使用焦散线法与光弹法测定三维裂纹混合型应力强度因子

本文介绍了将焦散线法与应力冻结，“解冻”技术相结合，使焦散线法用于测量三维体内部裂纹前缘应力强度因子的实验方法，并针对复杂应力状态下三维裂纹前缘的不同应变奇异场，合理地综合运用焦散线法与三维光弹法，实际测量与分离了三维裂纹前缘混合型应力强度因子。     

绕径旋转横观各向同性圆球壳的变形和应力分析

本文用三维弹性力学理论研究绕径旋转横观各向同性圆球壳的变形和应力分布，给出任意厚度圆球壳的位移和应务的封闭形式解以及数值结果。研究表明球壳上的位移和应力大小与旋转角速度的平方成正比，球面内的正应力远大于径向正应力和剪应力。     

考虑疲劳裂纹扩展三维效应的James—Anderson修正方法

James-Anderson方法是一种借助材料疲劳裂纹扩展速率性能来确定三维裂纹应力强度因子的重要实验方法。本文对James-Anderson方法中的疲劳裂纹扩展三维效应进行了分析，并对其进行修正。修正后的James-Anderson方法考虑了疲劳裂纹扩展中由于应力状态而引起的三维效应。研究结果表明：和James-Anderson方法相比，修正后的James-Anderson方法得到的应力强度因子和三维数值方法所得的应力强度因子更吻合。     

增强相形态对复合材料微区力学状态影响的有限元分析

采用三维有限元方法模拟了非连续增强金属基复合材料的应力场，得到了不同长径比的椭球形增强体周围的最大主应力场和应力球张量场的分布，分析了增强体长径比对非连续增强金属基复合材料的应力场、应力集中、界面应力过渡及材料内部最危险位置的影响。与仅适用于稀疏夹杂的Eshelby单夹杂模型相比，本文模型(体积分数约为20％—60％)与工程实际更加接近，所得的椭球状增强体内部应力分布并不均匀的计算结果与Eshelby的经典解析解有所不同。     

用全息光弹性法解三维应力分析问题

本文介绍了进行三维应力分析的全息光弹性方法及有关技术,分析了全息光弹性方法的主要困难在于冻结材料的应力光学常数比B/A接近-0.5,并提供了一种新的光弹性材料制作和冻结工艺。这种材料冻结时的应力光学常数比可以远离-0.5。用这种材料制成的三维模型,可以通过全息光弹性方法获得三维应力的全应力实验解答。用这种方法测定了对径受压圆球和高压压头对称断面上的应力分布。实验结果和理论解进行了比较。     

金属材料脆性断裂机理的实验研究

材料的脆性断裂有许多准则和模型,但对脆断机理和变化规律缺乏合理的描述,给工程应用带来不便。本文对典型脆性材料球墨铸铁、灰铸铁分别进行了拉扭双轴断裂实验和常规拉伸、扭转破坏实验;对韧性金属材料合金钢进行了单轴拉伸颈缩破坏实验。通过上述实验分析了脆性材料和韧性材料发生脆性断裂的机理特征并选择应力三维度作为应力状态参数描述危险点的应力状态,同时考察了脆性材料和韧性材料发生脆性断裂的主导因素。结果表明:韧性材料45#钢和14CrNiMoV合金钢在颈缩断面心部应力三维度值较大时发生脆性拉断,而在颈缩断面边缘处应力三维度值较小时发生剪断;脆性材料球墨铸铁在应力三维度值为0.0～0.33之间变化时均发生脆性断裂;灰铸铁在应力三维度值大于0.0时发生脆性拉断,而在应力三维度值小于0.0时发生剪断。因此可以认为,材料的细观组织结构和危险点应力状态是影响断裂机理及变化规律的主要因素。对于同种材料,随着应力三维度代数值从小向大变化材料的断裂机制由塑性剪切断裂逐渐转变为脆性断裂。本文通过对几种材料的脆性断裂危险点和断裂方向的研究给出了脆断宏观破坏条件。     

钢筋混凝土斜交刚构连续梁桥的实验与数值分析

本文利用三维光弹性法和ANSYS软件分析了铁路斜交刚构连续梁桥在一期、二期自重载荷和两种不同工作载荷下的梁体应力分布，数值研究中分别针对实验模型和建筑实物建立计算模型，并将计算结果与实验结果进行了比较，结果表明，桥梁的应力分布呈明显的不对称特征，有其自身的独到之处。     

