多层土质边坡降雨入渗过程及稳定性分析

降雨是诱发边坡滑坡最常见的因素,降雨入渗会增加非饱和土的渗透力,降低非饱和土的基质吸力,从而降低边坡的稳定安全系数,导致边坡破坏。本文基于Green-Ampt入渗模型,考虑了降雨强度与降雨持时的作用,建立了降雨条件下浅层滑坡的概念模型,引入了多层非饱和土计算方法,推导了降雨导致的积水前后边坡稳定安全系数随降雨持时变化的关系式。通过对数值结果和模型结果进行比较发现,二者有较好的一致性。同时,对降雨强度进行研究发现,降雨强度小于边坡表面入渗速度时,降雨完全入渗,且基质吸力不断降低,由于渗透系数相差较大,湿润锋到达土层交界面处时,会在次表面产生积水;当边坡表面积水后,此时入渗速度主要受土层中最小渗透系数影响,入渗速度不断减小,直至与该渗透系数数值相等,降雨强度越大,达到积水的时间越短;当考虑平行边坡渗流时,在土层交界面处的稳定安全系数将发生突变,通过临界边坡稳定性降雨强度与降雨持时的关系曲线,揭示了降雨强度对边坡稳定性的作用规律,并给出三种警戒线,可为多层土质边坡稳定性研究提供一定的理论参考。     

露天矿边坡饱和渗透系数随机场数值模型研究

为分析强降雨入渗及渗透系数空间变异性对闭坑露天矿边坡渗流场的影响程度,基于非饱和渗流理论和随机场理论,采用非侵入式随机方法,通过FISH语言编写非饱和区单元饱和度、渗透系数与基质吸力的修正函数,建立饱和-非饱和渗流随机场模型,开展强降雨作用的高大陡深岩质边坡渗流特征研究。研究结果表明,修正饱和-非饱和渗流随机场模型能够准确地描述露天矿边坡的降雨入渗过程。且降雨入渗主要影响到露天矿边坡浅层渗流场。随降雨持时变化,在坡面与地下水位线之间形成包围的且逐渐缩小的非饱和区。坡面最早出现暂态饱和区且厚度逐渐增加,但增幅逐渐放缓。同时坡面点孔隙水压力最早达到稳定值零,离坡面越远的点孔隙水压力达到稳定值零的用时会越长。该结论可为闭坑露天矿边坡的地质灾害风险预测提供参考意义。     

Effect of Rainfall-Induced Soil Seals on the Soil Water Regime: Drying Interval and Subsequent Wetting

The effects of rainfall-induced soil seals on drying processes and on infiltration following drying intervals are simulated for two different soils, a loam and a sandy loam. The simulated drying processes include water content redistribution without evaporation and under a constant evaporation rate of 5 mm day^–1. During evaporation, the water content at the seal surface decreases rapidly. A high water content gradient develops within the seal, which increases along the drying interval. It indicates that, at least during the first hours of drying, the seal layer fulfilled all the evaporation demand and therefore dries faster that an unsealed soil where the evaporation is supplied by a much deeper zone of the soil profile. This phenomenon is more accentuated in the loam than in the sandy loam soil. Considering the subsequent infiltration curves during rainfall following different drying intervals, the ponding time and the post-ponding infiltration rates increase when the antecedent drying period is longer, but no significant effect on the final infiltration is found following drying intervals of few days. Also, the water content at the sealed soil surface before rainfall seems to play a major role on infiltration. Very close infiltration curves were obtained after different drying intervals that ended with similar surface water content.     

