以膨胀石墨为基底的聚吡咯电化学免疫传感器

用恒电位法在膨胀石墨基底表面合成聚吡咯,聚吡咯上的亚氨基与戊二醛发生交联,制备成稳定的膨胀石墨/聚吡咯/戊二醛传感器界面.以此界面固定人IgG抗体,戊二醛作为交联剂,发展了一种新型的电化学免疫传感器.该传感器在IgG溶液中温育后,其表面结合的IgG和随后加入的辣根过氧化氢酶(HRP)标IgG二抗以及传感器表面的IgG抗...     

不同状态下聚吡咯膜的电化学阻抗

用恒电流法分别聚合了掺杂对甲苯磺酸根(pTS-)和十二烷基磺酸根(DS-)的聚吡咯膜(PPy/pTS和PPy/DS),通过循环伏安法(CV)和电化学阻抗法(EIS)测试了聚吡咯膜在NaCl溶液中‘过电位’电化学过程前后及不同电位下聚吡咯膜的电化学性能.同时,通过嵌入和脱出Na+和Cl-离子的聚吡咯膜在特定溶液中电化学阻抗图谱,研究了离子的嵌入对聚吡咯膜电化学性能的影响.结果表明‘过电位’现象可以提高聚吡咯膜的离子电导率和膜电容,Cl-离子的嵌入能提高PPy/pTS的电导率,而Na+离子的嵌入对聚吡咯膜的电导率影响不大.另外,嵌入离子对聚吡咯膜形貌的改变会对聚吡咯膜的离子传导率有一定影响,从而导致膜的电化学阻抗的变化.     

聚吡咯-分级多孔碳纳米复合材料的制备及其电化学性能

以空心介孔硅球为模板,酚醛树脂乙醇溶液为碳源制得了分级多孔碳(HPCs).以酸化处理后的HPCs为载体、对甲苯磺酸(p-TSA)为掺杂剂、三氯化铁(FeCl3)为氧化剂,通过原位化学氧化聚合法制备了聚吡咯-分级多孔碳(PPy-HPCs)纳米复合材料.采用场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT IR)、恒流充放电、循环伏安以及交流阻抗等测试技术对复合材料进行了形貌结构和电化学性能的研究.结果表明:聚吡咯成功地包覆在HPCs的表面,随着聚吡咯含量的增加,复合材料的比容量呈现先增大后减小的趋势.当聚吡咯的质量含量为34.9％时,复合材料在电流密度为0.1 A/g时达到最大比容量(316 F/g),在1 A/g的电流密度下循环1 000次后,比容量保持率为95.8％,聚吡咯的引入有效地提高了HPCs电极材料的电化学性能.     

聚吡咯纳米阵列电极的光电化学

以多孔的铝阳极氧化膜(AAO)为模板制备了直径约为80 nm聚吡咯(PPy)纳米线的阵列电极, 并研究了它的光电化学响应. 结果表明, 在电极电位低于－0.1 V(vs Ag/AgCl)时出现的阴极光电流是由聚吡咯纳米线的p型半导体性质引起的, 其平带电位为－0.217 V. 聚吡咯纳米线的长度对光电流的影响较大, 最佳长度为42 nm. 这是因为在很短的聚吡咯纳米线阵列中PPy太少, 产生的光电流弱, 而在过长的聚吡咯纳米线阵列中光生电子在到达电极基底前易于与光生空穴复合而消失. 聚吡咯纳米线有可能作为纳米光电器件用于未来微器件系统.     

聚吡咯纳米球负载金纳米粒子的制备及其性能研究

在水溶液中以表面活性剂F127形成的胶束为模板制备聚吡咯纳米球,考察了温度、吡咯浓度、pH等因素对聚吡咯纳米球形貌的影响,提出F127体系中聚吡咯纳米球的形成机理。利用聚吡咯与氯金酸之间的氧化还原活性,在聚吡咯纳米球表面成功负载金纳米粒子,研究温度和吡咯浓度对聚吡咯/金复合材料形貌的影响,运用透射电子显微镜、傅里叶红外光谱、X射线衍射、拉曼光谱、循环伏安等对其形貌、结构、性能进行研究。结果表明,所制得的负载金纳米粒子的聚吡咯复合材料具有明显的拉曼增强效应,可用于分析复合材料中聚合物的分子结构;此外该复合材料在酸性条件下具有较好的电化学稳定性,可应用于修饰电极。     

