Iterative method for solving a three-dimensional electrical impedance tomography problem in the case of piecewise constant conductivity and one measurement on the boundary

The problem of electrical impedance tomography in a bounded three-dimensional domain with a piecewise constant electrical conductivity is considered. The boundary of the inhomogeneity is assumed to be unknown. The inverse problem is to determine the surface that is the boundary of the inhomogeneity from given measurements of the potential and its normal derivative on the outer boundary of the domain. An iterative method for solving the inverse problem is proposed, and numerical results are presented.     

幂函数的一些密码学性质

二元域上n数组空间上的非线性置换在分组码，杂凑函数与流密码等密码学领域中有重要应用.域GF（2n）上的幂函数提供了二元域上n数组空间上的一类非线性置换．本文着重研究幂函数的强完全性、完全性与非线性度等密码学性质．作为结果，本文证明了幂函数具有完全性；证明了具有强完全性的函数必有较高的拓扑非线性度；木文找到一类具有强完全性的幂函数；周时也定出了幂函数的代数非线性度．     

Analytical solution for electromagnetothermoelastic behaviors of a functionally graded piezoelectric hollow cylinder

Analytical study for electromagnetothermoelastic behaviors of a hollow cylinder composed of functionally graded piezoelectric material (FGPM), placed in a uniform magnetic field, subjected to electric, thermal and mechanical loads are presented. For the case that the electric, magnetic, thermal and mechanical properties of the material obey an identical power law in the radial direction, exact solutions for electric displacement, stresses, electric potential and perturbation of magnetic field vector in the FGPM hollow cylinder are determined by using the infinitesimal theory of electromagnetothermoelasticity. Some useful discussions and numerical examples are presented to show the significant influence of material inhomogeneity, and adopting a certain value of the inhomogeneity parameter β and applying suitable electric, thermal and mechanical loads can optimize the FGPM hollow cylindrical structures. This will be of particular importance in modern engineering design.     

A circular inhomogeneity with a mixed-type imperfect interface in anti-plane shear

We present a rigorous study of the problem associated with a circular inhomogeneity embedded in an infinite matrix subjected to anti-plane shear deformations. The inhomogeneity and the matrix are each endowed with separate and distinct surface elasticities and are bonded together through a soft spring-type imperfect interphase layer. This combination is referred to in the literature as a ‘mixed-type imperfect interface’ due to the fact that the soft interphase layer (described by the spring model) is bounded by two stiff interfaces arising from the separate surface elasticities of the inhomogeneity and the matrix. The entire composite is subjected to remote shear stresses and we allow for the presence of a screw dislocation in either the inhomogeneity or the matrix. The corresponding boundary value problem is reduced to two coupled second-order differential equations for the two analytic functions defined in the two phases (as well as their analytical continuations) leading to solutions in either series or closed-form. The analysis indicates that the stress field in the composite and the image force acting on the screw dislocation can be described completely in terms of three size-dependent parameters and a size-independent mismatch parameter. Interestingly, in the absence of the screw dislocation, the size-dependent stress field inside the inhomogeneity is uniform. Several numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the solution for a screw dislocation located inside the matrix. The results show that it is permissible for the dislocation to have multiple equilibrium positions.     

On a partially debonded rigid line inclusion penetrating a circular inhomogeneity

We derive closed-form solutions to the mixed boundary value problem of a partially debonded rigid line inclusion penetrating a circular elastic inhomogeneity under antiplane shear deformation. The two tips of the rigid line inclusion are just mutual mirror images with respect to the inhomogeneity/matrix interface, and the upper part of the rigid line inclusion is debonded from the surrounding materials. By using conformal mapping and the method of image, closed-form solutions are derived for three loading cases: (i) the matrix is subjected to remote uniform stresses; (ii) the matrix is subjected to a line force and a screw dislocation; and (iii) the inhomogeneity is subjected to a line force and a screw dislocation. In the mapped ξ-plane, the solutions for all the three loading cases are interpreted in terms of image singularities. For the remote loading case, explicit full-field expressions of all the field variables such as displacement, stress function and stresses are obtained. Also derived is the near tip asymptotic elastic field governed by two generalized stress intensity factors. The generalized stress intensity factors for all the three loading cases are derived.     