The Presence of Hydraulic Barriers in Layered Snowpacks: TOUGH2 Simulations and Estimated Diversion Lengths

The distribution of snow across a landscape is an important component in the hydrologic cycle of many mountainous watersheds. Snow-dominated streams will vary in timing and volume of peak flow depending on when the snow melts and the lag time for the meltwater to reach the stream. As a snowpack accumulates during winter months, variable layers with different hydraulic properties can form hydraulic barriers. Hydraulic barriers were simulated in this study using data from three snow pits located in the Spring Creek Intensive Study Area (part of the NASA CLPX dataset) of Colorado. Data for north, south, and relatively flat aspect slopes were chosen to represent the variable metamorphism that occurs under different conditions. Simulations were conducted at steady-state infiltration rates of 0.1, 1.0, and 5.0 mm/h using the EOS9 module of TOUGH2. Additional diversion length estimates were calculated using existing soil physics approximations for capillary barriers. Results demonstrate that conditions are present within a layered snowpack to produce multiple permeability and capillary barriers, though capillary barriers were only identified in simulations on the north aspect snowpack. Diversion lengths of capillary barriers ranged from 1.0 m to greater than 25 m, and permeability barriers ranged from 2.5 to 9.5 m. Furthermore, a grain size of 0.6 mm or less in the layer above an interface is necessary to produce a capillary barrier. These results suggest that during snowmelt water has high potential to be redistributed downslope prior to infiltrating the ground surface. A better understanding of a snowpack as porous media will improve future hydrologic modeling.     

Experimental and numerical analysis of two-phase infiltration in a partially saturated soil

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of the soil air flow on the process of water infiltration in a 93.5 cm deep vertical column for varied boundary conditions at the surface - positive time constant head; time constant fluxes smaller and greater than saturated soil hydraulic conductivity.Several experiments conducted on a sandy soil column with and without a possible air flow through the wall are presented. Continuous and simultaneous measurements of water content and air and water pressure heads at different depths allow the analysis of the air and water movements within the soil and the determination of the capillary pressure and relative permeability for each phase as functions of the volumetric water content.A numerical solution of the equations describing the simultaneous flow of air and water is compared with the experimental data and with the traditional one-phase flow modeling. The results show that the air movement may significantly affect water flow variables such as infiltration rates, water content profiles, and ponding times.Furthermore, some basic assumptions used in two-phase flow modeling, such as the hydrodynamic stability of the wetting fronts and the pertinence of the relative permeability concept, are discussed in the light of the experimental data.     

Primary and Secondary Infiltration of Wetting Liquid Sessile Droplet into Porous Medium

The infiltration of a wetting droplet into the porous medium is a two-step process referred to as primary and secondary infiltration. In the primary infiltration there is a free liquid present at the porous medium surface, and when no fluid is left on the surface, the secondary infiltration is initiated. In both situations the driving force is the capillary pressure that is influenced by the local medium heterogeneities. A capillary network model based on the micro-force balance is developed with the same formulation applied to both infiltrations. The only difference between the two is that the net liquid flow into the porous medium in the secondary infiltration is equal to zero. The primary infiltration starts as a single-phase (fully saturated) flow and may proceed as a multiphase flow. The multiphase flow emerges as the interface (flow front) becomes irregular in shape. The immobile clusters of the originally present phase can be locally formed due to entrapment. Throughout the infiltration, it was found that portions of the liquid phase can be detached from the main body of the liquid phase forming some isolated liquid ganglia that increase in number and decrease in size. The termination of the secondary infiltration occurs once the ganglia become immobile due to their reduction in size. From the transient solution, the changes in the liquid saturation and capillary pressure during the droplet infiltration are determined. The solution developed in this study is used to investigate the droplet infiltration dynamics. However, the solution can be used to study the flow in fuel cell, nano-arrays, composites, and printing.     

