堵江滑坡作坝的主要工程地质问题及利用情况分析

国内外大量的文献资料和作者野外现场调查表明：滑坡堵江成坝形成堰塞湖在山区一带广泛发育，研究发现堵江滑坡作坝存在的工程地质问题主要包括渗透变形、稳定性、沉降及不均匀沉降和砂土液化问题。文中对上述工程地质问题进行了探讨，并对滑坡坝的利用情况进行了实例分析，为开发堵江滑坡坝、堰塞湖蕴含的丰富水利水电资源起指导性作用。     

黄河上游戈龙布滑坡高速下滑成因机制及堵江分析

黄河上游戈龙布滑坡位于积石峡水电站库区内,经过现场调查可知,戈龙布滑坡为一大型滑坡,整个滑坡体积达到5040万m3,一共分为4个区。研究表明,戈龙布滑坡成因机制为滑移－拉裂型,滑坡在黄河右岸经过高速远程下滑过后撞击上游山体,部分滑体越过黄河堆积于左岸并堵塞黄河达数百年,堰塞湖内有厚度达30余米的纹泥沉积,初步分析滑坡坝的高度在100m左右,库水深在70m左右,滑坡堵江时代在Q4时期。滑坡坝溃决后导致黄河改道,残留的滑体分别位移黄河的左岸和右岸。     

金沙江中游滑坡堵江事件及古滑坡体稳定性分析

金沙江中游某拟定水电站坝址区下游发育一段非基质结构岸坡,岸坡覆盖层厚度巨大,物质组分均由白云质灰岩构成,其结构密实,表部胶结良好,形成呈似角砾状堆积体结构特征。对这套堆积体物质结构特征进行了研究,确定为平推式滑坡的成因模式。该滑坡造成了金沙江中游一次大规模的堵江事件,采样进行¹⁴C测年分析,结果显示滑坡发生时代约为19,000a前。对该岸坡段调查分析表明,该古滑坡堆积体结构长期处于稳定状态,现今并无变形复活迹象,其整体不存在失稳条件。     

地震诱发滑坡复活机制的FLAC3D 数值模拟分析

地震是影响斜（边）坡、滑坡稳定性的主要因素之一。白龙江上某大型滑坡经顺层斜坡发生倾倒变形而成,天然状态下处于基本稳定状态,在“5.12″汶川地震作用下,该滑坡有整体复活迹象,其后缘周界形成了连续贯通的拉裂缝、错动台阶,尤其是滑坡下游区变形拉裂较明显。本文以该滑坡在地震作用下发生复活为例,在分析滑坡所处的区域地质条件的基础上,详细研究了滑坡的基本特征以及地震作用导致滑坡复活的现象、特征,然后利用FLAC^3D 软件内置动力分析模块对该滑坡复活机制进行了分析、研究。数值分析表明,地震作用下滑坡变形破坏受坡体形态的影响较显著,滑坡对地震波具有明显的放大效应; 同一地震动条件下,滑坡体相对周边处于稳定状态基岩边坡对地震更为敏感。这较好地解释了“5.12″汶川地震作用下,该滑坡的复活原因。     

四川某水库右坝肩滑坡成因机制及稳定性分析

拟建水库右坝肩处于由砖红色砂岩夹薄层或透镜状泥岩、粉砂质泥岩构成的斜向V形河谷中,无明显断层构造,雨水充沛且存在一古滑坡,经过调查,滑坡主要由滑坡堆积体和滑动面以及其下方的扰动带组成,滑坡区发育的纵向和横向结构面以及岩层面构成一楔形槽。认为滑坡的成因是暴雨下楔形槽内控制的滑移-拉裂破坏。经过定性分析,古滑坡天然状态是稳定的。采用极限平衡法计算古滑坡在天然状态、地震作用以及暴雨等工况下的稳定系数分别为1.45、1.39及1.27,由此可知滑坡在天然状态下是稳定的,地震作用对其稳定性影响不大,但暴雨作用下滑坡的稳定性有所降低。最后通过数值模拟再现了现阶段古滑坡的应力应变场和变形破坏特征。     

西南科技大学科技中心南侧滑坡成因分析及稳定性评价

通过对西南科技大学科技中心南侧滑坡工程地质条件及滑坡发育特征的研究,分析滑坡的形成机制,并运用传递系数法进行滑坡稳定性评价,表明该滑坡在天然状态下处于不稳定~暂时稳定状态。为保证校区E道路的正常运行及拟建科技中心的安全,本文提出了采用抗滑桩及挡土墙为主,辅以地表、地下排水工程等综合治理方案。     