纳米结构聚吡咯构建的生物传感器

本文总结了纳米结构聚吡咯对生物分子的固定方法如吸附法、电化学聚合包埋法、共价键偶联法以及分子印迹法,重点评述了基于纳米结构聚吡咯的电流型生物传感器,如酶、核酸、免疫传感器等的工作原理和探测性能.指出聚吡咯纳米敏感材料优良的选择透过性和高比表面积有利于生物分子的固定,提高了生物传感器的敏感度;聚吡咯良好的生物相容性和抗干扰性,可以很好地保持生物分子的活性,提高生物传感器的选择性和环境稳定性;聚吡咯与其它敏感材料如碳纳米管或金属纳米粒子复合,两者的协同效应使电极的电化学信号放大、电催化活性可提高2～4个数量级.检出限最高可提升5万倍;聚吡咯纳米生物传感器在生物医学工程、临床诊断、环境监测、食品卫生和科学等领域展现出广阔的应用前景.     

聚吡咯为基质的脲酶传感器生物电化学响应

用电化学方法在吡咯（Ｐｙ）聚合的同时,将脲酶掺杂进聚吡咯膜（ＰＰｙ）中形成以聚吡咯为基质的脲酶电极．将脲酶电极与ＣＯ２气敏电极结合,组成对脲有电位响应的脲酶生物传感器．测试了传感器对脲的生物电化学响应．研究了聚合条件对酶活性的影响,并测定了掺杂于聚吡咯中的脲酶的活化能等动力学参数．在５０×１０－５～１．０×１０－２ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的浓度范围内,传感器响应的电极电位与脲浓度的对数成正比．     

纳米粒子在电化学DNA生物传感器研究中的应用

简要介绍了电化学DNA生物传感器的原理和分类,对纳米粒子在电化学DNA生物传感器研究中的应用进行了详细评述.     

基于聚吡咯修饰膨胀石墨电极的甲胎蛋白电化学免疫传感器

构建了测定人血清中甲胎蛋白(AFP)的电化学免疫传感器。此免疫传感器的制备采用恒电位法在膨胀石墨(EG)电极表面合成聚吡咯(PPy),再以戊二醛(GA)作为交联剂,固定辣根过氧化酶标记的AFP抗体(HRP-anti-AFP)。此免疫传感器在含AFP的溶液中于35℃温育50 min后,再在传感器表面修饰普鲁士蓝(PB)作为电子介体,抗原抗体免疫结合产生的免疫复合物会导致HRP对PB催化氧化的效率降低。在优化条件下,AFP的浓度在0.01～300μg/L范围内呈线性关系,检出限为6.25 pg/mL(S/N=3)。这种基于PPy修饰EG电极的免疫传感器制备简单,灵敏度高且价格低廉,有望成为一次性电化学免疫传感器。     

Coupling of a Reagentless Electrochemical DNA Biosensor with Conducting Polymer Film and Nanocomposite as Matrices for the Detection of the HIV DNA Sequences

Abstract

This paper describes a reagentless electrochemical DNA biosensor applied to the detection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) sequences based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The novel DNA biosensor has been elaborated by means of an opposite‐charged adsorption Au‐Ag nanocomposite to a conductive polymer polypyrrole (PPy) modified platinum electrode (Pt) and self‐assembly the mercapto oligonucleotide probes onto the surface of modified electrode via the nanocomposite. The duplex formation was detected by measuring the electrochemical impedance signal of nucleic acids in phosphate buffer solution (PBS). Such response is based on the concomitant conductivity changes of the PPy film and nanocomposite. The reagentless scheme has been characterised using 21‐mer synthetic oligonucleotides as models: parameters affecting the hybridization assay were explored and optimized. The detection limit is 5.0×10^?10 M of target oligonucleotides at 3σ. The potential for development of reagentless DNA hybridization analysis in the clinical diagnosis is being pursued.     

An Electrochemical Sensor Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide,Gold Nanoparticles and Molecular Imprinted Over‐oxidized Polypyrrole for Amoxicillin Determination

An electrochemical sensor for amoxicillin (AMX) detection based on reduced graphene oxide (RGO), molecular imprinted overoxidized polypyrrole (MIOPPy) modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is described in this work. The electrochemical behavior of the imprinted and non‐imprinted polymer (NIP) was carried out by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and impedance spectroscopy (IS). The structure and morphology of the prepared MIP sensor were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV‐Visible, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and its experimental parameters such as monomer and template concentration, pH buffer solution, incubation time of AMX and AuNPs, scan rate as well as electropolymerization scan cycles were optimized to improve the performance of the sensor. The peak current obtained at the MIP electrode was proportional to the AMX concentration in the range from 10^?8 to 10^?3 mol L^?1 with a detection limit and sensitivity of 1.22 10^?6 mol L^?1 (Signal to noise ratio=3) and 2.52×10^?6 μAmol^?1 L, respectively. It was also found that this sensor exhibited reproducibility and excellent selectivity against molecules with similar chemical structures. Besides, the analytical application of the AMX sensor confirms the feasibility of AMX detection in milk and human serum.     

