高压纳秒脉冲电场的细胞器生物电效应综述

纳秒级高压脉冲电场的生物医学应用是近年来新兴的交叉学科研究领域,相比于微秒和毫秒级脉冲电场,高压纳秒脉冲电场不仅能够导致细胞膜结构极化和介电击穿,产生膜电穿孔,还可以穿透至细胞内部,引发诸如细胞骨架解聚、胞内钙离子释放及线粒体膜电位耗散等细胞器生物电效应,吸引了学术界的广泛关注.本文首先介绍高压纳秒脉冲电场及其细胞器生物电作用的物理模型;然后对高压纳秒脉冲电场与细胞骨架、线粒体、内质网、细胞核等亚细胞结构的相互作用研究进行综述和总结;强调高压纳秒脉冲电场的细胞器作用与细胞死亡、细胞间通信等生物效应之间的联系;最后,凝练当前高压纳秒脉冲电场在生物医学研究中的关键技术问题,并对未来潜在的研究方向进行展望.     

双面次级电子倍增效应向单面次级电子倍增效应发展规律的研究

次级电子倍增效应引起的输出窗失效问题往往给微波器件造成灾难性的影响, 是限制微波器件功率进一步提升的瓶颈. 以S波段高功率盒形窗为研究对象, 针对盒形窗内无氧铜金属边界与陶瓷介质窗片相对的区域, 建立了研究法向电场作用下次级电子倍增效应的Monte-Carlo模型. 通过拟合这两种材料间双面次级电子倍增以及单面次级电子倍增效应的敏感曲线, 对次级电子倍增发展特点进行详细分析, 获得了金属与介质之间的次级电子由双面倍增向单面倍增演变的规律.     

电介质表面纵向射频电场对次级电子倍增效应的影响

基于次级电子倍增动力学模型和次级电子发射曲线,运用蒙特卡罗方法模拟电介质表面具有纵向射频电场作用下的单边次级电子倍增现象,研究次级电子倍增的表面电场敏感曲线和时间演化图像. 以一个S波段射频介质窗为例,计算次级电子在其介质表面的沉积功率. 结果表明,纵向射频电场可能加剧电介质表面的次级电子倍增效应,易于导致介质片破裂,不利于高频能量传输. 关键词： 纵向射频场 次级电子倍增效应 蒙特卡罗方法 功率沉积     

真空绝缘子脉冲表面电场在线测量系统的实现

基于Kerr电光效应,建立了用以对纳秒脉冲高电压作用下的真空绝缘子表面电场进行在线测量的实验系统。该测量系统由快脉冲高电压源、YAG激光器、同步控制系统、被测中空薄壁绝缘子及Kerr效应单元、光学相位差检测系统等部分构成。利用YAG激光器输出的激光脉冲,触发导通快脉冲高压源中的高压气体开关,使其给被测绝缘子试品上施加一个脉宽100ns的高压脉冲方波。利用同步控制,使得探测激光在试品上的脉冲方波达到幅值后,入射到Kerr腔体中对Kerr效应进行探测。从而实现了对绝缘子表面电场的在线测量,并给出了初步的测量结果。     

真空绝缘子脉冲表面电场在线测量系统的实现

基于Kerr电光效应,建立了用以对纳秒脉冲高电压作用下的真空绝缘子表面电场进行在线测量的实验系统。该测量系统由快脉冲高电压源、YAG激光器、同步控制系统、被测中空薄壁绝缘子及Kerr效应单元、光学相位差检测系统等部分构成。利用YAG激光器输出的激光脉冲,触发导通快脉冲高压源中的高压气体开关,使其给被测绝缘子试品上施加一个脉宽100 ns的高压脉冲方波。利用同步控制,使得探测激光在试品上的脉冲方波达到幅值后,入射到Kerr腔体中对Kerr效应进行探测。从而实现了对绝缘子表面电场的在线测量,并给出了初步的测量结果。     

