某电站大型地下洞室群主变洞确定性块体稳定性评价

以黄河上游某大型电站地下洞室群主变洞为例,通过在AutoCAD软件中建立洞室与结构面的三维实体模型,借助自编程序切割,展示这些结构面在主变洞边墙及拱顶的出露情况,在此基础上检索出组合块体21个,最后对这21个块体进行了确定性块体稳定性评价,给出其在主变洞上下游边墙及拱顶的块体组合情况、滑动方式、出露桩号和高度、出露面积、分布深度、体积、稳定性系数等。     

水电站地下厂房大型岩体洞室的抗爆性能

通过大量的数值模拟试验,以洞室岩体和混凝土衬砌结构的损伤为指标,研究了水电站地下厂房这类大型岩体洞室在强地表爆破荷载作用下,洞室埋深、围岩岩体强度和地应力对洞室抗爆性能的影响。数值计算中,洞室岩体和混凝土衬砌均采用弹塑性损伤本构模型,同时考虑了几何非线性效应。研究结果表明:对于水电站地下厂房这类高边墙洞室,浅埋深洞室的抗爆性能较差,深埋深洞室的抗爆性能较强;岩体强度越高,洞室的抗爆性能越强;当地应力侧压因数λ1时,随地应力侧压因数的增大,洞室的抗爆性能显著下降。 更多还原     

边坡岩体块体稳定性分析系统的开发与研究

提出了复杂形态块体几何建模的“切割法”, 在此基础上, 对石根华等人提出的块体理论作了改进和完善。并基于Windows操作平台, 开发了一套实用方便、实用的“边坡岩体块体稳定性分析系统”。经大量的实例 (例如三峡工程船闸高边坡 )检验结果表明, 该系统可以作为对边坡中复杂形状块体稳定性进行现场快速评价的实用工具。     

开挖条件下节理围岩特性及其锚固效应模型试验研究

本文通过堆砌大比尺结构模型并进行地下洞室分步开挖模型试验，研究节理对洞室围岩变形和破坏的影响及锚杆对节理围岩的锚固效应．试验应用ＣＣＤ画像处理法和光学照相法进行位移观测，得到了一些有益的结论     

边坡岩体结构的三维失稳形式及稳定性分析研究

由两组结构面控制的四面体块体是岩体中最基本的结构体, 其稳定性取决于块体所受荷载及结构面上的摩阻力。正确判定边界面上摩阻力分布是评价块体稳定性的关键。本文提出的块体稳定性分析适用于岩体所受荷载为三维非共点力系。在不同外力作用下块体可产生平动、转动、翘扭及倾倒等各种三维失稳组合形式, 从而得到更为合理的块体稳定性评价。     

某大型地下洞室群围岩稳定性分类研究

根据地下洞室群的特点 ,选取岩体质量综合级别、块体状况、开挖位移及破坏区、岩爆烈度四因素为分类指标 ,建立了大型地下洞室群围岩稳定性分类体系。针对不同稳定性等级 ,提供了相应的开挖方式和支护处理建议。最后 ,运用该分类体系对某地下洞室群的主厂房进行了分析评价。     

澜沧江某电站左岸地下洞室群围岩稳定性的FLAC~(3D)分析

在岩体结构模型概化的基础上,采用FLAC3D数值分析方法,系统研究了澜沧江某大型水电站大跨度、高边墙地下洞室群开挖完成后围岩的二次应力场、变形场和塑性破坏区的变化特征。总结了地下洞室群围岩应力、变形和破坏区的分布特征和变化规律,为洞室群稳定性评价和工程施工设计提供了基础资料和参考依据。     

深部岩体损伤对分区破裂化效应的影响

深部岩体是一种具有初始损伤的非连续介质,其内部存在着大量节理和裂隙。深部岩体分区破裂化效应与节理、裂隙的扩展、连接和汇合密切相关。由于节理、裂隙的扩展、连接和汇合可能会导致深部岩体的内部空间由欧氏几何空间向非欧几何空间转化。本文利用损伤变量表示含节理和裂隙岩体的损伤,根据非欧几何模型,获得了静水压力和非静水压力情况下深部圆形洞室损伤围岩的应力场,确定了损伤变量对圆形洞室围岩的应力场和分区破裂化效应的影响。采用Hoek-Brown准则,获得了静水压力和非静水压力情况下损伤围岩的破裂区与非破裂区的分布规律。本文的研究结果为理解深部岩体分区破裂模式提供了有价值的参考。     