The interaction between a screw dislocation and a rigid line in a confocal elliptical inhomogeneity

The interaction between a screw dislocation and an elastic elliptical inhomogeneity which contains a confocal rigid line is investigated. The screw dislocation is located inside either the elliptical inhomogeneity or the infinite matrix. By using the complex potential method, explicit series solutions of complex potentials are obtained. The image force acting on the screw dislocation and the stress intensity factor at the tip of the rigid line are derived. As a result, the analysis and discussion show that the influence of the rigid line on the interaction effects between a screw dislocation and an elliptical inhomogeneity is significant. The rigid line enhances the repulsive force exerted on the dislocation produced by the stiff inhomogeneity and abates the attractive force produced by the soft inhomogeneity. For the soft inhomogeneity, there is an unstable equilibrium position when the dislocation is inside the matrix and there is a stable equilibrium position when the dislocation is inside the inhomogeneity. The stress intensity factor contour around the rigid line tip shows that when a dislocation with positive burgers vector is in the upper half-plane, stress intensity factor will be positive; while in the lower half-plane, stress intensity factor will be negative; and in the x-axis, it will be zero. The absolute value of the stress intensity factor will increase when the dislocation approaches the tip of the rigid line. The stress intensity factor at the rigid line tip is enhanced by a harder matrix and abated by a softer matrix.     

Analytic solution for a circular nano-inhomogeneity with interface stretching and bending resistance in plane strain deformations

In the mechanical analysis of composites containing nano-inhomogeneities, it is customary to consider only the stretching resistance of the inhomogeneity-matrix interface but neglect the bending resistance of the interface. In this paper, we consider a circular nano-inhomogeneity in an infinite elastic plane subjected to an arbitrary uniform remote in-plane loading with both stretching and bending resistance incorporated on the interface. Analytic solutions are obtained for the stress field both inside and outside the inhomogeneity by using an integral-type boundary condition representing the jump in traction across the interface. We show that the presence of interface bending resistance has no influence on the average of the mean stress in the inhomogeneity, and for certain interface stretching and bending rigidities the stress field inside the inhomogeneity can remain uniform regardless of the specific uniform remote loading. Numerical examples are presented to examine the influence of the interface bending resistance on the interfacial tractions imposed on the inhomogeneity and matrix for a uniform remote uniaxial loading. It is found that the introduction of interface bending resistance perturbs the (interfacial) tractions imposed on the inhomogeneity only slightly whether the inhomogeneity is softer or harder than the matrix, while it may influence the (interfacial) tractions imposed on the matrix significantly when the inhomogeneity is much softer than the matrix. Moreover, it is shown that the peak of the interface bending resistance-induced jump in traction across the interface initially increases and then decreases as the inhomogeneity becomes harder (from an initial state in which the inhomogeneity is softer than the matrix).     

Propagation of SH‐wave in an initially stressed orthotropic medium sandwiched by a homogeneous and an inhomogeneous semi‐infinite media

The paper presents a study of propagation of shear wave (SH‐wave) in an orthotropic elastic medium under initial stress sandwiched by a homogeneous semi‐infinite medium and an inhomogeneous half‐space. The technique of separation of variables has been adopted to get the analytical solutions for the dispersion relation in a closed form. The propagation of SH‐waves is influenced by inhomogeneity parameters and initial stress parameter. Velocities of SH‐waves are calculated numerically for different cases. As a special case when the intermediate layer and half‐space are homogeneous, computed frequency equation coincides with general equation of Love wave. To study the effect of inhomogeneity parameters and initial stress parameter, we have plotted the velocity of SH‐wave in several figures and observed that the velocity of wave decreases with the increases of non‐dimensional wave number. It can be found that the phase velocity decreases with the increase of inhomogeneity parameters. We observed that the velocity of SH‐wave decreases with the increases of initial stress parameter in both homogeneous and inhomogeneous media. GUI has been developed by using MATLAB to generalize the effect of the parameters discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Uniform Asymptotic Expansion of the Voltage Potential in the Presence of Thin Inhomogeneities with Arbitrary Conductivity