场致发射与二次电子倍增效应的程序开发

与瑞士保罗希尔研究所合作,在双方合作开发的通用加速器模拟程序库OPAL中添加了3维复杂几何处理模块及场致发射与二次电子发射模块,使得OPAL具备了进行3维复杂结构中场致发射与二次电子倍增效应模拟的能力,可用于优化复杂高频/微波器件的结构设计从而抑制暗电流发射或二次电子倍增效应。     

场致发射与二次电子倍增效应的程序开发

与瑞士保罗希尔研究所合作,在双方合作开发的通用加速器模拟程序库OPAL中添加了3维复杂几何处理模块及场致发射与二次电子发射模块,使得OPAL具备了进行3维复杂结构中场致发射与二次电子倍增效应模拟的能力,可用于优化复杂高频/微波器件的结构设计从而抑制暗电流发射或二次电子倍增效应。     

脉冲电场对木瓜蛋白酶影响的荧光光谱分析

木瓜蛋白酶溶液在电场强度为50 kV·cm-1,频率1 500 Hz,脉冲宽度40 μs的脉冲电场下接受19 800个脉冲处理后,其活性降低了56.5％。文章采用荧光偏光光谱对处理前后的样品进行了分析。 处理后酶样的荧光强度明显大于处理前,在峰值位置其荧光强度增加超过50％,峰位从342 nm移到了346 nm左右,其荧光偏振幅度明显减小。由此推断出木瓜蛋白酶经脉冲电场处理后酶蛋白的α-螺旋结构松散拉伸,分子内部的氨基酸残基暴露于分子表面,并有部分发生离解游离于溶液中,导致活性部位的结构发生变化,最终导致酶失活。     

光电倍增管对14 MeV脉冲中子的直照响应

采用ING-103型DPF脉冲中子源产生的14.1 MeV脉冲中子对EMI两个不同型号的光电倍增管EMI-9815B和EMI-9850B进行了直照实验。针对DPF脉冲中子源产生中子脉冲的同时也会产生X射线脉冲的特点,采取了飞行时间法及吸收衰减法来消除X射线对中子脉冲的干扰。利用中子及X射线速度的差异,将光电倍增管放置在离源较远的测点位置,测得了X射线脉冲和中子脉冲时间上错开的双峰波形。通过在辐射通道内添加5 cm厚的铅吸收体有效地抑制了X射线峰,在离源较近的测量位置测到了干净的脉冲中子波形。根据实测波形,得到的光电倍增管EMI-9815B和EMI-9850B中子直照灵敏度分别为10-13与10-15量级,该结果与理论计算结果在量级上一致。     

光电倍增管对14 MeV脉冲中子的直照响应

 采用ING-103型DPF脉冲中子源产生的14.1 MeV脉冲中子对EMI两个不同型号的光电倍增管EMI-9815B和EMI-9850B进行了直照实验。针对DPF脉冲中子源产生中子脉冲的同时也会产生X射线脉冲的特点,采取了飞行时间法及吸收衰减法来消除X射线对中子脉冲的干扰。利用中子及X射线速度的差异,将光电倍增管放置在离源较远的测点位置,测得了X射线脉冲和中子脉冲时间上错开的双峰波形。通过在辐射通道内添加5 cm厚的铅吸收体有效地抑制了X射线峰,在离源较近的测量位置测到了干净的脉冲中子波形。根据实测波形,得到的光电倍增管EMI-9815B和EMI-9850B中子直照灵敏度分别为10^-13与10^-15量级,该结果与理论计算结果在量级上一致。     

石英管对空气中锥-板结构纳秒脉冲放电的影响

报道了石英管对大气压下空气中锥-板电极结构纳秒脉冲放电的影响实验研究.实验过程中发现将石英管纵向移动位置,放电会出现四种明显不同的形貌状态,对其机理进行了初步的探讨.利用发射光谱诊断了其转动和振动温度(分别为295和2200 K),表明该等离子体具有高度非平衡度.还进一步提出大气压下空气中产生类辉光放电的有效途径. 关键词： 纳秒脉冲放电 空气 纵向介质 非平衡等离子体     