脆性材料在双向应力下的断裂实验与理论分析

研究了脆性材料在双向应力下的断裂特性和失效机理，特别是在平行于裂纹的应力对临界断裂参数的影响方面进行了实验上和理论上的研究．采用玻璃、陶瓷等脆性材料进行了平面双向拉伸和单向拉伸试验，并对实验结果进行比较．观测直通裂纹的启裂和扩展过程，证明了双向应力对裂纹驱动力有明显影响，讨论了裂纹扩展的应变准则．     

曲轴的三维光弹断裂分析

采用三维光弹性实验、断裂力学原理和实验分别对６１６０Ａ型柴油机曲轴（球墨铸铁）和８ＮＶＤ４８Ａ－２Ｕ型柴油机曲轴（优质结构钢）的三维应力状态、断裂力学参数进行了分析和研究。为预报上述曲轴（带裂纹）的安全寿命，制定船舶检验周期提供理论和实验依据。     

子午线轮胎接触变形的结构有限元分析

针对195／60R14子午线轮胎建立了三维非线性有限元模型，着重研究了额定充气压力及静载荷作用下帘线承受拉应力和剪应力的基本特征。计算结果表明，接地区域摩擦力呈斜对称分布，反映了轮胎中帘线-橡胶复合材料存在变形耦合效应；冠带层、带束层、胎体帘线应力分布较为复杂，载荷变化对其应力水平和分布影响较大；在胎肩部位应力较高，且随载荷变化局部帘线应力变化剧烈，在承受交变载荷时，易形成层间剥落。分析结果有助于预测轮胎的使用性能，可以针对性地应用于因轮胎结构设计引起的质量损坏，某些对轮胎使用性能不利的受力状态可通过结构的优化设计来克服。     

高炉炉壳开孔位置对应力集中的影响

考虑到冶金行业中高炉炉壳开孔的实际情况，本文应用有限元分析的方法研究受远场均匀拉伸载荷，二维有限区域内菱形分布的圆孔中间不同开孔位置下的应力分布，得到最大应力集中系数随孔位置变化的三维变化曲面。此外，孔沿座标轴及沿原孔边缘位置变化对应力集中系数的影响被详细研究，从而为合理设计炉壳开孔提供了理论依据。     

Assembly stress for the reduction of stress concentration

A systematic study utilizing the experimental method of reflected photoelasticity was undertaken to determine the effects of assembly stress on the stresses around circular holes under uniaxial tension. The assembly stresses are the result of the contact and bearing stresses between the bolts and the member. It has been concluded that assembly stress contributes to reducing the stresses around the hole.     

循环载荷下冷挤压孔宏观残余应力的松弛效应

本文对应用云纹干涉法测量冷挤压孔周残余应力分布作了简要的论述，并应用该技术研究了冷挤压孔周残余应力在循环应力作用下的松弛问题，还探讨了残余应力的构件疲劳过程的相互作用，最后绘出不同循环应力次数作用后残余应力高周疲劳效应的几组实验结果。     

Measurement of fatigue damage in composite materials

Numerical results for the stress state around a circular hole in a [0/±45/0]_s boron-epoxy plate under tensile loading are presented. This serves as a model for the initial stress state around the hole during fatigue loading. Comparison is drawn with experimental results for a fatigued specimen obtained from thermography and radiography. Using these results, an interpretation of the effects of the initial stress state on the thermal behavior and on failure initiation is given. This interpretation shows that the circumferential normal stresses are responsible for the initial heat generation and failure initiation in the fatigued specimen.     

孔径尺寸对干涉配合铆接件超高周疲劳性能的影响

合理的干涉配合铆接工艺可以有效提高构件疲劳性能,本文通过试验研究与数值模拟相结合分析孔径尺寸对干涉配合铆接件超高周疲劳性能的影响。利用20kHz超声疲劳试验系统测试了三种不同孔径尺寸下干涉配合铆接件的超高周疲劳性能;基于ABAQUS模拟分析了铆接工艺过程以及孔径尺寸对干涉量和孔边残余应力的影响,通过分析高频低幅加载下孔边应力分布,结合超高周疲劳试验及断口形貌观察,分析了孔径尺寸对铆接件超高周疲劳性能的影响。结果表明:不同孔径尺寸铆接件的裂纹萌生扩展方式类似,疲劳裂纹萌生均发生在孔边距表面1.5mm最大残余拉应力处;适当减小孔径尺寸所形成的合理干涉量可以提高铆接件疲劳寿命,φ4.10mm的孔径可以形成0.66%的孔边平均干涉量,铆接件疲劳寿命最高达到3.63×108周。     