爆炸荷载作用下锚固洞室的损伤演化及锚杆参数的影响

基于模型试验的结果,利用数值分析方法研究了锚固洞室在爆炸荷载作用下的损伤演化过程,并探讨了锚杆间距和长度对地下洞室稳定性的影响。结果表明:数值分析和模型试验中相同位置的压应力时程曲线相似且数值分析的损伤分布和试验结果中的裂纹区域相同,证明数值分析中的数据比较可靠。随着爆炸应力波的传播,在锚固洞室的拱顶中间自由面和拱顶加固区边界形成较大拉伸损伤区域。随着锚杆长度的增加,拱顶中间自由面附近最大损伤区域向拱顶上方发展,逐渐增加;拱顶加固区边界的最大损伤区域向洞室自由面方向发展,并且两边的损伤区域厚度逐渐减小。当锚杆间距相同时,随着锚杆长度的增加,拱顶中间自由面和拱顶加固区边界的最大拉伸损伤区域先减小后增加;当锚杆长度相同时,随着锚杆间距的减小,中间自由面和拱顶加固区边界最大拉伸损伤区域面积逐渐减小,并得到最佳锚杆间距和长度分别为4cm和24cm。     

坐标投影作图法的计算机化及其在块体几何分析中的应用

块体塌落或滑动是岩石工程的重要破坏形式之一。为了解决此问题,需要对块体进行几何条件分析和稳定性分析。对此除采用传统的方法赤平极射投影图解法和三维数值法的方法等方法外,还可以采用坐标投影作图法。本文主要阐述坐标投影作图法在块体几何条件中的应用以及对它的计算机化。坐标投影法是一种以正投影为基础、借鉴赤平极射投影的方法而形成的以分析岩石工程中块体的几何条件和稳定性为目的的一种图解方法。该作图法的提出,为岩石工程块体稳定性研究提供了一个新的方法。为进一步提高坐标投影作图法的应用效率,作者提出了适用于现场的坐标投影作图法的计算机化问题。考虑到块体的几何条件是块体稳定分析的基础,本文主要针对块体几何条件的确定方法及其计算机化问题开展研究,并利用V isual C++将其编成CPH-Ⅰ软件。为了考核该软件,作者还以某一地下工程为实例,将该软件的计算结果和按坐标投影作图法图解法得出的结果进行了比较。对比结果表明该软件可用。     

锚索抗滑桩工程的优化设计研究

锚索抗滑桩与普通抗滑桩相比,其受力状态更加合理。本文通过建立合理的计算模型和计算简图,推导出锚索在桩身任意位置的计算公式,并编制程序实现弯矩和应力的计算,确定出最优的锚固角和最优的锚索位置,可以有效减小抗滑桩的弯矩,更加充分的发挥锚索的作用。文中最后结合延安宝塔山滑坡治理,给出了实际应用结果。     

Local mass/heat transfer from a wall-mounted block in rectangular channel flow

This investigation explores the mass/heat transfer from a wall-mounted block in a rectangular fully developed channel flow. The naphthalene sublimation scheme was used to measure the level of local mass transfer from the block’s surfaces. The heat transfer coefficient can be obtained by analogy between heat and mass transfer. The effects of the Reynolds number on the local mass transfer from the block’s surfaces have been widely discussed. Results showed that, owing to the flow complexity induced by vortices around the block, the block’s surfaces appeared four different spatial Sherwood number distributions, termed “Wave type”, “U type”, “Slant type”, and “Pit type”. A change in the Reynolds number significantly altered the spatial Sherwood number distributions on the block’s surfaces. Besides, four correlations between the Reynolds number and the surface-averaged Sherwood number were presented for the front, top, side, and rear surfaces of the block at a given block’s height, for the purpose of practical applications.     

Discrete and continuous models for in plane loaded random elastic brickwork

The aim of this paper is to study non-periodic masonries – typical of historical buildings – by means of a perturbation approach and to evaluate the effect of a random perturbation on the elastic response of a periodic masonry wall. The random masonry is obtained starting from a periodic running bond pattern. A random perturbation on the horizontal positions of the vertical interfaces between the blocks which form the masonry wall is introduced. In this way, the height of the blocks is uniform, while their width in the horizontal direction is random. The perturbation is limited such as each block has still exactly 6 neighboring blocks. In a first discrete model, the blocks are modeled as rigid bodies connected by elastic interfaces (mortar thin joints). In other words, masonry is seen as a “skeleton” in which the interactions between the rigid blocks are represented by forces and moments which depend on their relative displacements and rotations. A second continuous model is based on the homogenization of the discrete model. Explicit upper and lower bounds on the effective elastic moduli of the homogenized continuous model are obtained and compared to the well-known effective elastic moduli of the regular periodic masonry. It is found that the effective moduli are not very sensitive to the random perturbation (less than 10%). At the end, the Monte Carlo simulation method is used to compare the discrete random model and the continuous model at the structural level (a panel undergoing in plane actions). The randomness of the geometry requires the generation of several samples of size L of the discrete masonry. For a sample of size L, the structural discrete problem is solved using the same numerical procedure adopted in [Cecchi, A., Sab, K., 2004. A comparison between a 3D discrete model and two homogenized plate models for periodic elastic brickwork, International Journal of Solids Structures 41 (9–10), 2259–2276] and the average solution over the samples gives an estimation which depends on L. As L increases, an asymptotic limit is reached. One issue is to find the minimum size for L and to compare the asymptotic average solution to the one obtained from the continuous homogenized model.     