Magnetic field effect in photodetachment from negative ion in electric field near metal surface

Based on the closed-orbit theory, the magnetic field effect in the photodetachment of negative ion in the electric field near a metal surface is studied for the first time. The results show that the magnetic field can produce a significant effect on the photodetachment of negative ion near a metal surface. Besides the closed orbits previously found by Du et al. for the H in the electric field near a metal surface (J. Phys. B 43 035002 (2010)), some additional closed orbits are produced due to the effect of magnetic field. For a given ion-surface distance and an electric field strength, the cross section depends sensitively on the magnetic field strength. As the magnetic field strength is very small, its influence can be neglected. With the increase of the magnetic field strength, the number of the closed orbits increases greatly and the oscillation in the cross section becomes much more complex. Therefore we can control the photodetachment cross section of the negative ion by changing the magnetic field strength. We hope that our results may guide future experimental studies for the photodetachment process of negative ion in the presence of external fields and surfaces.     

Numerical investigation of radio-frequency negative hydrogen ion sources by a three-dimensional fluid model

A three-dimensional fluid model is developed to investigate the radio-frequency inductively coupled H2 plasma in a reactor with a rectangular expansion chamber and a cylindrical driver chamber, for neutral beam injection system in CFETR. In this model, the electron effective collision frequency and the ion mobility at high E-fields are employed, for accurate simulation of discharges at low pressures(0.3 Pa–2 Pa) and high powers(40 k W–100 k W). The results indicate that when the high E-field ion mobility is taken into account, the electron density is about four times higher than the value in the low E-field case. In addition, the influences of the magnetic field, pressure and power on the electron density and electron temperature are demonstrated. It is found that the electron density and electron temperature in the xz-plane along permanent magnet side become much more asymmetric when magnetic field enhances. However, the plasma parameters in the yz-plane without permanent magnet side are symmetric no matter the magnetic field is applied or not. Besides, the maximum of the electron density first increases and then decreases with magnetic field, while the electron temperature at the bottom of the expansion region first decreases and then almost keeps constant. As the pressure increases from 0.3 Pa to 2 Pa, the electron density becomes higher, with the maximum moving upwards to the driver region, and the symmetry of the electron temperature in the xz-plane becomes much better. As power increases, the electron density rises, whereas the spatial distribution is similar. It can be summarized that the magnetic field and gas pressure have great influence on the symmetry of the plasma parameters, while the power only has little effect.     

PZT 95/5陶瓷电致失效机理研究

对PZT 95/5陶瓷在直流电场、脉冲方波电场以及半正弦波电场作用下的失效机理进行了理论和实验分析.结果表明:在直流作用下,其失效机理以热-电耦合失效为主;而在脉冲电场作用下,考虑振动冲击效应以及相关的力谱分布,脉宽越短,能量向高频偏移,越可能发生力-电耦合失效;当脉宽增加,PZT 95/5陶瓷失效机理将从力-电耦合失效逐步转变成直流失效模式. 关键词： PZT 95/5 失效机理 直流电场 脉冲电场     

电场中不同能量密度激光烧蚀制备纳米硅晶粒分布特性

在室温和10 Pa氩气环境中,引入平行于靶面方向的直流电场,通过改变脉冲激光能量密度烧蚀单晶硅靶,在与羽辉轴线呈不同角度的衬底上沉积纳米硅晶薄膜。利用扫描电子显微镜和拉曼散射谱对沉积样品进行分析,结果表明：随着激光能量密度的增加,位于相同角度衬底上的晶粒尺寸和面密度逐渐变大;在同一激光能量密度下,零度角处衬底上的晶粒尺寸和面密度最大,且靠近接地极板处的值比与之对称角度处略大。通过朗缪尔探针对不同能量密度下烧蚀羽辉中硅离子密度变化的诊断、结合成核区内晶粒成核生长动力学过程,对晶粒分布特性进行了分析。     