Reagentless Aptamer Based Impedance Biosensor for Monitoring Adenosine

A simple and highly sensitive electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) biosensor based on nano‐MnO₂ as a platform for the immobilization of the aptamer was developed for the determination of adenosine. In the measurement of adenosine, the change in interfacial electron transfer resistance (R_et) of the biosensor using a redox couple of [Fe(CN)₆]^3?/4? as the probe was monitored. The change of the electron transfer resistance (ΔR_et) of the biosensor was linear with the concentration of adenosine in the range from 1.0 nM to 100 nM. The fabricated sensor was shown to exhibit high sensitivity, desirable selectivity and good stability.     

Microelectrode Combinations of Gold and Polypyrrole Enable Highly Stable Two-electrode Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Measurements under Turbulent Flow Conditions

An electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) sensor design is proposed based on a standard interdigitated electrode layout in which the smaller working electrode consists of gold (Au) whereas the larger combined counter and reference electrode is coated with a porous layer of polypyrrole (PPy) doped with polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) (PPy : PSS). Each electrode material was first characterized by EIS in a standard 3-electrode setup with subsequent spectra fitting by a modified Randles equivalent circuit. The differences in the spectra obtained by the PPy : PSS coated electrodes can be explained by an increased electroactive surface area due to the porous polymer film. The changes in morphology of the film are discussed with respect to the evolution of the elements of the electric equivalent circuit. When applying the Au/PPy : PSS electrode combination to a standard 2-electrode arrangement, the enlarged highly electroactive surface area of the PPy : PSS coating lowers the interfacial impedance in a way that mainly the gold working electrode contributes to the overall system impedance. Therefore, obtaining reproducible EIS signals depends only on the electrode's open-circuit potential (OCP) and on additional adsorption events at the gold electrode/electrolyte interface. We present a protocol for microelectrode coating with PPy : PSS, which enables highly stable 2-electrode EIS experiments without the need of a reference electrode. This combination is believed to be very useful if an integration of sensing electrodes inside Micro Total Analysis Systems is aspired.     

A Highly Sensitive Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Immunosensor for Determination of 1‐Pyrenebutyric Acid Based on the Bifunctionality of Nafion/Gold Nanoparticles Composite Electrode

A simple, highly sensitive and label‐free electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) immunosensor was developed using Nafion and gold nanoparticles (nano‐Au/Nafion) composites for the determination of 1‐pyrenebutyric acid (PBA). Under the optimal conditions, the amount of immobilized antibody was significantly improved on the nano‐Au/Nafion electrode due to the synergistic effect and biocompatibility of Nafion film and gold nanoparticles composites. The results showed that the sensitivity and stability of nano‐Au/Nafion composite electrode for PBA detection were much better than those of nano‐Au modified glassy carbon electrode (nano‐Au/GCE). The plot of increased electron transfer resistances (R_ets) against the logarithm of PBA concentration is linear over the range from 0.1 to 150 ng·mL^?1 with the detection limit of 0.03 ng·mL^?1. The selectivity and accuracy of the proposed EIS immunosensor were evaluated with satisfactory results.     

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of Oxide Layers on the Titanium Surface

The method of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is used to study oxide layers formed at the titanium surface by a variety of methods. The sample’s polarization permitted the isolation, in an impedance spectrum, of the response caused by the capacitance of the space-charge region, which obeys the Mott-Schottky dependence. It is established that the high-frequency portion of an impedance spectrum is defined by morphological peculiarities of the porous portion of coatings. Assumptions, concerning the nature of a time constant, which reveals itself in the region of low frequencies at polarizing biases, are made. Equivalent circuits, intended for modeling impedance spectra, are proposed. The circuits take into consideration the effect of the space-charge region, as well as the peculiarities of the structure and morphology of the oxide film formed at the titanium surface.__________Translated from Elektrokhimiya, Vol. 41, No. 8, 2005, pp. 963–971.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Gnedenkov, Sinebryukhov.     

