应中表现出了优良的催化活性,尤其显示出好的重复利用性,六次使用后,仍得到86.8%的油酸甲酯产率,催化剂的物相以及Keggin结构没有明显变化。     

季鏻盐型三相相转移催化剂的制备及其化学结构与相转移催化活性的关系

 使用两种 ω-氯代酰氯 (氯乙酰氯与氯丁酰氯) 对交联聚苯乙烯微球 (CPS) 进行 Friedel-Crafts 酰基化反应,使用 1,4-二氯甲氧基丁烷对 CPS 微球进行氯甲基化反应, 分别将可交换的氯引入 CPS 微球表面, 制备了化学改性的 CPS 微球. 然后使用三苯基膦对改性微球进行季鏻化反应, 制备了间隔臂 (spacer arm) 长度不同的三种季鏻 (QP) 盐型三相相转移催化剂 QP-CPS. 考察了主要反应条件对制备过程的影响, 并以氯化苄与乙酸钠合成乙酸苄酯的反应体系作为三相相转移催化的模型体系, 初步考察了 QP-CPS 的相转移催化活性,探索了催化剂结构与相转移催化活性的关系. 结果表明, 季鏻盐的化学稳定性较差,在制备过程中需控制反应时间与温度, 且宜选用极性较高的溶剂. 季鏻盐型三相相转移催化剂 QP-CPS 对乙酸苄酯的合成具有较高的催化活性, 在液-固-液之间可有效地实现反应物种乙酸根的转移. 与季铵盐 (QN) 型三相相转移催化剂 QN-CPS 相比, 季鏻盐型三相相转移催化剂 QP-CPS 具有更高的相转移催化活性. 间隔臂越长, QP-CPS 的相转移催化活性越高, QP-CPS 的亲水和亲油性能对相转移催化活性也有很大的影响.     

Efficient cenosphere supported catalyst for the esterification of n-octanol with acetic acid

An efficient heterogeneous acid catalyst was developed using cenospheres, a byproduct of coal-fired thermal power plants by the method of wet impregnation. Catalyst characterization was carried out using various analytical techniques, namely, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction, field emission gun scanning electron microscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area and surface acidity analysis. The characterization revealed the excellent catalytic activity of the catalyst for the esterification reaction of n-octanol and acetic acid. Various reaction parameters, namely, catalyst loading, a molar ratio of alcohol/acid and reaction temperature were evaluated and optimized by response surface methodology using the Box–Behnken model. The response surface methodology model equations corresponding to the conversion of acid and % yield of ester were developed. The model well predicted the optimal reaction conditions, which were validated experimentally with good agreement. The excellent catalytic performance was observed in the esterification reaction with high conversion of acid (95.34%) and high yield of n-octyl acetate (94.81%). Reusability study of the catalyst showed that the catalyst could be used efficiently up to three reaction cycles. This study explores the use of cenospheres to prepare a solid acid catalyst for the industrially important esterification reactions.     

Multi-wall carbon nanotube-supported manganese(III) porphyrin: An efficient and reusable catalyst for the oxidation of alkenes with H2O2 under ultrasonic irradiation

A manganese complex of meso-tetrakis(p-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin immobilized onto functionalized multi-wall carbon nanotubes has been synthesized and characterized. The catalytic activity of this heterogeneous catalyst was investigated in the oxidation of various olefins with hydrogen peroxide under ultrasonic irradiation. The role of the stoichiometric amounts of acetic anhydride/or acetic acid as an activator that introduces in situ peracetic acid is discussed. This heterogeneous catalyst was highly reusable in the oxidation reactions and reused several times without significant loss of its catalytic activity.     

NaHSO4·H2O催化合成苯甲酸甲酯

以 Na HSO4 · H2 O催化苯甲酸与甲醇的酯化反应 ,合成了苯甲酸甲酯。研究结果表明 ,Na HSO4 · H2 O具有较高的催化活性。考察了苯甲酸 /甲醇摩尔比、催化剂用量及反应时间对酯产率的影响。在优化反应条件 [n(苯甲酸 )∶n(甲醇 )∶n( Na HSO4 ·H2 O) =1∶ 2∶ 0 .2 9,回流8h]下 ,苯甲酸甲酯产率达 85.3 %。