Photodetachment of negative ion in a gradient electric field near a metal surface

Based on closed-orbit theory, the photodetachment of H in a gradient electric field near a metal surface is studied. It is demonstrated that the gradient electric field has a significant influence on the photodetachment of negative ions near a metal surface. With the increase of the gradient of the electric field, the oscillation in the photodetachment cross section becomes strengthened. Besides, in contrast to the photodetachment of H near a metal surface in a uniform electric field, the oscillating amplitude and the oscillating region in the cross section of a gradient electric field also become enlarged. Therefore, we can use the gradient electric field to control the photodetachment of negative ions near a metal surface. We hope that our results will be useful for understanding the photodetachment of negative ions in the vicinity of surfaces, cavities, and ion traps.     

强脉冲离子束辐照薄金属靶的热力学过程研究

在回顾和总结现有强脉冲离子束诊断技术和能量沉积模型的基础上, 结合红外成像诊断分析, 基于能量平衡, 提出了强脉冲离子束在固体靶中功率密度分布模型, 并采用蒙特卡罗方法对其进行计算. 以该功率密度模型作为源项, 使用有限元分析方法模拟强脉冲离子束入射100 μm不锈钢靶后内部温度场在毫秒时间范围内的分布和演化. 结果显示, 在微秒时间范围内, 热场以存在于近表面区域数倍于离子射程范围内的冲击热场为主要特征; 而在毫秒时间范围内, 靶的前后表面(纵向)已达到温度平衡, 且靶后表面温度场和入射前表面的离子束横截面能量密度具有空间分布的相似性. 这证明了, 在采用具有毫秒响应速度的红外拍摄系统的情况下, 背面红外诊断技术可以实现以较高的精度对强脉冲离子束横截面的能量分布进行诊断和分析.     

负氢离子源中电子能量沉积三维数值模拟研究

本文理论计算了多峰离子源永磁体, 采用二体碰撞模型(binary collision)处理电子之间的库仑碰撞, 采用空碰撞(null-collision)方法处理电子与氢元素相关粒子, 开发了全三维PIC-MCC模拟算法, 并利用该算法模拟了多峰离子源中电子沉积过程, 分析了多峰磁场对电子的空间和能量分布影响, 结果显示: 电子的非均匀分布起源于高能电子在引出区的B× ▽B漂移.     

Transport of the ion bounced by the plug potential caused by radial electric field in the tandem mirror

In the tandem mirror, plug potentials are created in the plug/barrier cells by microwave injection, and also anchor cells with a minimum B magnetic field configuration are installed in order to reduce the MHD instability. Existence of the ion bounced by the plug potential (PP-bounced ion) is essential for the ion confinement in the tandem mirror. We study the transport of the PP-bounced ion on the assumption that the cross-sectional shape of the magnetic flux tube is slightly different from the cross-sectional shape of the equi-potential surface at the mirror throats of the anchor cell as small deviation from the equilibrium state. The radial-potential profile of the core plasma is adjusted by controlling the electrostatic potentials of the coaxially separated end plates. We find that the spread type of radial-potential profile is effective for the confinement of the plug-potential-bounced ion.Presented at the Workshop Electric Fields Structures and Relaxation in Edge Plasmas, Nice, France, October 26–27, 2004.     

High accuracy calculation of the hydrogen negative ion in strong magnetic fields

Using a full configuration-interaction method with Hylleraas-Gaussian basis function, this paper investigates the 1¹0⁺, 1¹(–1)⁺ and 1¹(–2)⁺ states of the hydrogen negative ion in strong magnetic fields. The total energies, electron detachment energies and derivatives of the total energy with respect to the magnetic field are presented as functions of magnetic field over a wide range of field strengths. Compared with the available theoretical data, the accuracy for the energies is enhanced significantly. The field regimes 3 < γ < 4 and 0.02 < γ < 0.05, in which the 1¹(–1)⁺ and 1¹(–2)⁺ states start to become bound, respectively, are also determined based on the calculated electron detachment energies.