轻原子核的变形

近来分析轻原子核的能谱发现有些原子核似有转动能级。本文根据综合模型的理论对一些轻原子核的基态、激发态和变形之间的关系加以研究。在讨论中考虑了对能及转动微扰的影响,结果发现转动微扰对於形变的影响颇大,在某些情形例如:O¹⁷,O¹⁸能将长形变成球形,并且改变能级的组态的次序。     

原子核能级密度的半经验分析

本文运用统计热力学自洽场理论,分析了壳效应和对效应对于原子核能级密度的影响以及这种影响随激发能变化的趋势,提出了一个原子核能级密度的半经验公式。该公式只含三个经验参数,却能对近200个核得到比较满意的结果。     

原子核反应和核结构

本文共分两部分:第一部分是叙述如何从原子核单独能级的特性和系统性来研究原子核的结构,并例举了四类研究这些能级最重要的原子核反应实验。第二部分主要是叙述如何从激发能高于中子或质子结合能的原子核内部运动的统计规律,来研究原子核的结构;并例举了六类研究虚激发态的原子核反应。作者对这两部分原子核反应实验今后的工作方向,提出了一些看法和意见。     

Na23(p,α)反应的两个很靠近的共振能级

在质子能量为1416千电子伏的附近,测量了Na²³(p,α)反应的α₀激发曲线。在这里过去认为只有一个共振能级,现在发现有两个能级存在:一个在质子能量为1416.8千电子伏处;另一个在1410.4千电子伏处,这个能级主要通过放出α粒子而衰变到Ne²⁰的基态。     

球形核的3-态结构

本文在粒子零级能退化的假设下,解出一个在满壳外有N个中子,Z个质子的原子核模型系统的负宇称态结构:它是由四类基本激发组成的。这四类激发通过相互作用耦合在一起,但是各自的内部结构不因彼此相互作用而破坏。还研究了零级能退化消除情况的一些特例;这些特例表明对于3^-态的最低能级来说,上述结论仍然是正确的。     

相对论效应对类锂离子能级结构及辐射跃迁性质的影响

利用基于多组态Dirac-Hartree-Fock(MCDHF) 理论方法的相对论原子结构计算程序包GRASP2K, 细致计算了中性锂原子、类锂Be⁺, C³⁺, O⁵⁺, Ne⁷⁺, Ar¹⁵⁺, Fe²³⁺, Mo³⁹⁺, W⁷¹⁺及U^{89 +} 离子基组态及较低的激发组态1s²nl (n = 2---4, l =s,p,d,f) 的精细结构能级, 以及各能级间发生电偶极(E1) 自发辐射跃迁的能量、概率及振子强度. 同时, 在非相对论极限下, 计算了其相关原子参数. 通过对相对论及非相对论计算结果的比较, 系统研究了相对论效应对类锂等电子系列离子能级结构及E1跃迁性质的影响, 揭示了随原子核电荷数Z变化时, 跃迁能、振子强度强烈依赖于量子数n, l, j变化的规律; 同时, 目前的计算结果与其他已有的理论计算及实验测量结果进行了比较.     

关于低能核反应中的复合核效应

本文用扩散型光学位阱对低能(中子2—4兆电子伏,质子3.5—7兆电子伏)非弹性散射角分布、激发函数和γ射线角分布进行了计算,目的是比较系统地定量检验Hauser-Feshbach理论。计算结果和实验符合得很好。说明H.F.理论中的基本出发点,即不同复合核态之间的干涉相消的假设,是近似成立的。在此基础上,我们进一步讨论了可以用H.F.公式来提供光学位阱参数与能级自旋宇称知识的可能性,后者具体应用至N¹⁴的高激发态,计算表明:N¹⁴的4.91兆电子伏和5.01兆电子伏能级的自旋分别为0和2,能级的自旋对截面的大小影响很显著,但宇称则几乎没有影响。同时我们也应用H.F.理论讨论了相邻奇-偶核和偶-偶核弹性散射的差异。最后,考虑到同位旋在轻核中是一个准守恆量,本文中研究了在复合核过程中同位旋守恆的可能性,给出了考虑同位旋守恆以后的H.F.公式。并对于N¹⁴(p,p′)N^14*至第一激发态2.31兆电子伏(t=1),和第二激发态3.95兆电子伏(t=0)的非弹性散射角分布,分别在同位旋守恒和不守恒情况下进行了计算,结果表明,不守恒时的计算值和现有的实验非常接近,看来同位旋量子数在轻核的复合核反应中守恆性是很差的。     

相对论平均场理论中的张量项对自旋-轨道劈裂的影响

在相对论平均场理论中引入同位旋标量-矢量介子ω张量项, 以²⁰⁸Pb为例,研究了张量项对原子核平均势场、介子场、自旋-轨道耦合势、单粒子能级的自旋-轨道劈裂和原子核壳层结构等的影响.结果发现张量项对核子平均势的影响主要表现在原子核的表面.随着张量耦合强度的增加, 自旋-轨道耦合势增强,单粒子能级的自旋-轨道劈裂增大,从而导致原子核单粒子能级的壳层结构发生很大变化,传统幻数所对应的主壳消失, 新的主壳出现.     

