DYE-SENSITIZED PHOTOLYSIS OF o-Cl-HEXAARYLBIIMIDAZOLE AND PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION KINETICS STUDY OF THE LONG WAVE-LENGTH DYE/HEXAARYLBIIMIDAZOLE SYSTEMS*

o-Chloro-hexaarylbiimidazole (o-Cl-HABI) can be sensitized efficiently by the dyes 1-ethyl-3'-methyl thiacyaninebromide (C 1), 3,3'-diethyl thiacarbocyanine iodide (C 2), and cyclopentanone 2,5-bis[2-(1,3-dihydro-1,3,3-trimethyl-2H-indol-2-ylidene)ethylidene] (C 3) through electron transfer proceses. When exposed to a xenon lamp (filtered by Pyrex glass),the photosensitive systems composed of o-Cl-HABI and the above dyes can produce free radicals which initiate thepolymerization of MMA. The photopolymerization kinetics equation was obtained for the o-Cl-HABI/C2 system, R_p=K [C2]~(0.75)[o-Cl-HABI]~(0.44)[MTA]~(0.12)[MMA]~(10). A comparison of the influence of different dyes on the conversion of MMA photopolymerization was conducted.     

VISIBLE LIGHT PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION OF METHYL METHACRYLATE COINITIATED WITH TITANOCENE AND KETOCOUMARIN DYE*

The photosensitive system which can initiate methyl methacrylate with visible light was composedof compound 1 bis(η-5-cyclopentadienyl)-bis[2,6-difluoro-3-(1-H-pyrrolyl)phenyl]titanium (titanocene) andcompound 2 [(3,3'-carbonylbis(7-diethylamino coumarin)] (ketocoumarin dye). The high photosensitiveinitiating efficiency of this photosensitive system could be very promising for efficient system for laser (Ar~+488 nm) to plate and photocuring for thick coating and ink. The variation of UV-visible spectrum ofcompound 2 during irradiation indicates that photolysis of compound 2 is through its triplet state and it canbe quenched by O_2. The much quicker photobleaching of the photosensitive system suggests that there existscertain quick electron transfer reaction between compounds 1 and 2.     

PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION OF MMA INITIATED BY CYANINE DYE AND HEXAARYLBIIMIDAZ0LE

The photoinitiating system composed of 1-ethyl-3'-methylthiacyanine bro-mide (C-I), 2-chlorohexaarylbiimidazole (o-Cl-HABI) and 3-mercapto-4-methyl-4H-1, 2, 4-triazole (MTA), which act as sensitizer, initiator and hydrogen-donor respectively, can beused to initiate the polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA). The kinetic study wascarried out in trichloromathane solution at 30℃ by using dilatometry. The relation be-tween the polymerization rate and the concentrations of C-I, o-Cl-HABI, MTA and MMAwas studied.     

PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION INITIATED BY DIMETHYLAMINOCHALCONE/DIPHENYLIODONIUM SALT COMBINATION SYSTEM SENSITIVE TO VISIBLE LIGHT

Several dimethylamino-substituted chalcone (i .e. dimethylaminobenzal acetophenone) (DBA) derivatives with intramolecular charge transfer transition character were used as visible light sensitizers for radical photopolymerization initiated by iodonium salt (DPIO). Initiating radical species is produced from DBA sensitized photolysis of DPIO through the single electron transfer, accompanying the bleaching of DBA, The activity of DBA decreases as a function of substituent attached to phenyl ring in the order: DBA-2 (OCH_3) >DBA-1(H)> DBA-3 (Cl). The kinetic study on photopolymerization of MMA was carried out in CH_3CN solution at 30 ℃by dilatometry. The polymerization rate was determined to be proportional to the concentration with exponents of 0.42, 0.25 and 0.86 for DPIO, DBA-1 and MMA, respectively.     

KINETICS OF POLYMERIZATION OF METHYL METHACRYLATE INITIATED BY COPPER POLYPROPYLENE-BASED POLYAMIDOXIME-SODIUM SULFITE SYSTEM*

The aqueous polymerization of methyl methacrylate initiated by copper polypropylene-based polyamidoxime (PPAO-Cu) -sodium sulfite system was investigated. The overall rate of polymerization (R_p) isR_p=9.7 x 10~(12) e~(-21.200/RT) [MMA]~(O.88)[Na_2 SO_3]~(0.50)The length of the induction period (τ) is inversely proportional to the concentration of sodium sultite and independent of the amount of polymer supported copper and the concentration of monomer. It could be expressed as follows:1/τ=1.2x10~(12)e~(-15.600/RT)[Na_2SO_3]=K_τR_iThe polymerization is initiated by a primary radical generated from the redox reaction rather than induced by "coordination-proton transfer" mechanism.     

THE PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION OF MMA INITIATED BY 3-ARYLOYLCOUMARIN COMPOUNDS

A bulk photopolymerization of methyl methacryhte (MMA) initiated by 3-benzolocoumarin (Sen. 1)——triethylamine (TEA) coinitiated has been studied. Results were compared with a well known photoinitiator system, benzopbenone (BP)——TEA. The mechanism of the reaction has been discussed.     