Colorimetric and Electrochemical Methods for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease by Peptide-Triggered Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease (Mpro) has been regarded as one of the ideal targets for the development of antiviral drugs. The currently used methods for the probing of Mpro activity and the screening of its inhibitors require the use of a double-labeled peptide substrate. In this work, we suggested that the label-free peptide substrate could induce the aggregation of AuNPs through the electrostatic interactions, and the cleavage of the peptide by the Mpro inhibited the aggregation of AuNPs. This fact allowed for the visual analysis of Mpro activity by observing the color change of the AuNPs suspension. Furthermore, the co-assembly of AuNPs and peptide was achieved on the peptide-covered electrode surface. Cleavage of the peptide substrate by the Mpro limited the formation of AuNPs/peptide assembles, thus allowing for the development of a simple and sensitive electrochemical method for Mpro detection in serum samples. The change of the electrochemical signal was easily monitored by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The detection limits of the colorimetric and electrochemical methods are 10 and 0.1 pM, respectively. This work should be valuable for the development of effective antiviral drugs and the design of novel optical and electrical biosensors.     

Electrochemical Immunosensing Strategies Based on Immobilization of Anti-IgC on Mixed Self-Assembly Monolayers Carrying Surface Amide or Carboxyl Groups

Abstract

In the development of electrochemical immunosensing strategies, stability or activity of the immobilized biocomponents and signal amplification of the immunoconjugates are two key factors. In this study, a comparative study of immunoglobulin G antibody (anti‐IgG) immobilization, as a model, was performed on cysteine (Cys), 2‐aminoethane thiol (AET), and 11‐mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) monolayers. The change of anti‐IgG layer formation on the three base layers as a function of the anti‐IgG concentration was investigated in parallel via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, surface plasmon resonance, and quartz crystal microbalance. Through the parallel measurements, we demonstrate that the Cys‐modified layer is more suitable for the immobilization of the anti‐IgG molecules than the MUA or AET‐modified layer. Based on the CV and EIS analyses, it was determined that the current responses decreased with the increment of anti‐IgG concentration, while the resistance responses increased with the concentration of anti‐IgG increased. Moreover, the current and resistance shifts were more remarkable on the Cys layer than that of the other two layers. In the SPR and QCM measurements, the SPR and QCM response signals were similar in shape but differing in time scales, reflecting differences in detection mechanisms. With regard to the fundamental problem of comparing different measurement principles, the mechanism of the IgG immobilized on the three layers was proposed. Consequently, the surface concentration of anti‐IgG immobilized on the electrode should be optimized to improve the sensitivity of the immunosensors.     

硅溶胶-凝胶包埋纳米金和酶的葡萄糖生物传感器

采用溶胶-凝胶技术将金纳米粒子和葡萄糖氧化酶一次性固定于硅溶胶-凝胶的网络结构中,制备了葡萄糖生物电化学传感器并优化了传感器的制备条件。酶电极对葡萄糖具有良好的电化学响应,葡萄糖浓度在0.02~2.0 mmol/L范围内和催化电流呈线性关系,检出限为0.005 mmol/L。酶电极在4 ℃下贮存100 d后对葡萄糖的响应仅下降8%。该酶电极灵敏度高、响应快、稳定性好。     

基于纳米金与碳纳米管-纳米铂-壳聚糖纳米复合物固定癌胚抗原免疫传感器的研究

采用纳米金(nano-Au)、多壁碳纳米管-纳米铂-壳聚糖的纳米复合物(MWNT-Pt-CS)及电子媒介体硫堇(Th)固载抗体制得高灵敏癌胚抗原免疫传感器．首先, 于壳聚糖溶液中用NaBH4还原H2PtCl6, 并将多壁碳纳米管分散于其中制得碳纳米管-纳米铂-壳聚糖纳米复合物, 并将其滴涂在玻碳电极上成膜; 然后, 吸附电子媒介体硫堇制得硫堇/碳纳米管-纳米铂-壳聚糖(Th/MWNT-Pt-CS)修饰电极．利用壳聚糖和硫堇分子中大量的氨基固定纳米金并吸附癌胚抗体(anti-CEA); 最后, 用辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)封闭活性位点从而制得高灵敏电流型免疫传感器．在优化的实验条件下, 该传感器响应的峰电流值与癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen)浓度在0.5～10和10～120 ng/mL的范围内保持良好的线性关系, 检测限为0.2 ng/mL．