双奇核140Pr的高自旋态能级纲图

通过¹³⁰Te(¹⁴N,4n)反应首次对双奇核¹⁴⁰Pr进行了在束γ谱学研究.在实验中进行了γ射线的激发函数、γ射线单谱和γγt符合测量.建立了激发能达4717.3keV的¹⁴⁰Pr的能级纲图,其中包括新发现的42条γ射线和新建立的27个能级.基于实验测量的γ跃迁各向异性度,建议了¹⁴⁰Pr部分能级的自旋值.根据¹⁴⁰Pr附近同位素核结构的系统性,对部分能级的准粒子组态作了定性的讨论.     

用电子散射对S核和Si核同位素的进一步研究

用相对论平均场计算了^26,28,30,32S和^22,24,26,28Si的结合能, 均方根半径, 质子皮厚度, 单粒子能级等. 两套参数TM2和NL-SH的计算结果与实验值比较符合. 用平均场与相对论Eikonal近似结合计算出³²S和²⁸Si的形状因子和微分截面的结果, 与实验值也符合得较好. 进一步研究了S和Si的同位素链的基本性质和电子散射, 讨论了电子散射的电荷形状因子对电荷密度变化的敏感性. 电荷形状因子在下一代电子--不稳定原子核对撞机上可以测量, 这将能精确测量不稳定核的电荷半径和电荷密度分布, 本文计算的结果可供未来实验参考.     

Distorted wave theory of scattering of nucleons with intermediate energies on nuclei

In the context of nonrelativistic theory in the distorted wave approximation, a three-dimensional form of analytical expression for the differential cross section of scattering of nucleons with intermediate energies on atomic nuclei is derived. In the context of this theory, the main parameters of elastic scattering of protons with incident energy of 1 GeV on the ²⁰⁸Pb nucleus are determined. For inelastic scattering of protons with nuclear surface vibrations, giant multipole resonances in the excited nucleus are investigated for the collective nucleus model. The energy losses of the scattered proton are calculated together with the energies of giant dipole and quadrupole resonances and nuclear surface vibration energy. This allows the deformation parameter of the excited nucleus to be calculated.     

用高能核子非弹性散射研究核力有效势

本文用扭曲波玻恩近似法及多体高能近似法,处理了原子核对高能核子的非弹性散射现象。在具有可靠的靶核激发态波函数的情况下,可利用这些理论处理方法研究核内两核子间的有效势,本文具体就碳核对185MeV入射核子的非弹性散射进行了计算。在计算中利用了粒子-空穴模型核波函数。在采用了具有各种交换性质并包含自旋轨道耦合项的有效势后,用一组合理的位阱参数,由多体高能近似法计算的理论值可与几个微分截面及极化实验曲线同时符合。     

Proton capture by 176Yb in the giant dipole resonance region

The proton capture cross section for the reaction ¹⁷⁶Yb(p, γ)¹⁷⁷Lu has been measured for incident proton energies between 6 and 24 MeV. The excitation function for this deformed nucleus agrees remarkably well with the results of previous studies on spherical nuclei, e.g. ¹⁴²Ce(p, γ)¹⁴³Pr. The results indicate that the giant dipole resonance (GDR) is strongly excited as predicted by the direct-semidirect (DSD) model. It is found that the model describes reasonably well the excitation function. In the low-energy proton range, where the excitation function increases rapidly with proton energy, the observed cross section is significantly higher than the DSD predictions. The difference can only partly be explained by compound nucleus contributions. In the high-energy end, the predicted cross section tends to be too high primarily due to an increasing contribution of direct capture to orbitals with large angular momenta.     

