共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 93 毫秒
1.
Invariance is one of several dimensions of causal relationships within the interventionist account. The more invariant a relationship between two variables, the more the relationship should be considered paradigmatically causal. In this paper, I propose two formal measures to estimate invariance, illustrated by a simple example. I then discuss the notion of invariance for causal relationships between non-nominal (i.e., ordinal and quantitative) variables, for which Information theory, and hence the formalism proposed here, is not well suited. Finally, I propose how invariance could be qualified for such variables. 相似文献
2.
《Nuclear Physics B》1986,276(2):349-365
It is stressed that the basic principle of the standard gauge theories is the invariance under internal symmetry transformations that do not commute with translations. This concept is generalized to the case where the translation group is replaced by an arbitrarily given non-abelian group G. The generalized Yang-Mills theory, called gauge theory over G, is an attractive extension of the standard formalism. The gauge theory over the conformal group is proposed as the fundamental theory of bosonic strings. As is usual in gauge theories, the interaction is uniquely specified by the invariance properties. For strings, overlap conditions between string positions come out in a natural way. The powerful machinery of Yang-Mills theories is fully applicable to the gauge theories over groups. In particular, an example of the Higgs-Kibble mechanism is given. 相似文献
3.
We discuss on the possible existence of a supersymmetric invariance in purely fermionic planar systems and its relation to the fermion-boson mapping in three-dimensional quantum field theory. We consider, as a very simple example, the bosonization of free massive fermions and show that, under certain conditions on the masses, this model displays a supersymmetric-like invariance in the low energy regime. We construct the purely fermionic expression for the supercurrent and the non-linear supersymmetry transformation laws. We argue that the supersymmetry is absent in the limit of massless fermions where the bosonized theory is non-local. 相似文献
4.
U(N) invariance of previously established extended supergravity theories (O(1), O(2), O(3)) is shown to be also compatible with the O(4) theory at the first non-trivial order in the Newton constant. If U(4) invariance remains true to all orders the non-polynomial feature of this theory is enormously simplified. As an example we determine, to all orders, the non-polynomial correction to the spin-1 kinetic term using some of the constraints of supersymmetry. 相似文献
5.
Barbour’s interpretation of Mach’s principle led him to postulate that gravity should be formulated as a dynamical theory of spatial conformal geometry, or in his terminology, “shapes.” Recently, it was shown that the dynamics of General Relativity can indeed be formulated as the dynamics of shapes. This new Shape Dynamics theory, unlike earlier proposals by Barbour and his collaborators, implements local spatial conformal invariance as a gauge symmetry that replaces refoliation invariance in General Relativity. It is the purpose of this paper to answer frequent questions about (new) Shape Dynamics, such as its relation to Poincaré invariance, General Relativity, Constant Mean (extrinsic) Curvature gauge, earlier Shape Dynamics, and finally the conformal approach to the initial value problem of General Relativity. Some of these relations can be clarified by considering a simple model: free electrodynamics and its dual shift symmetric formulation. This model also serves as an example where symmetry trading is used for usual gauge theories. 相似文献
6.
在解决相对论中关于参考系变换的问题时往往需要复杂冗长的计算,常用二惯性系映射法将计算问题转化为几何问题,该法快速而直观,但初学者较难掌握.为体现洛伦兹变换的动态过程以及传递物理学在变化中追求不变性的价值观,本文提出新的几何化方法即双曲旋转法.该法在二惯性系映射法的基础上以时空间隔不变性为依据进行双曲旋转,并辅以因果关系... 相似文献
7.
General coordinate invariance and conformal invariance in nonrelativistic physics: Unitary Fermi gas
D.T. Son 《Annals of Physics》2006,321(1):197-224
We show that the Lagrangian for interacting nonrelativistic particles can be coupled to an external gauge field and metric tensor in a way that exhibits a nonrelativistic version of general coordinate invariance. We explore the consequences of this invariance on the example of the degenerate Fermi gas at infinite scattering length, where conformal invariance also plays an important role. We find the most general effective Lagrangian consistent with both general coordinate and conformal invariance to leading and next-to-leading orders in the momentum expansion. At the leading order the Lagrangian contains one phenomenological constant and reproduces the results of the Thomas-Fermi theory and superfluid hydrodynamics. At the next-to-leading order there are two additional constants. We express various physical quantities through these constants. 相似文献
8.
Dennis Dieks 《Foundations of Physics Letters》1990,3(4):347-357
When a quantummechanical wavepacket undergoes a series of Galilean boosts, the Schrödinger theory predicts the occurrence of a geometrical phase effect that is an example of Berry's phase (Sagnac's phase). In the present paper the conceptual consequences of this phenomenon are considered, in particular for the status of Galilean invariance in nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, and for the relation between that theory and classical physics. 相似文献
9.
