Parmotrema cooperi中的新型抗醣化物质和酶抑制剂

地衣是被广泛用于传统药物中的独特个体.本文对一类地衣,Parmotrema cooperi,进行了生物测定引导的植物化学研究和生物活性评价.对该类地衣的首次生物测定引导的化学研究分离出了化合物ethyl heamatomate（1）,atraric acid（2）,ethyl orsellinate（3）,orsellinic acid（4）,lecanoric acid（5）,gyrophoric acid（6）以及licanorin（7）.化合物1～7的结构主要通过一维、二维核磁共振谱和质谱等谱学方法判定.对这些化合物还进行了抗醣化活性以及尿素酶、α-胰凝乳蛋白酶、β-葡萄糖醛酸苷酶抑制活性的评价.这些苯酚化合物没有显示特别好的活性,但其中大部分对蛋白质醣化和尿素酶活性具有较好的抑制作用.     

慈菇蛋白酶抑制剂的抑制特性及其活性中心的探讨

本文采用亲和层析分离纯化了结晶慈菇蛋白酶抑制剂A和B,抑制剂A和B均为双头多功能蛋白酶抑制剂,抑制剂A能同时等当量抑制胰蛋白酶和胰凝乳蛋白酶,对激肽释放酶的抑制作用较弱,抑制剂B能当量抑制2克分子的胰蛋白酶,对激肽释放酶的抑制活力高于抑制剂A,但对胰凝乳蛋白酶的抑制作用远比抑制剂A弱。化学修饰以及胰蛋白酶与胰凝乳蛋白酶对抑制剂A的竞争性结合表明:抑制剂A和B的两个活性中心均为Lys和Arg残基,其中Lys活性中心专一抑制胰蛋白酶,而由Arg活性中心构成的活性区域则表现为多功能,能抑制多种蛋白酶,从抑制剂A和B的结构特征推测,两活性中心应分别为Lys-Ser(44—45)及Arg-Tyr-Lys(76—78),在抑制剂A中还存在一疏水性残基参与对胰凝乳蛋白酶的抑制,此残基位于由Arg活性中心所构成的活性区域中。     

酶促合成肽的研究Ⅰ.亮-月主啡肽色氨酸类似物的酶促合成

早在1937年Bergmann和Fraenkcl-Conrat用木瓜酶作催化剂连接成了羧酰苯胺键,其后Berg-mann和Fruton藉α-胰凝乳蛋白酶的催化连接了二肽,蛋白酶促合成肽的问题在近几年内又引起了人们的兴趣。     

在DMSO-H~2O体系中β-环糊精催化酯水解加速程度误差问题的研究

由于β-环糊精(β-CD)对苯酚酯水解反应的催化机理与胰凝乳蛋白酶的作用机理十分相似,因此以β-CD作为模拟酶的动力学研究已经成为当前该化学领域中的一个重要课题.Breslow等报道,β-CD对2-二茂铁丙烯酸对硝基苯酚酯(1)的酰基转移反应或水解反应的催化加速程度K_c/K_(un)(k_c与k_(un)分别表示在OH~-离子浓度恒定的条件下β-CD存在及不存在时底物水解反应的速率常数)高达3.6×10~5,达到了典型的酶催化反应的数量级,因而引起了人们的广泛注意.     

有机溶剂性质及其水含量对酶催化合成含D－氨基酸残基的二肽衍生物的影响

有机溶剂性质及其水含量对酶催化合成保护的寡肽及其衍生物有显著影响。系 统地研究了有机溶剂性质及在不同有机溶剂中水含量对α－胰凝乳蛋白酶催化合成 含D－氨基酸残基的二肽衍生物产率的影响。用α－胰凝乳蛋白酶、枯草杆菌蛋白 酶和嗜热杆菌蛋白酶在有机溶剂中催化合成了一系列保护的二肽及其衍生物，并研 究了水含量对反应产率的影响，得到了十分有意义的结果。     

四种蛋白水解酶在不同分子筛上的吸附固定

系统研究了α-胰凝乳蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、枯草杆菌蛋白酶和嗜热杆菌蛋白酶4种蛋白水解酶在一系列分子筛上的吸附固定. 所用分子筛载体包括微孔分子筛: HY、NaY、NH4Y、MCM-22、Hβ沸石, 改性Y沸石: HDAY、HNH4DAY以及介孔分子筛MCM-41. 结果表明, 不仅分子筛的结构与酶的性质对酶的固定化量与固定化酶的活性有重要影响, 而且吸附固定化条件如缓冲液的pH值和酶的浓度等对酶的吸附固定化也有显著影响. 在多数情况下, pH值为6时蛋白水解酶在分子筛上的吸附固定化的量较高, 随着pH值进一步升高吸附量降低. 探讨了蛋白水解酶与不同分子筛之间的相互作用, 例如α-胰凝乳蛋白酶在Hβ沸石上吸附固定化量最高, 而固定在MCM-22上的α-胰凝乳蛋白酶的活性最高, 这显然与其吸附状态有关.     