Influence of nuclear boundary diffuseness on the diffraction dissociation of light ions

The theory of deuteron diffraction dissociation is extended to the case of weakly-bound light-ion interaction with diffused-edge nuclei. The formalism developed is applied to the analysis of coincident energy spectra and angular distributions of the ¹²C,⁵¹V,⁹⁰Zr(³He, pd) reactions at 90 MeV energy. A satisfactory agreement between the theory and experimental data is obtained. Conclusions are drawn about the diffraction character of the ³He ions interaction with nuclei at the energy in question. It is shown that the inclusion of finite-range nuclear forces between clusters in the projectile leads to an increase of the ³He dissociation cross section. The sensitivity of the dissociation cross section to the diffuseness parameter of the nuclear boundary is established. The possibility is also discussed of using the dissociation reaction of weakly-bound light projectiles by composite nuclei for study of the nuclear surface in coincidence measurements at sufficiently high energies.     

Magnetic moments of even-even nuclei (systematics)

Conclusion Magnetic moments of almost all nuclei are independent of excitation energy and level parity.Coupled neutrons and protons appear to be grouped into dipoles. The doubly magic²⁰⁸Pb nucleus and the neighbouring ones are found to be most complicated, for calculations, since their level magnetic structure is very unstable.Magnetic moments of all even-even nuclei known up to now may be described uniformly.It is necessary to introduce the effective magnetic moments (g-factors) for both protons and neutrons for a certain nucleus individually but according to uniform approach. These effective values are produced by all nucleons of a nucleus.It is possible to speak about transient properties of nuclei if there is a mutual compensation of the proton and neutron effectiveg-factors.The described method — from the experimental regularities via consideration of separate factors with the help of diagrams over the whole region of nuclei — is very convenient for distinguishing new regularities.     

Photodisintegration of Light Nuclei

The first microscopic calculation of inelastic reactions on nuclei with mass number A = 6 is presented. In particular, we consider the total photoabsorption cross section of ⁶He and ⁶Li. It is shown that the halo nucleus ⁶He exhibits two types of dipole resonances, the normal giant dipole resonance and a low-energy soft dipole resonance associated with the excitation of the outer neutrons. Comparing our results with available experimental data we note the role of P-wave interaction. Calculations are performed using the Lorentz integral transform (LIT) method and the effective interaction in the hyperspherical harmonics formalism (EIHH).     

基于相对论平均场理论对超重核冷熔合反应截面的研究

在形变约束的相对论平均场理论框架下计算了合成Z=102—118元素的(可能)冷熔合反应中复合核及蒸发一或两个中子剩余核的位能曲面,得到了复合核和剩余核平衡点和鞍点的性质、静态裂变垒高度和冷熔合反应的最佳入射能;利用壳修正和对修正方法计算了平衡点和鞍点的壳修正能、对修正能和微观能.利用由此得到的壳结构信息,用简单的熔合蒸发唯象模型计算了相应反应的冷熔合截面.结果发现,TM1参数提供的结构性质给出了与实验接近的反应截面.     

Isospin symmetry and giant resonance in nuclei of mass number <Emphasis Type="Italic">A</Emphasis> = 14

An analysis of the cross sections for photon absorption by isobar nuclei ¹⁴C and ¹⁴N in the giant-dipole-resonance region demonstrates a high degree of isospin symmetry for this type of collective excitations in the above nuclei. Giant resonances in A = 14 isobar nuclei are related by a simple rescaling procedure that is based on the fact that, for these nuclei, the isospin remains a good quantum number in the process of dipole excitations of energy up to about 40 MeV. The features of the isospin splitting of the giant resonance in the ¹⁴C nucleus are refined. The shape of the cross section for photoabsorption in the ¹⁴C nucleus—in particular, a large width of the giant resonance in this nucleus—is exhaustively explained.     

Photodisintegration of heavy nuclei in the energy region above the giant dipole resonance

Experimental data on yields of multiparticle photonuclear reactions (involving the emission of up to seven neutrons from the nucleus involved) on ¹⁹⁷Au, ^203,205Tl, and ²⁰⁹Bi nuclei in the region extending from the giant dipole resonance to an energy of 67.7 MeV are presented. These data are compared with the results of modern theoretical calculations that take into account both the excitation of a giant dipole resonance (GDR) in a nucleus and the photodisintegration of quasideutrons (QD) in it. By and large, experimental data confirm the results of theoretical calculations—that is, only upon taking simultaneously into account both alternative photodisintegration mechanisms (GDR excitation and QD photodisintegration) can one describe these experimental data. The contribution of QD photodisintegration grows with increasing photon energy and neutron multiplicity and becomes dominant for reactions involving the emission of not less than five neutrons from the nucleus being considered. The integrated cross sections for the processes in question were estimated on the basis of simultaneously employing experimental yields of multinucleon photonuclear reactions and the respective cross-section shapes calculated theoretically.