NAMI-A乙基取代衍生物水解机理的DFT研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)方法,并结合导体极化连续模型(CPCM)研究了[(N-EtIm)H][trans-RuⅢCl4(DMSO)(N-EtIm)](N-EtIm=N-乙基咪唑)分别在中性及酸性条件下的水解反应过程.同时,为提高溶剂化能的精确度,在中性条件下水解反应的计算中采用3个水分子的溶剂化模型.计算得到水解反应过程中相应的结构特征和详细的热力学能量及速率常数.首先,在中性条件下,对于第一步水解,液相中配合物的活化能垒为109.9kJ/mol,速率常数为3.3×10-7 s-1,与实验中测得的第一步水解反应的速率常数(4.4×10-7 s-1)一致.对于第二步水解,反应的活化能垒为117.9kJ/mol,这符合实验中观察到的第二步水解比第一步水解反应慢的现象.其次,计算结果表明,酸性条件下,DMSO基团易于水解,Cl-水解困难,这也与实验结果相吻合.     

The dielectric constant effect upon the acid hydrolysis of ethyl acetate

The dielectric constant effect upon the rate of acid hydroly.sis of ethyl acetate is presented from the standpoint of electrostatics and the results compared to like effects upon the acid hydrolysis of methyl propionate.     

Thermokinetics of the ethyl acetate acid and alkaline hydrolysis by differential scanning calorimetry

The kinetic investigation of thermoanalytical curves for the ethyl acetate and alkaline hydrolysis, requires tedious calculations of several mathematical expressions, to establish the correlation between the thermochemical and kinetic parameters. Using the DSC measured data for the heat flow-temperature dependence of the studied reactions, we have obtained the kinetic bulk parameters and the dependencek=k(T) for the basic and acid hydrolysis of ethyl acetate.     

The dielectric constant and salt effects upon the acid hydrolysis of ethyl formate

The hydrolysis of ethyl formate catalysed by hydrochloric acid was studied at three temperatures in water-acetone media and in water media containing different concentrations of sodium nitrate. The effect of various ionic strengths and dielectric constants upon the rate of acid hydrolysis of ethyl formate is presented from the point of electrostatics and the results were compared to like effects upon the acid hydrolysis of ethyl acetate and methyl propionate. Neither the dielectric constant effect nor the salt effect lends itself readily to theoretical interpretation. It was assumed that a partial explanation of these anomalous results might be in the extrapolation of the acid radical to the simplest carboxylic acid. This suggestion was supported somewhat by the trends towards less adherance to the electrostatic theory at certain temperatures in the series methyl propionate, ethyl acetate and ethyl formate.     

Kinetics and mechanism of acid hydrolysis of peroxyketals

The kinetics of hydrolysis of aliphatic ketone di-tert-butylperoxyketals R¹R²C=O, R¹, R²=CH₃, CH₃; CH₃, C₂H₅; CH₃, n-C₃H₇; CH₃, n-C₆H₁₃; CH₃, i-C₅H₁₀; CH₃, i-C₄H₉; C₂H₅, i-C₃H₇; n-C₄H₉, n-C₄H₉; CH₃, C₆H₅-CH₂, in dioxane in the presence of H₂SO₄ were investigated by IR spectroscopy. It was found that the reaction is reversible and takes place according to the equation R¹R²C· (OOC(CH₃)₃)₂ + H₂O;_H+ R¹R²C=O + 2HOOC(CH₃)₃. The proposed mechanism of hydrolysis includes the fast, quasiequilibrium formation of protonated peroxyketal and subsequent formation of the alkylperoxycarbenium ion. A three-parameter correlation equation is proposed for describing the initial rates of hydrolysis of R¹R²C(oo-t-Bu)₂ peroxyketals.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 11, pp. 2501–2506, November, 1990.     