易贡滑坡堰塞湖溃坝洪水分析

滑坡堰塞坝体主要由块石、碎石土等松散材料组成,随着上游水位的不断上升,极易失稳,一旦决口将对给下游人民的生命财产安全造成极大的威胁。因此,研究堰塞坝溃坝问题具有重要的学术意义和应用价值。2000 年 4 月 9 日,西藏林芝地区波密县易贡藏布河扎木弄沟发生大规模山体滑坡堵塞易贡藏布江,形成坝高60m,长约2500m,库容可达288×108m3,体积约28×108～30×108m3的滑坡堰塞湖, 2000年6月10日堰塞坝溃决。本文以易贡堰塞湖溃坝为例,从连续性方程及Navier Stokes方程出发,结合标准型湍流模型,并采用VOF方法进行自由面处理,基于流体计算软件Fluent模拟分析了溃坝洪水在下游弯曲河道的演进过程及不同位置的流速变化。数值模拟结果与实测资料记录基本一致,表明该模型能够模拟溃坝洪水在地形复杂弯曲河道中的演进过程。     

降雨滑坡预警的概率分析方法

滑坡启动的降雨临界值是滑坡预警的关键,由于研究区资料数据有限,关键值难以确定,降雨滑坡预警效果受影响。所以应该对预警结果进行概率分析。本文利用作者在已开发的降雨滑坡预警系统,提出采用降雨滑坡预警概率分析方法进行预警。通过对滑坡与雨量相关性、降雨滑坡启动值等对滑坡预警的时间概率、空间概率及预警概率进行分析,计算危险区内已发生滑坡频率和降雨滑坡发生频率,得到降雨滑坡预警概率使得预警系统更加可靠。并以沐川县为例对模型进行了算例检验,为更科学的对降雨滑坡进行预警提供方法借鉴。     

三趾马红土与西北黄土高原滑坡

本文在前人和作者以往研究成果的基础上总结了黄土高原大中型滑坡的形成发育规律;滑坡发生的土体结构效应;指出三趾马红土（N2）是控制和影响黄土高原滑坡形成的重要因素,并对其物质成分、工程特性及古风化带（不整合面）与滑坡的关系,及其在滑坡发生中的作用进行探讨。     

茨菇滑坡滑带土扰动样强度参数取值分析及滑坡稳定性评价

位于近坝库区的茨菇滑坡,在水库正常蓄水后有近1/3坡体浸没于水位面以下,蓄水前后的滑坡稳定性对工程影响很大。滑坡区地质环境条件复杂,滑坡成因机制为弯曲折断-滑移的地质力学模式。本文进行了对滑坡区扰动样滑带土在不同含水率条件下的剪切强度试验,试验结果表明,粘聚力与含水量相关性好,而摩擦系数则变化不大。结合极限平衡及有限元数值计算,对茨菇滑坡在蓄水前后天然、暴雨及地震工况条件下的稳定性进行分析。结果表明蓄水前滑坡处于稳定状态,水库蓄水以后,天然工况及暴雨工况下滑坡仍然处于稳定状态,地震工况下,滑坡的稳定性系数在1.0以下,滑坡可能失稳破坏。     

Free boundary problem of non-steady state seepage flow

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考虑混凝土应变率变化的高拱坝非线性动力响应研究

提出一种新的应变率相关的混凝土非线性弹塑性损伤模型。采用此模型对混凝土拱坝的非线性地震响应作了分析。在综合考虑坝-地基-库水动力相互作用和坝缝非线性接触的基础上，着重研究了混凝土应交率相关效应及加载历史对混凝土极限强度等重要参数及拱坝响应的影响，并与采用不考虑应交率影响的混凝土损伤模型计算结果进行了对比分析。结果表明，拱坝考虑横缝作用后的坝面应变率分布不同于整体拱坝。应交率分布形态不仅可以很好地表征拱坝的振动形态，而且对于高拱坝的动力响应的影响也不可忽略。     

汶川大地震后水坝建设中若干问题的思考

应用参数摄动法对可压缩N-S方程进行渐近展开,并取其零阶近似对高压下微管道液体流动 特性进行了分析．对任意截面形状和面积的微管道,在等温流动假设下将其截面形状、滑移 长度等对解的贡献转化为求解该截面的格林函数,并给出等截面圆形微管道流动的零阶近似 解．以此分析可压缩性、黏性以及壁面滑移等因素对高压下液体微管道流动特性的影响,进 一步揭示了高压驱动下液体微管道流动偏离经典Hagen-Poiseuille(HP)理论的原因．     

桂林地区红土砾石层的工程地质特征及其应用

桂林地区的红土砾石层以其独特的工程地质特征引起了许多中外学者的注意, 对它的成因至今还存在争议。本文主要讨论红土砾石层的工程应用, 即不仅可作为一般低层建筑物的天然持力层, 而且可以作为沟、塘等低洼地带的回填土料 ;而且厚度较大的红土砾石层坚硬部分可作为桩端持力层。     