Asymptotic expansions of the voltage potential in terms of the "radius" of a diametrically small(or several diametrically small) material inhomogeneity(ies) are by now quite well-known. Such asymptotic expansions for diametrically small inhomogeneities are uniform with respect to the conductivity of the inhomogeneities.In contrast, thin inhomogeneities, whose limit set is a smooth, codimension 1 manifold,σ, are examples of inhomogeneities for which the convergence to the background potential,or the standard expansion cannot be valid uniformly with respect to the conductivity, a, of the inhomogeneity. Indeed, by taking a close to 0 or to infinity, one obtains either a nearly homogeneous Neumann condition or nearly constant Dirichlet condition at the boundary of the inhomogeneity, and this difference in boundary condition is retained in the limit.The purpose of this paper is to find a "simple" replacement for the background potential, with the following properties:(1) This replacement may be(simply) calculated from the limiting domain Ω\σ, the boundary data on the boundary of Ω, and the right-hand side.(2) This replacement depends on the thickness of the inhomogeneity and the conductivity,a, through its boundary conditions on σ.(3) The difference between this replacement and the true voltage potential converges to 0 uniformly in a, as the inhomogeneity thickness tends to 0.     

On the extremal value of the thermoelastic energy of a material with an inclusion subject to mechanical and thermal action

Under prescribed thermoelastic stresses and known properties of the matrix and the inclusion in an elastic medium with an inhomogeneity, we find the shape of inhomogeneity that leads to an extremal value of the thermoelastic energy. From the necessary conditions for an extremum of the thermoelastic energy functional we find a condition for seeking the interface. For the case of isotropic cornponents and under loads of stretching (compression) type and uniform heating of the medium the shape of the inclusion can be found explicitly within a certain range of initial parameter values. The results of numerical study are presented and analyzed. One table. Translated fromTeoreticheskaya i Prikladnaya Mekhanika, No. 25, 1995, pp. 26–34.     

Resonant wave motion in a non-homogeneous system

A nonlinear theory of resonant wave motion in an inhomogeneous system (arising from different mechanical applications) is considered. Depending on the magnitude of the influence of inhomogeneity two different situations are encountered. The system may behave either as a nonlinear one-degree-of-freedom oscillator exhibiting a response curve with either soft or hard spring behaviour or for a sufficiently small influence of inhomogeneity, there are periodic shock waves in a certain frequency band about the linear resonance frequency, a phenomenon that is familiar from homogeneous systems like a gas filled tube being excited close to resonance.     

压电螺型位错和含界面裂纹圆形夹杂的电弹干涉效应

研究了在无穷远反平面剪切和面内电场共同作用下压电材料基体中一个压电螺型位错与含界面裂纹圆形弹性夹杂的电弹耦合干涉作用．运用复变函数方法,获得了该问题的一般解答．作为典型算例,求出了界面含一条裂纹时,基体和夹杂区域复势函数的封闭形式解以及裂纹尖端应力和电位移场强度因子．应用扰动技术和广义Peach-Koehler公式,导出了位错力的解析表达式．数值结果表明,界面裂纹对压电螺型位错与夹杂的干涉具有强烈扰动效应,当裂纹长度达到临界值时,可以改变其干涉机理．同时,分析说明压电材料中软夹杂可以排斥基体中的位错．     

Uniform strain field inside a non-circular inhomogeneity with homogeneously imperfect interface in anisotropic anti-plane shear

We re-examine the conclusion established earlier in the literature that in the presence of a homogeneously imperfect interface, the circular inhomogeneity is the only shape of inhomogeneity which can achieve a uniform internal strain field in an isotropic or anisotropic material subjected to anti-plane shear. We show that under certain conditions, it is indeed possible to design such non-circular inhomogeneities despite the limitation of a homogeneously imperfect interface. Our method proceeds by prescribing a uniform strain field inside a non-circular inhomogeneity via perturbations of the uniform strain field inside the analogous circular inhomogeneity and then subsequently identifying the corresponding (non-circular) shape via the use of a conformal mapping whose unknown coefficients are determined from a system of nonlinear equations. We illustrate our results with several examples. We note also that, for a given size of inhomogeneity, the minimum value of the interface parameter required to guarantee the desired uniform internal strain increases as the elastic constants of the inclusion approach those of the matrix. Finally, we discuss in detail the relationship between the curvature of the interface and the displacement jump across the interface in the design of such inhomogeneities.     