Kinetics and mechanism of the photochemical hydrolysis of phosphoenolpyruvic acid

It was established that phosphoenolpyruvic acid, photoexcited by UV light at 20°C, loses its phosphoryl group under the action of acids and bases. Raising the temperature to 50°C induces dissociation of the photoexcited molecule into enolpyruvate and metaphosphate, which in turn phosphorylates HPO₄ ^2– and H₂P₂O₇ ^2– ions and AMP.Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 1 Murmanskaya St., 253094 Kiev-94, Ukraine. Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 287–290, September–October, 1996. Original article submitted December 1, 1995.     

Change in the acid hydrolysis mechanism of esters enforced by strongly acid microemulsions

A kinetic study was carried out on the acid hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenylacetate and 4-nitrophenyllaurate in water/HOT/isooctane microemulsions. The substitution of Na+ in the sodium salt of bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate by H+ has permitted us to obtain a functionalized surfactant (HOT) and, consequently, strongly acid microemulsions. The use of HOT-based microemulsions allows us to reach concentrations of H+ in the aqueous core corresponding to a Hammett acidity function of H0 = -2. The rate constant at the interface and the distribution constants of the carboxylic esters throughout the different microenvironments of the microemulsion have been quantified by application of the pseudophase formalism. The results obtained show that the hydrolysis rate constant at the interface increases as the water content of the system decreases. The correlation of the rate constants at the interface of the microemulsion with the Hammett acidity function, H0 (on the basis of the Bunnett-Olsen criterion), has allowed us to confirm that the hydrolysis process takes place via an A2 mechanism for high water contents and through an A1 mechanism for values of W 相似文献   

On the hydrolysis mechanism of the second-generation anticancer drug carboplatin

The hydrolysis reaction mechanisms of carboplatin, a second-generation anticancer drug, have been explored by combining density functional theory (DFT) with the conductor-like dielectric continuum model (CPCM) approach. The decomposition of carboplatin in water is expected to take place through a biphasic mechanism with a ring-opening process followed by the loss of the malonato ligand. We have investigated this reaction in water and acid conditions and established that the number of protons present in the malonato ligand has a direct effect on the energetics of this system. Close observation of the optimised structures revealed a necessary systematic water molecule in the vicinity of the amino groups of carboplatin. For this reason we have also investigated this reaction with an explicit water molecule. From the computed potential-energy surfaces it is established that the water hydrolysis takes place with an activation barrier of 30 kcal mol(-1), confirming the very slow reaction observed experimentally. The decomposition of carboplatin upon acidification was also investigated and we have computed a 21 kcal mol(-1) barrier to be overcome (experimental value 23 kcal mol(-1)). We have also established that the rate-limiting process is the first hydration, and ascertained the importance of a water molecule close to the two amine groups in lowering the activation barriers for the ring-opening reaction.     

Structure of proton disolvates formed in the acid hydrolysis of ethyl formate and methyl acetate

By the density functional method (B3LYP/6-31++G(d,p)) optimal structures of proton hetero and homo disolvates involving water molecules, ethyl formate, methyl acetate and products of their hydrolysis are calculated. The data on the structure of these ions and the strength of their H bonds are analyzed together with the results of a similar calculation previously performed for methyl formate. It is shown that in proton solvation by two molecules present in the solution during the hydrolysis of ethyl formate, methyl acetate, and methyl formate stable (X…H…X)⁺ or (X…H…Y)⁺ particles form. Structural and energy parameters of their O…H…O bridges obey the same regularities and are mainly determined by a difference in the proton affinity of X and Y molecules. Calculation results are compared to the data of a number of experimental studies of the acid hydrolysis of esters.     

Kinetics and mechanism of intramolecular carboxylic acid participation in the hydrolysis of N-methoxyphthalamic acid

The rate of formation and disappearance of phthalic anhydride (PAn) intermediate in the aqueous cleavage of N-methoxyphthalamic acid (NMPA) under acidic pH was studied spectrophotometrically in mixed CH3CN-H2O solvents. The rate of formation of PAn from NMPA is almost independent of the change in acetonitrile content from 20 to 70% v/v in mixed aqueous solvents. The rate constants for the formation of PAn from NMPA are approximately 10-fold smaller than the corresponding rate constants for the formation of PAn from o-carboxybenzohydroxamic acid (OCBA). These observations are ascribed to the consequence of the occurrence of slightly different mechanisms in these reactions.     