Non-passive Transport of Volatile Organic Compounds Infiltrated from a Surface Disk Source

An unsaturated flow and non-passive transport model for water-soluble organic compounds has been implemented in cylindrical coordinates, with a top boundary condition that accounts for different zones of the surface that can be under infiltration or volatilization independently. We simulated two-dimensional infiltration of aqueous mixtures of methanol from a disk source, its redistribution and volatilization in both homogeneous and heterogeneous soils. Simulations showed that the incoming composition significantly affects volumetric liquid content and concentration profiles, as well as the fraction of infiltrated mass of methanol that is released to the atmosphere. Concentration-dependent viscosity had the major impact on the liquid flow. The differences in volumetric liquid content and normalized concentration of methanol became more pronounced during transport through a soil composed of a clay lens embedded within a main matrix of sandy clay loam texture. Dispersion in the liquid-phase was the predominant transport mechanism when dispersivity at saturation was set to 7.8 cm. However, for dispersivity of 1.0 cm, changes in composition led to changes in surface tension inducing significantly higher liquid flow. In this case, liquid-phase advection was the most active transport mechanism for homogeneous soils and highly concentrated infiltrating mixtures.     

Unsteady saturated-unsaturated flow to horizontal drains

On irrigated ground with poor natural drainage, artificial drainage is used to prevent secondary salinization and swamping. The calculation of the drainage parameters requires the solution of problems of saturated-unsatated flow in the region between the drains [1–6]. The influence of the motion in the unsaturated region on the total flow of ground water is most important when the water-saturated region is thin and especially in the case of finely grained soil. If the capillary border intersects the surface of the ground and there is an alternation of the processes of infiltration, redistribution, and evaporation of moisture, rapid oscillations in the ground water level are possible. Under these conditions, calculation of the drainage parameters using hydraulic models [7], which do not take into account motion in the region of incomplete saturation, is made difficult by the need to specify the coefficient which measures the incompleteness of saturation, and also the rates of flow between the aeration region and the ground water. The present paper gives the mathematical formulation, an algorithm for numerical solution, and examples of calculations for a two-dimensional problem of unsteady joint flow of ground water and soil moisture.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 5, pp. 81–87, September–October, 1981.     

坡面流及土壤侵蚀动力学(I)——————坡面流

坡面流是坡面土壤侵蚀的根本动力,是研究土壤侵蚀动力学过程的基础.本文简要介绍了坡面流的基本特征和水力学特性,综述了坡面入渗产流过程、坡面流阻力,以及坡面流运动的数学描述和预报模型等方面的研究进展.指出复杂坡面条件下的坡面流运动,以及从小尺度过渡到大尺度将是今后坡面流研究的重要发展方向.      

非饱和渗流基质吸力对边坡稳定性的影响

降雨入渗是致使边坡岩土体稳定性下降并最终导致崩滑地质灾害发生最为常见的环境因素。通常对边坡中地下水的影响分析采用的是经典的静水压力假定 ,并考虑适当的折减系数。本文研究了非饱和土强度随基质吸力变化的规律 ,对基质吸力影响边坡稳定性的机制进行探讨 ,并提出了相应的分析方法。运用上述方法分析了某露天矿边坡实例。结果表明 ,该方法十分有效。     

A Mathematical Model of Rainfall-Controlled Geothermal Fields

A mathematical model is developed, using a hydrothermal spring concept, for those geothermal fields which are controlled by infiltrated rainfall. Two limiting regimes are identified: when rainfall infiltration is so great that isothermal conditions exist in most of the downflow regions; and when rainfall infiltration is so small that a constant geophysical temperature gradient results. In either case, the ratio of downflow to upflow areas, and the energy output per unit area, are fixed, but the typical size of a geothermal field remains indeterminate. The additional assumption that the horizontal length scale of the downflow region is determined by the depth of the main heat sources, fixes the characteristic mass flows, energy outputs, and the number of geothermal fields in a geothermal region. These model predictions are compared with field data, and are shown to be in approximate agreement with geothermal field characteristics in the Taupo Volcanic Zone of New Zealand. The temperature dependence of water viscosity uses a correlation of Wooding (J. Fluid Mech. 2:273–285, 1957), while the temperature dependence of water density, enthalpy and boiling point use correlations from Elder (Geothermal Systems 508, 1981).