CdTe量子点对胰凝乳蛋白酶的荧光标记

用巯基丙酸作为表面修饰剂在水相中制备了稳定的CdTe纳米量子点.利用量子点外层包被的巯基丙酸上的羧基,实现了量子点与胰凝乳蛋白酶的直接偶联.偶联后溶液的吸光度值略有增大而吸收峰位不变,同时荧光强度明显增强,荧光发射峰位稍有蓝移.通过荧光发射光谱确定了CdTe量子点与胰凝乳蛋白酶偶联的最佳反应条件为:pH 9.0,反应温度37℃,反应时间1.5 h.重点考察了NaCl浓度和胰凝乳蛋白酶浓度对量子点与胰凝乳蛋白酶偶联产物荧光强度的影响.     

磺胺甲基异噁唑作配基的高效亲和色谱分离胰凝乳蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶

用磺胺甲基异噁唑作配基、大孔硅胶为基质的高效亲和色谱分离纯化胰凝乳蛋白酶及胰蛋白酶。20多种蛋白质和酶在该柱上无特异性吸附。磺胺甲基异噁唑在硅胶上的键合量为4．3mg／g；该亲和填料对胰凝乳蛋白酶吸附量为9．6mg／g；两者之间的亲和解离常数K1／M为1×103mol／L。     

HRP/PET自组装酶膜及其在光度分析中的应用

利用静电自组装技术在阴离子化的PET表面组装了单分子层的HRP酶膜 ,通过AFM对膜表面形貌进行了分析。制备的酶自组装膜在4℃的低温条件下 ,密封保存150d后 ,酶活性仍保留80 %以上。以微量比色皿为反应容器 ,考察了酶膜与H2O2 的显色反应动力学 ,该反应的表观米氏常数 Kmapp=3.2×10-5mol·L-1(相对于H2O2 底物) ,显色反应在5min内完成 ,对样品中H2O2 测定的回收率为96.5%～101.1 %。     

非催化及酶催化动力学分析法简介(Ⅵ)

本文分两部分。第一部分简单地介绍了非催化动力学分析法,指出速差动力学分析法对性质相似混合物测定的实用价值,推导了基本方程式及对数外推法处理。第二部分介绍了酶法分析的米氏方程式,指出本法对生命科学的意义,并用实例阐述了在酶活性、底物、活化剂和阻抑制在测定中的应用。     

Bifunctional coumarin derivatives in solution and solid phase synthesis of fluorogenic enzyme substrates

The use of the fluorescent bifunctional compounds 7‐amino‐4‐coumarinyl‐acetic acid 1 , 7‐hydroxy‐4‐coumarinyl‐acetic acid 2 and ethyl 7‐amino‐4‐coumarinyl‐acetate 3 in solution and solid phase synthesis of fluorogenic enzyme substrates was examined. The intramolecularly quenched fluorogenic substrate N‐(7‐amino‐4‐coumarinyl‐acetyl)‐L‐phenylalanyl‐p‐nitroanilide 5 , and the fluorogenic one ethyl 7‐(glutaryl‐L‐phenylalanilamido)‐4‐coumarinyl‐acetate 8 , both suitable for chymotrypsin and/or chymotrypsin like enzymes determination, were prepared in solution. The substrates 7‐oleyloxy‐4‐coumarinyl‐acetic acid 13 and 7‐palmitoyloxy‐4‐coumarinyl‐acetic acid 14 , suitable for the enzymatic study of lipases, were prepared by solid phase technique using 2‐chloro‐chlorotrityl‐resin. The study of the fluorescence properties of the fluorophores 1, 2, 3 , and substrates 5, 8,13,14 showed that the examined bifunctional coumarin derivatives are suitable markers for solution and solid phase synthesis of fluorogenic enzyme substrates.     

Oriented immobilization of chymotrypsin by use of suitable antibodies coupled to a nonporous solid support.