On the kinetics and mechanism of Nb(V) hydrolysis

Kinetics of Nb(V) hydrolysis in MgCl₂, Mg(ClO₄)₂ mixtures has been investigated by electroanalytical methods and the rate constants determined. A hydrolysis model based on species postulated in the literature is proposed. Resolution of the corresponding differential equations led to results consistent with experimental data obtained from polarographic current vs. time curves. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

On the mechanism of chlorobenzene hydrolysis over Cu promoted lanthanum phosphate

The reaction mechanism of chlorobenzene hydrolysis to produce phenol over Cu promoted lanthanum phosphate has been studied taking into account a parallel reaction through which benzene is formed. There is a competition for the adsorption sites between the reactants and the reaction products.

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On the mechanism of the zirconium-catalysed addition of ethyl Grignard reagents to imines

Ethyl Grignard reagents undergo the Cp₂ZrCl₂-catalysed addition to imines. We have studied the mechanism of this reaction and demonstrated that two overlapped catalytic cycles coexist, leading to mono- and dimagnesated products (before hydrolysis).     

On the synthesis of 5‐ethyl meldrum's acid

Reductive alkylation of Meldrum's acid with acetaldehyde can give, depending on the experimental conditions, either a new dimer (5‐[3‐(2,2‐dimethyl‐4,6‐dioxo‐1,3‐dioxan‐5‐yl)butyl]‐2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxane‐4,6‐dione) or ethyl Meldrum's acid (2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxane‐4,6‐dione). A best way to obtain this latter product is synthesis of 1‐ethoxyethylidene Meldrum's acid from reaction of Meldrum's acid with triethyl orthoacetate, followed by a sodium borohydride reduction.     

Kinetics and solvent effects in the acid hydrolysis of potassium ethyl malonate in dioxane-water and acetone-water mixtures

The acid-catalysed hydrolysis of potassium ethyl malonate in presence of 0.05N-HCl in water and in dioxane-water as well as acetone-water mixtures containing up to about 90% by weight of the organic solvent was studied over the temperature range 30–55°C. The reaction rate decreases continuously with decreasing water content of the solvent mixtures until it reaches a minimum at about 80% dioxane and increases again. The isocomposition activation energy shows only slight changes with solvent composition. The kinetics of the reaction was investigated from the viewpoints of solvent composition, water concentration and dielectric constant. The radii and thermodynamic parameters of the activated complex were calculated and discussed. The conclusions drawn show that the reaction is better treated as an ion-dipole rather than an ion-ion interaction.With 1 Figure     

Reaction paths of the water-assisted neutral hydrolysis of ethyl acetate

Density functional theory calculations were conducted on the title reactions with explicit inclusion of a variety of water molecules. Concerted reaction paths were examined first in the reaction model, ester(H2O)n --> MeCOOH(H2O)(n-1)EtOH, with n = 1-4. Their Gibbs activation energies are much larger than the experimental value, and the concerted paths are unfavorable. Various stepwise paths were investigated, and the ester(H2O)4 reactant gives a likely stepwise path. The n = 4 based reaction models, n = 4 + 5 and n = 4 + 12, were found to have similar proton-relay shapes with good hydrogen-bond directionality. The distinction of either the concerted or the stepwise path is described by the position of only one proton in the "junction" water molecule.     

On the mechanism of hydrolysis of the triazolobenzodiazepine,triazolam. Spectroscopic study

The hydrolysis of 8-chloro-6-(2′-chlorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine (Triazolam) at room temperature, involves a reversible mechanism. The intermediate is a protonated species and the final product is the ring-opened compound resulting from the reversible scission of the imine bond. The two compounds were determined simultaneously as a function of pH with pmr and cmr spectrometry. Spectral data of the benzophenone derivative II (ir, cmr, pmr) are reported.