受远方拉伸的孔边角裂纹的应力强度因子

本文应用作者近年来发展的三维权函数法计算了孔边角裂纹受远方拉伸情况下的应力强度因子,所得结果与文献中的解进行了广泛的比较,并讨论了二维无裂纹应力分布对权函数法所得结果的精度的影响。文中为这一问题补充了新的解答。     

Surface tension-induced stress concentration around a nanosized hole of arbitrary shape in an elastic half-plane

This paper studies surface tension-induced stress concentration around a nanosized hole of arbitrary shape inside an elastic half-plane. Of particular interest is the maximum hoop stress on the hole’s boundary with relation to the point of maximum curvature and the distance between the hole and the free surface of the half-plane. The shape of the hole is characterized by a conformal mapping which maps the exterior of the hole onto the exterior of the unit circle in the image plane. On using the technique of conformal mapping and analytic continuation, the complex potentials of the half-plane are expressed in a series form with unknown coefficients to be determined by Fourier expansion method. Detailed numerical results are shown for elliptical, triangular, square and rectangular holes. Two basic conclusions are that the hoop stress increases with decreasing hole size and the maximum hoop stress generally appears nearby but not exactly at the point of maximum curvature. In addition, it is shown that the hoop stress nearby the point of maximum curvature on the hole’s boundary increases rapidly with decreasing distance between the hole and the free surface of the half-plane. On the other hand, if the distance between the hole and the free surface is more than three times the hole size, the effect of the free surface on the stress concentration around the hole is ignorable and the elastic half-plane can be treated approximately as an elastic whole plane.     

Solution of the moiré hole drilling method using a finite-element-method-based approach

The moiré hole drilling method in a biaxially loaded infinite plate in plane stress is an inverse problem that exhibits a dual nature: the first problem results from first drilling the circular hole and then applying the biaxial loads, while the other problem arises from doing the opposite, i.e., first applying the biaxial load and then drilling the circular hole. The first problem is hardly ever addressed in the literature but implies that either separation of stresses or material property identification may be achieved from interpreting the moiré signature around the hole. The second is the well-known problem of determination of residual stresses from interpreting the moiré fringe orders around the hole. This paper addresses these inverse problem solutions using the finite element method as the means to model the plate with a hole, rather than the typical approach using the Kirsch solution, and a least-squares optimization approach to resolve for the quantities of interest. To test the viability of the proposed method three numerical simulations and one experimental result in a finite width plate are used to illustrate the techniques. The results are found to be in excellent agreement. The simulations employ noisy data to test the robustness of this approach. The finite-element-method-based inverse problem approach employed in this paper has the potential for use in applications where the specimen shape and boundary conditions do not conform to symmetric or well-used shapes. Also, it is a first step in testing similar procedures in three-dimensional samples to assess the residual stresses in materials.     

点阵材料微极连续介质模型的应力优化设计

在将二维周期性点阵类材料等效为具有非局部化本构的微极连续介质的基础上,运用优化技术,探讨了基于材料相对密度和微单胞特征尺度两类变量的优化结构应力的方法,给出了针对最小化结构关键部位应力、结构最大应力最小化、最大化结构关键部位安全储备三类特定目标的结构与材料一体化协同优化结果．利用圆板小孔应力集中的数值算例验证了方法的有效性．     

2D and 3D finite element analysis of crack growth under compressive residual stress field

In the present study, plasticity induced crack closure (PICC) concept and three dimensional (3D) finite element method (FEM) were used to study the effect of compressive residual stress field on the fatigue crack growth from a hole. Furthermore, a new methodology on the basis of a correction factor was presented to increase the PICC precision. The result obtained was compared to two dimensional (2D) FEM, superposition method and Liu’s experimental data. To simulate the elasto-plastic behavior of the material, isotropic hardening was assumed and the Von-Mises yield criterion was implemented. A 3D mesh was built using eight-node hexahedral elements and one half of the specimen was modeled. The simulation results were fairly well correlated with experimental data. Furthermore, the 3D elasto-plastic FEM predicted a slightly smaller fatigue life than a 2D plane stress FEM. Applying the modified PICC method reduces the 3D FEM fatigue life prediction errors.