The existence of zitterbewegung of particles with higher spins (s≥1) is proved. The investigation is based on the idea of Curie, Jordan, and Sudarshan that there are two aspects of relativistic invariance and also on the determination of the dynamical variables that describe systems with arbitrary spin obtained by Jordan and Mukunda. A number of new paradoxical properties of zitterbewegung unknown in Dirac theory is revealed. For example, particles with high spins (s≥1) can have a velocity greater than light. It is shown in a general form that elimination of zitterbewegung in all directions of space, or even only in a plane, is impossible. There can be only partial liquidation of zitterbewegung, in one of the directions of space, and then only at the price of violation of relativistic invariance of the theory. Finally, it is suggested that the paradoxical properties of zitterbewegung can be understood by redefining the momentum and mass operators. In this way, a connection between zitterbewgung and tachyons is established. 相似文献
10.
Conformal invariance and conserved quantities of dynamical system of relative motion 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《中国物理 B》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
This paper discusses in detail the conformal invariance by
infinitesimal transformations of a dynamical system of relative
motion. The necessary and sufficient conditions of conformal
invariance and Lie symmetry are given simultaneously by the action
of infinitesimal transformations. Then it obtains the conserved
quantities of conformal invariance by the infinitesimal
transformations. Finally an example is given to illustrate the
application of the results. 相似文献
11.
12.
We introduce the shift of relative time variable as a gauge transformation of bilocal field operator. The corresponding gauge invariant free bilocal Lagrangian theory is formulated. The subsidiary condition which eliminates the relative time appears as a gauge invariance condition for bilocal field operator. As an example we quantize the bilocal field describing covariant three dimensional oscillator model of hadrons. 相似文献
13.
This paper discusses the conformal invariance by infinitesimal
transformations of canonical Hamilton systems. The necessary and
sufficient conditions of conformal invariance being Lie symmetrical
simultaneously by the action of infinitesimal transformations are
given. The determining equations of the conformal invariance are
gained. Then the Hojman conserved quantities of conformal invariance
by special infinitesimal transformations are obtained. Finally an
illustrative example is given to verify the results. 相似文献
14.
Martin F. Sohnius 《Nuclear Physics B》1978,138(1):109-121
Superfield representations of supersymmetry algebras with central charges are studied. An interacting field theory realization of the SU(2) invariant example is given, which is shown to be just another interpretation of P. Fayet's “hypersymmetry”. For certain massless cases it is shown that the theory has a larger SU(4) invariance once the equations of motion are used, thus providing us with a possible superfield formulation of the SU(4) supersymmetric gauge theory. 相似文献
15.
In this paper the conformal invariance by infinitesimal
transformations of first-order Lagrange systems is discussed in detail. The
necessary and sufficient conditions of conformal invariance by the action of
infinitesimal transformations being Lie symmetry simultaneously are given.
Then we get the conserved quantities of conformal invariance by the
infinitesimal transformations. Finally an example is given to illustrate
the application of the results. 相似文献
16.
17.
In this paper, we establish the invariance of cyclic (co)homology of left Hopf algebroids under the change of Morita equivalent base algebras. The classical result on Morita invariance for cyclic homology of associative algebras appears as a special example of this theory. In our main application we consider the Morita equivalence between the algebra of complex-valued smooth functions on the classical 2-torus and the coordinate algebra of the noncommutative 2-torus with rational parameter. We then construct a Morita base change left Hopf algebroid over this noncommutative 2-torus and show that its cyclic (co)homology can be computed by means of the homology of the Lie algebroid of vector fields on the classical 2-torus. 相似文献
18.
A. F. Andreev 《Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics》2007,105(3):535-541
By the example of electron mesoscopic systems, we show the impossibility of constraints of the quantum principle of superposition imposed by the superselection rule. This rule was introduced by Wick, Wightman, and Wigner in order to avoid the violation of Lorentz invariance due to the absence of physical invariance under rotations by an angle of 2π in states which are a coherent superposition of states with an even and odd number of fermions. We describe a mesoscopic system (a semiconductor double quantum dot at low temperatures) where such superpositions are realized; this is confirmed by experiments. We suggest a new experiment which explicitly demonstrates the absence of physical invariance under rotations by an angle of 2π. We note that an alternative to the superselection rule is the existence (along with x, y, z, and t) of additional spinor (Grassmann) dimensions of spacetime introduced in quantum field theory for realization of supersymmetry. It is proved that additional dimensions are real; their physical meaning is clarified for nonrelativistic systems of fermions. 相似文献
19.
In this paper the conformal invariance by infinitesimal transformations of first order Lagrange systems is discussed in detail. The necessary and sufficient conditions of conformal invariance and Lie symmetry simultaneously by the action of infinitesimal transformations are given. Then it gets the Hojman conserved quantities of conformal invariance by the infinitesimal transformations. Finally an example is given to illustrate the application of the results. 相似文献
20.
A recent construction of the electroweak theory, based on perturbative quantum gauge invariance alone, is extended to the case of more generations of fermions with arbitrary mixing. The conditions implied by second order gauge invariance lead to an isolated solution for the fermionic couplings in agreement with the standard model. Third order gauge invariance determines the Higgs potential. The resulting massive gauge theory is manifestly gauge invariant, after construction. 相似文献