Denumerable controlled Markov chains with strong average optimality criterion: Bounded & unbounded costs

This paper studies discrete-time nonlinear controlled stochastic systems, modeled by controlled Markov chains (CMC) with denumerable state space and compact action space, and with an infinite planning horizon. Recently, there has been a renewed interest in CMC with a long-run, expected average cost (AC) optimality criterion. A classical approach to study average optimality consists in formulating the AC case as a limit of the discounted cost (DC) case, as the discount factor increases to 1, i.e., as the discounting effectvanishes. This approach has been rekindled in recent years, with the introduction by Sennott and others of conditions under which AC optimal stationary policies are shown to exist. However, AC optimality is a rather underselective criterion, which completely neglects the finite-time evolution of the controlled process. Our main interest in this paper is to study the relation between the notions of AC optimality andstrong average cost (SAC) optimality. The latter criterion is introduced to asses the performance of a policy over long but finite horizons, as well as in the long-run average sense. We show that for bounded one-stage cost functions, Sennott's conditions are sufficient to guarantee thatevery AC optimal policy is also SAC optimal. On the other hand, a detailed counterexample is given that shows that the latter result does not extend to the case of unbounded cost functions. In this counterexample, Sennott's conditions are verified and a policy is exhibited that is both average and Blackwell optimal and satisfies the average cost inequality.     

Finite plane deformations of a three-phase circular inhomogeneity-matrix system

We consider finite plane deformations of a three-phase circular inhomogeneity-matrix system in which the inhomogeneity, the interphase layer and the matrix belong to the same class of compressible hyperelastic materials of harmonic-type but with each phase possessing its own distinct material properties. We obtain the complete solution when the system is subjected to general classes of remote (Piola) stress, specifically, remote stress distributions characterized by stress functions described by general polynomials of order n?1 in the corresponding complex variable z used to describe the matrix. As a particular case of the aforementioned analysis, we establish an Eshelby-type result namely that, for this class of harmonic materials, a three-phase circular inhomogeneity under uniform remote stress and eigenstrain, admits an internal uniform stress field when subjected to plane deformations.     

Scattering of Plane Electromagnetic Waves from a Small Inhomogeneity in a Slightly Curved Layer

The problem on the diffraction of the elastic plane wave of horizontal polarization (SH wave) from a small inhomogeneity lying in a slightly bent layer is investigated. The layer is situated on the boundary of a half-space. The inhomogeneity is assumed to be a cylinder the cross-section diameter of which is small in comparison with the length of the incident wave. The wave is polarized parallel to the axis of the cylinder. It is proved that the small inhomogeneity radiates as a point source the intensity of which is proportional to the area of the cross-section of the inhomogeneity and to the jumps of the squared velocities in the layer and in the inhomogeneity. Bibliography: 10 titles.__________Translated from Zapiski Nauchnykh Seminarov POMI, Vol. 297, 2003, pp. 106–115.     

On the stability of mixed convective motions in a vertical layer with wave-like boundaries

The stability of the stationary and oscillatory convective motions which develop in a vertical layer with periodically curved boundaries is studied for the case of longitudinal fluid injection. The amplitude of the boundary undulations and the flow of fluid along the layer are both assumed to be small, and methods of perturbation theory are used. The characteristic properties of the incremental spectrum of the spatially periodic motions are studied and the most dangerous types of perturbations as well as the forms of the stability regions are determined.