Effects of the dilatancy of joints and of the size of the building blocks on the mechanical behavior of masonry structures

The effect of the dilatancy of masonry interfaces and of the size of the building blocks on the strength of masonry structures is quantified herein. The study focuses mainly on out-of-plane loadings, which can appear due to various factors such as wind, earthquakes or explosions. The analysis is performed using the Discrete Element Method (DEM), which allows to access directly various micro-mechanical parameters, such as the joints dilatancy angle and the size of the building blocks. Detailed DEM numerical models of existing experimental configurations are presented. The numerical results are first compared and validated towards the experimental observations and then they are used to derive qualitative and quantitative conclusions regarding the effects of joints dilatancy and blocks size. It is shown that dilatancy plays an important role on the overall strength of masonry even under low confinement. The size of the blocks is also an important parameter that needs to be considered in the modeling of masonry structures.     

某高坝工程坝肩侧裂结构面基本特征及量化模型研究

某高拱坝工程, 坝肩抗滑稳定的侧裂边界主要受与河流呈小角度斜交的随机结构面 (基体结构面 )控制。查明这类结构面的工程地质性状, 提出其量化评价指标, 对该高拱坝工程坝肩稳定性评价和相应设计参数的取值具有重要的工程实际意义。本文基于大量的现场调查工作, 获取了侧裂结构面数万个现场实测数据。基于这些数据, 作者对侧裂结构面的发育状况和工程地质特征作了全面的分析和定量评价。在此基础上, 提出了坝肩抗力体部位侧裂结构面的工程分区。该分区采用结构面的发育密度作为指标, 能简明直观地描述抗力体部位结构面的发育状况和宏观连通特性。最后, 作者根据本文的研究成果, 从抗滑稳定的边界条件特性出发, 对该高拱坝工程坝肩抗滑稳定性条件作出了评价。     

Role of discrete intra-granular slip bands on the strain-hardening of polycrystals

This work investigates a new micromechanical modeling of polycrystal plasticity, accounting slip bands for physical plastic heterogeneities considered as periodically distributed within grains. These intra-granular plastic heterogeneities are modeled by parallel flat ellipsoidal sub-domains, each of them may have a distinct uniform plastic slip. To capture the morphology of slip bands occurring in plastically deforming polycrystals, these interacting sub-domains are considered as oblate spheroids periodically distributed and constrained by spherical grain boundaries. In this paper, we focus the study on the influences of internal length scale parameters related to grain size, spatial period and thickness of slip bands on the overall material’s behavior. In a first part, the Gibbs free energy accounting for elastic interactions between plastic heterogeneities is calculated thanks to the Green function’s method in the case of an isolated spherical grain with plastic strain occurring only in slip bands embedded in an infinite elastic matrix. In a second part, the influence of discrete periodic distributions of intra-granular slip bands on the polycrystal’s behavior is investigated considering an aggregate with random crystallographic orientations. When the spatial period of slip bands is on the same order as the grain radius, the polycrystal’s mechanical behavior is found strongly dependent on the ratio between the spatial period of slip bands and the grain size, as well as the ratio between the slip band thickness and the grain size, which cannot be captured by classic length scale independent Eshelby-based micromechanics.     

基于GIS广州市主城区地面塌陷危险性评价

地面塌陷是珠江三角洲城市地质灾害的主要类型之一。广州市主城区地面塌陷频繁发生且损失严重。采用信息量数学模型与GIS技术结合对其地面塌陷灾害进行危险性评价。选取了断裂构造、地壳稳定性、第四系覆盖层厚度、基岩岩性、地下水动力条件、地表人类活动强度和地下活动强度等7个指标中的21个变量构建了危险性评价指标体系,应用ArcGIS软件参与了数据的采集、管理、分析和评价结果表达等过程,将广州市地面塌陷灾害危险性分为极不稳定级、不稳定级、次不稳定级、基本稳定级和稳定级5个等级,极不稳定级主要分布在主城区西北角,次不稳定级分布面积最广。研究结果表明:复杂的地质环境和剧烈的人类活动相耦合,加剧了地面塌陷的发生。     

有耗介质探地雷达波传播衰减特性的研究

探地雷达是利用超高频脉冲电磁波探测地下介质分布的一种浅层地球物理勘探方法,探地雷达超高频、宽频带脉冲电磁波在地下有耗介质中的衰减特性是一个十分复杂的过程。本文从电磁波传播的麦克斯韦方程出发,较为系统地研究和分析了雷达脉冲电磁波在有耗介质中传播的衰减特性,对研究雷达脉冲电磁波在地下有耗介质中的传播机制有指导意义。