基于重叠划分的自由网格四边形单元计算方法

提出了一种基于重叠划分的自由网格四边形单元计算方法。这一方法将四边形单元引入到自由网格计算方法中，不仅提高了计算的精度，同时还保留了自由网格计算方法的特点。方法首先对分析域内自动生成的每一个节点建立一套临时三角形单元，利用这些临时三角形单元组合生成四边形单元，以节点为单位进行计算。由于各矩阵的计算与组集均以节点为中心进行处理，因而特别适合于并行计算环境。在详细介绍自由网格四边形单元计算方法的基础上，利用数值算例证实了这一方法改善计算精度方面的有效性。     

Damage diagnosis in intelligent tires using time-domain and frequency-domain analysis

Tire durability plays an important role in road transportation safety and is taken very seriously by all tire manufacturers. Defects in tires can cause vehicle instability and create catastrophic accidents. In this article, a finite element model of the intelligent tire is developed using implicit dynamic analysis and is used for defect detection. Processing and analyzing the acceleration signals, measured at the center of the tire inner-liner, for the undamaged and damaged tires, can result in detecting the crack locations around the tire circumference. Additionally, prediction models used for damage diagnosis based on optimized number and location of sensors, was developed. Several sensors located at different locations around the circumference of the damaged tire and away from the crack surface, are used in order to assess sensor location sensitivity from the crack surface. It is observed that the radial component of the acceleration signal has the highest potential to be used as the signal of choice in defect detection as compared to circumferential acceleration signals.     

Local Rules: Emergence on Organizational Landscapes

This paper proposes that the theory of local rules provides a model for explaining organizational behavior as an emergent property of a fitness landscape. While local rule theory has its genesis in evolutionary biology, this paper links it to work in computational mathematical organizational theory. It further proposes that there are conditions, characterized by coadaptation, under which rules will survive in relatively stable forms, and other conditions, characterized by competition, under which local rules will change. The paper then discusses how catastrophe analysis can provide insights into changing patterns of organizational interactions. A discussion of methodology outline shows developments in agent-based simulation modeling can contribute to the development of local rule theory.     

DDA与FEM耦合法在分缝重力坝非线性分析中的应用

混凝土重力坝一般设有数条纵缝。纵缝使坝体的连续性遭到破坏，一般的有限单元法很难处理这样的不连续变形问题。本文首先阐述了DDA(Discontinuous Deformation Analysis)与FEM(Finite Element Method)耦合算法的原理，然后采用作者自行研制的DDA与FEM耦合法程序对一实际重力坝进行了详细的计算分析。重点讨论了纵缝的不同设置形式和缝宽大小对坝体变形和应力分布、坝底面接触应力分布以及坝基面应力分布的影响，为工程设计提供依据。     

Modified slow-fast analysis method for slow-fast dynamical systems with two scales in frequency domain

A modified slow-fast analysis method is presented for the periodically excited non-autonomous dynamical system with an order gap between the exciting frequency and the natural frequency. By regarding the exciting term as a slow-varying parameter, a generalized autonomous fast subsystem can be defined, the equilibrium branches as well as the bifurcations of which can be employed to account for the mechanism of the bursting oscillations by combining the transformed phase portrait introduced. As an example, a typical periodically excited Hartley model is used to demonstrate the validness of the method, in which the exciting frequency is far less than the natural frequency. The equilibrium branches and their bifurcations of the fast subsystem with the variation of the slow-varying parameter are presented. Bursting oscillations for two typical cases are considered, which reveals that, fold bifurcation may cause the the trajectory to jump between different equilibrium branches, while Hopf bifurcation may cause the trajectory to oscillate around the stable limit cycle.     

Creep damage and life analysis of anisotropic materials

Summary  This paper provides a short survey of some recent advances in the mathematical modelling of materials behaviour under creep conditions. The tertiary creep phase is accompanied by the formation of microscopic cracks on the grain boundaries in such a way so that damage accumulation occurs. The paper is divided into three parts. Firstly, the damage state in a uniaxial tension specimen is discussed and the time to rupture calculated. The second part is concerned with the creep behaviour of materials in multiaxial stress. Because of its microscopic nature, damage generally has an anisotropic character even if the material was originally isotropic. The fissure's orientation and length cause anisotropic macroscopic behaviour. Therefore, damage in an isotropic or anisotropic material, which is in a state of multiaxial stress, can only be described in a tensorial form. Thus, tensorial constitutive and evolution equations have been developed. Some examples for practical use are discussed. Finally, some own experiments are mentioned which have been carried out in order to validate the mathematical modelling. Received 16 July 1999; accepted for publication 8 March 2000