新型的香豆素染料/碘鎓盐光敏引发系统的研究

在实际应用中,大部分光敏引发系统只对紫外光敏感．近年来,随着Ａｒ＋（４８８ｎｍ）、ＹＡＧ（５３２ｎｍ）以及ＨｅＮｅ（６３３ｎｍ）激光技术的不断发展,高效的长波长光敏引发体系成为研究的重点．其中之一的方法是使引发剂直接感可见光,然而取得的结果并不显著．所以染料敏化又一次成为焦点．其中最重要的技术是使光敏引发系统的吸收波长移向长波长,并且具有高的灵敏度．大部分的光敏引发系统是由二个或三个组分组成,长波长的光引发聚合是通过以下两种不同过程得到实现［１］：（１）光敏系统直接吸收光并激发,（２）光引发系…     

方酸菁染料/二芳基碘鑑盐体系引发丙烯酸酯光交联反应

近年来随着高新技术的迅猛发展,激光技术和光化学也随之大量应用到先进材料中,为适应这种发展需要,开发感可见光和近红外光的光敏反应体系已成为十分迫切的研究课题［１,２］．方酸类染料是一类重要的功能性染料,广泛地应用于静电复印、太阳能电池和光记录材料［３］...     

新型的香豆素染料/碘( )盐光敏引发系统的研究

在实际应用中,大部分光敏引发系统只对紫外光敏感.近年来,随着Ar+(488nm)、YAG(532nm)以及He-Ne(633nm)激光技术的不断发展,高效的长波长光敏引发体系成为研究的重点.其中之一的方法是使引发剂直接感可见光,然而取得的结果并不显著.所以染料敏化又一次成为焦点.其中最重要的技术是使光敏引发系统的吸收波长移向长波长,并且具有高的灵敏度.     

STUDIES ON RADICAL POLYMERIZATION OF METHYL METHACRYLATE INITIATED WITH ORGANIC PEROXIDE-AMINE SYSTEMS

Radical polymerization of methyl mcthacrylate (MMA) initiated with various diacyl peroxideamine systems was studied. Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and lauroyl peroxide (LPO) were used as diacyl peroxide component, N,N-dimethyl aniline (DMA) and its para substituted derivatives, i.e., N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine (DMT), p-hydroxymethyl-N,N-dimethyl aniline (HDMA), p-nitro-N,N-dimethyl aniline (NDMA) and p-dimethylamino benzaldehyde (DMAB) were used as amine components. It was found that the peroxide-DMT systems give higher rates of bulk polymerization R_p of MMA than the organic hydroperoxide-DMT systems with the following descending order BPO-DMT>LPO-DMT>CHP (cumene hydroperoxide)-DMT>TBH (tert-butyl hydroperoxide)-DMT. The aromatic tertiary amines possess obvious structural effect on the R_p values in the diacyl peroxideamine system. The overall activation energy of MMA polymerization was determined and thekinetics of polymerization of MMA initiated with BPO-DMT system was investigated.     

SYNTHESIS OF POLY(METHYL METHACRYLATE)-graft-POLYSTYRENE BY ATOM TRANSFER RADICAL POLYMERIZATION

The radical copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate was carried out via atomtransfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiated by ethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate and catalyzed by CuBr/2,2'-bipyridinecomplex. This polymerization proceeds in a living fashion with controlled molecular weight and low polydispersity. Theobtained copolymer was esterified with 2-bromoisobutylryl bromide yielding a macroinitiator, poly(methyl methacrylate-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-2-(2-bromoisobutyryloxy)ethyl methacrylate), and its structure was characterized by ~1H-NMR. This macroinitiator was used for ATRP of styrene to synthesize poly(methyl methacrylate)-graft-polystyrene. Themolecular weight of graft copolymer increased with the monomer conversion, and the polydispersity remained relatively low.The individual grafted polystyrene chains were cleaved from the macroinitiator backbone by hydrolysis and the hydrolyzed product was characterized by ~1H-NMR and GPC.     

STUDIES ON THE KINETICS OF VINYL PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION INITIATED BY CONDENSED AROMATIC HYDROCARBON-ANILINE SYSTEMS

The photopolymerization of acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate initiated by condensed aro-matic hydrocarbon-aniline systenis was studied at 25℃under irradiation of 365 nm wavelengthlight. From kinetic data the monomer exponent has been measured to be 1.1. Within the concen-tration of 10~(-4)--10~(-3)M, the aromatic hydrocarbon exponents changrd from 0.30 to 0.40, depedingon the values of molar extinction coefficient of the hydrocarbons at 365 nm (ε_(365)). The greater theε_(365), the Iower the exponents. The aniline exponents were measured to be in the range of 0.30--0.45. The aromatic hydrocarbon-aniline systems with the lower aniline exponent showed a lower ratioof the fiuorescence quenching of the hydrocarbon by aniline and by the monomer.     

PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION IN THE MICELLAR SYSTEMSⅡ THE CATALYSIS OF PKT FUNCTIONAL MICELLE*

A kind of cationic compounds, having benzophenone end group and various length chain (PKT) (BP-CH_2N+R_2R'·X~-, R&R' different chain iength alkyl group) were used as photosensitizers. Various BP/TEA systems have been used for study, The efficiency of MMA photopolymerization initiated by them shows PKT>BP in homogeneous water solution and PKT> BP/CTAB in micellar water solution. The results obtained indicate that catalytic effects of PKT type functional micelles are far greater than that of common micelle with the enhancement of polymerization rate over 10 times compared with BP in water solution. The catalytic role, reaction character of PKT, effect of counter ions and retarding effect of oxygen have also been discussed.     

THE KINETICS OF METHYL METHACRYLATE POLYMERIZATION INITIATED BY THE VOLATILE PRODUCTS OF A METHYL METHACRYLATE PLASMA

It is found that the volatile products of methyl methacrylate plasma can very actively initiate the polymerization of the monomer to produce ultrahigh molecular weight polymers. This polymerization of MMA occurs by a livlng free radical mechanism with instantaneous initiation and monomer transfer.     

STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF VINYL PHOTOPOLYMERIZATION INITIATED BY CONDENSED AROMATIC HYDROCARBON-ANILINE SYSTEMS

Initiation mechanism of the photopolymerization of acrylonitrile and methyl methacrylate, usingbinary condensed aromatic hydrocarbon (CAH)-aniline systems as initiator, was studied. The strongerthe electron-donating ability of the aniline derivatives, the faster the the of photopolymerizationwill be. The radical intermediates produced by photoreaction between anthracene and anilinewere detected with ESR spectra. The initiation scheme involves the formation of exciplex betweenthe excited singlet state of CAH and the ground state of aniline as the first step, and then followedby proton transfer, leading to the generation of two kinds of radicals. From the end-group analysisof the polymers obtained, it is suggested that both kinds of radicals are involved in the initiation.     

3-芳甲酰基香豆素类化合物光引发聚合的研究

<正> 近年来,3-芳甲酰基香豆素类化合物,作为有效的用于高分子光引发交联的光敏剂和光共引发剂已受到重视,Williams等曾对这类化合物在高分子薄膜中的聚合能力进行了研究,认为其作为光敏剂效果甚佳。本文研究了光敏剂(scn.1)-三乙胺(TEA)体系引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)的光聚合,通过与二苯酮(BP)-TEA体系比较,指出了前者具有更高的引发效率,并从光引发聚合体系中光敏剂的激发态性质揭示了这一过程     

POLYMERIZATION OF METHYL METHACRYLATE WITH ORGANOLANTHANIDES AS SINGLE-COMPONENT CATALYSTS*

 It was first found that Ind₂Y(μ-Et)₂AlEt₂ and Ind₂LnN(i-Pr)₂ (Ln = Y, Yb) exhibit extremely high catalytic activity in the polymerization of methyl methacrylate. The reactions can be carried out over a quite broad range of polymerization temperatures from -30 to 50℃. PMMA with high molecular weight (7.8 × l0^-5) and high isotacticity (94%) can be obtained by using Ind₂Y(μ-Et)₂AlEt₂, and narrow molecular weight distribution (M_w/M_n < 1.5) can be obtained by using Ind₂LnN(iPr)₂(Ln = Y, Yb).     

THE EFFECTS OF HINDERED AMINES ON METHYL METHACRYLATE POLYMERIZATION

The effects of hindered amines, such as TMP, TMPM, TUV-770, on MMA and St homopoly-merization have been studied. It was found that in the MMA polymerization initiated with BPO orAIBN, the presence of TMPM, TUV-770 prolonged the induction period and a little change on R_p wasobserved. However, in the presence of TMP R_p increased slightly. The activation energy of poly-merization and polymerization rate equation were determined.     

MORPHOLOGICAL OBSERVATION OF SINGLE-CHAIN POLY (METHYL METHACRYLATE) PARTICLES*

Tapping mode atomic force microscope has been applied to observe single-chain PMMAparticles which were stored for six months at room temperature after sprayed from verydilute solutions in good solvents, good/poor mixed solvents, and a theta solvent. Monodis-perse PMMA standards of molecular weights ranging from 7.90×10~4 to 1.3×10~6 wereused to investigate the effect of molecular weight oh the size of the single-chain PMMAparticles. These single-chain particles showed close to spherical shapes. The morphologyof single-chain PMMA particles of a given molecular weight was found to be identical inspite of different solvents used for solution spraying. Molecular weigh dependence of theparticle dimension was also found. The diameters of single-chain PMMA particles aftercorrection of tlp-geometry effect were compared to the values estimated from molecularweight and density.     

STUDIES ON POLYMERIZATION KINETICS OF METHYL METHACRYLATE AT HIGH CONVERSION

The bulk polymerization of methyl methacrylate which was carried out in a metallic dilatometer and in a differential scanning calorimeter has been studied over the complete course of the reaction. An attempt was made to quantitatively express the relation on the onset of gel effect and the final conversion with polymerization conditions such as temperature, kinds and concentration of initiators. It was demonstrated further that the final conversion of polymerization in homogeneous ideal systems is only dependent upon the reaction temperature.