Theoretical investigations of the effect of spatial inhomogeneity of the boundary conditions on the stability of convection were sparse, and they deal mainly with horizontal layers of fluid /1–3/. Stationary, spatially periodic motions in a vertical layer with curved boundaries were investigated in /4/ for the case of free convection (when the flow was closed), and their stability was investigated in /5/. It was established that the presence of a small but finite flow of fluid along the layer leads to an increase in the number of different modes of flow, and to the appearance of non-stationary convective motions in the region near the threshold.     

短纤维复合材料的本征应变边界积分方程计算模型

提出了短纤维复合材料的本征应变边界积分方程计算模型,并采用新发展的边界点法进行了求解．模型依据Eshelby等效夹杂物的概念并借助Eshelby张量,采用迭代方法来计算基体中各种性能短纤维的本征应变,其中所需的Eshelby张量不难通过解析或数值方法获得．由于未知量只出现在边界上,与已有的有限元和边界元模型相比,提出的计算模型可极大地减小异质体问题的求解规模,提高计算效率．通过数值算例计算了代表性体积单元上各种短纤维复合材料的整体弹性性能,验证了计算模型和求解方法的正确性和有效性．     

Elastic field perturbation by an elliptic inhomogeneity with a sliding interface

Summary Muskhelishvili complex potentials are used to solve the problem of an infinite elastic plane containing an elliptic inhomogeneity with a sliding interface but no eigenstrain. The boundary conditions considered are (a) continuity of normal tractions and displacements and vanishing shear tractions at the interface, and (b) vanishing stresses at infinity. After a conformal mapping of the elastic plane, the solution is obtained in terms of a set of infinite algebraic equations yielding the Laurent's expansion coefficients of the complex potentials. Distinct sets of formulae must be written for a circular inhomogeneity (degenerate ellipse) and an elliptic inhomogeneity (no degeneracy), and in both cases no closed-form solution is obtainable. For an elliptic inhomogeneity the solution requires iteration and recursion, and implies vanishing stresses in the homogeneity when the system is loaded with a remote uniform shear parallel to the axes of the ellipse.

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Riassunto I potenziali complessi di Muskhelishvili vengono usati per risolvere il problema di un piano elastico infinito contenente una disomogeneità ellittica con interfaccia scorrevole e che non sia all' origine di un campo di sforzi in terni. Si considerano le condizioni al contorno: (a) continuità delle trazioni e degli spostamenti normali e annullamento delle trazioni tangenziali all' interfaccia; (b) annullamento degli sforzi all' infinito. Mediante una trasformazione conforme del piano elastico, la soluzione viene espressa in termini di un sistema di infinite equazioni algebriche per i coefficienti degli sviluppi di Laurent dei potenziali complessi. Si trova che occorre scrivere distinti sistemi per i casi di disomogeneità circolare (ellisse degenere) e di disomogeneità ellittica (non circolare). In ambedue i casi non è ottenibile una soluzione in forma chiusa. Nel caso di disomogeneità ellittica la soluzione consiste in formule ricorrenti e richiede iterazione; inoltre, essa implica l'annullamento del campo di sforzi nella disomogeneità quando il sistema è soggetto ad uno sforzo di taglio uniforme applicato all' infinito parallelamente agli assi dell' ellisse.

     

Investigation of coupled physical fields in a compound piezoceramic wedge

A composition consisting of two infinite wedges fastened together along their common side is considered. The outer surfaces of the wedges are fixed and coated with grounded electrodes, and an ideal mechanical and electrical contact is assumed along the interface of both wedges. At certain relations of the geometric and stiffness parameters of the wedge components, the coupled electroelastic fields have a power-type singularity (intensified by oscillations) at the wedge vertex as a result of action of mechanical or electrical loads on the compound wedge. Such an effect is not observed in the case of piezopassive compound wedges (under antiplane strain conditions). The present study is dedicated to the investigation of this phenomenon. Closed-form solutions of some electroelastic boundary-value problems are constructed for the case of action of point shearing forces or electric charges.Sumskii State University, Ukraine. Translated from Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, Vol. 35, No. 6, pp. 777–784, November–December, 1999.