In order to eliminate the kinetic limitation of chymotryptic hydrolysis of proteins due to diffusion, nonporous hydroxyalkyl methacrylate solid support was developed and used for oriented immobilization of chymotrypsin by means of suitable polyclonal antibodies. Nonporous microspheres were prepared by dispersion copolymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and ethylene dimethacrylate in an alcohol-toluene mixture stabilized with cellulose acetate butyrate. The resulting particles were 1.2 microm in diameter and possessed narrow size distribution. After modification with adipic acid dihydrazide they contained 2 micromol of reactive groups available for coupling of anti-chymotrypsin antibodies. Prepared immunosorbent adsorbed 166.7 microg of chymotrypsin per 1 g of dry carrier. Immobilized chymotrypsin retained practically 100% of its native proteolytic activity. Kinetic parameters of catalysis by chymotrypsin immobilized via this way were improved due to the good steric accessibility of the enzyme active site for high-molecular-mass substrates, when digestion of proteins in batch experiments was used.     

含7—氨基—4—甲基香豆素的蛋白酶荧光底物

本文设计并合成了一系列含７－氨基－４－甲基香豆素的肽类荧光底物，通过动力学测定研究了氨基酸结构对底物专一性的影响，发现Ｓｕｃ－Ａｌａ－Ａｌａ－Ｐｈｅ－ＡＭＣ和Ｓｕｃ－Ａｌａ－Ｐｒｏ－Ｐｈｅ－ＡＭＣ是较好的胰凝乳蛋白酶荧光底物。     

An electrophoretic method for the detection of chymotrypsin and trypsin activity directly in whole blood

In biomedical research and clinical diagnostics, it is a major challenge to measure disease‐related degradative enzyme activity directly in whole blood. Present techniques for assaying degradative enzyme activity require sample preparation, which makes the assays time‐consuming and costly. This study now describes a simple and rapid electrophoretic method that allows detection of degradative enzyme activity directly in whole blood using charge‐changing fluorescent peptide substrates. Charge‐changing substrates eliminate the need for sample preparation by producing positively charged cleavage fragments that can be readily separated from the oppositely charged fluorescent substrate and blood components by electrophoresis. Two peptide substrates have been developed for pancreatic α‐chymotrypsin and trypsin. For the first substrate, a detection limit of 3 ng for both α‐chymotrypsin and trypsin was achieved in whole rat blood using a 4% agarose gel. This substrate had minimal cross‐reactivity with the trypsin‐like proteases thrombin, plasmin, and kallikrein. For the second substrate (trypsin‐specific), a detection limit of about 10–20 pg was achieved using thinner higher resolution 20 and 25% polyacrylamide gels. Thus, the new charge changing peptide substrates enable a simple electrophoretic assay format for the measurement of degradative enzyme activity, which is an important step toward the development of novel point‐of‐care diagnostics.     

New renin inhibitors with pseudodipeptidic units in P(1)-P(1') and P(2')-P(3') positions

A series of four new potential renin inhibitors has been synthesized. The structure of the compounds was designed in such a way as to produce agents resistant to enzymatic degradation, metabolically stable, possibly potent and with improved oral absorption. All positions of the 8-13 fragment of the human angiotensinogen were occupied by unnatural units (two unnatural amino acids in positions P(3) and P(2) and two pseudodipeptides in positions P(1)-P(1') and P(2')-P(3')). Both N- and C-terminal functions of the inhibitors were blocked with tert-Boc and ethyl ester groups. Their hydrophobicity evaluated as a log P value, calculated by a computer method, was 6.57 and 6.08 respectively. All peptides were obtained by the carbodiimide method in solution and purified by chromatography on the SiO(2) column. Their resistance to enzymatic degradation was assayed by determination of stability against chymotrypsin activity. The potency was measured in vitro by a spectrofluorimetric method (assay of Leu-Val-Tyr-Ser released from the N-acetyltetradecapeptide substrate by renin in the presence of the inhibitor). All inhibitors were stable to chymotrypsin. Their IC(50) (M/l) values were: 9.6 x 10(-4) (12), 1.6 x 10(-5) (17), 1.0 x 10(-5) (22) and 1.0 x 10(-5) (23) respectively.     

Peptide synthesis by means of immobilized enzymes

-Chymotrypsin covalently bound to silica, enzacryl AA, and enzacryl AH catalyzes peptide bond formation between N-protected dipeptide methyl esters and H-Leu-NH₂ with results similar to those with the free enzyme. The influence of water-miscible and water-immiscible cosolvents, of the supports, and of the structure of the substrates is shown to be of importance for the ease of the chymotrypsin-medicated coupling reactions. The best yields were obtained using biphasic aqueous-organic solvent mixtures, silica-bound chymotrypsin, and substrates with leucine in the P₂-position. The yields of the syntheses are discussed in terms of the reactivity of substrates with similar structure in enzymatic hydrolyses. All the immobilized chymotrypsin preparations could be re-utilized successfully for further couplings. Abbreviations: IUPAC/IUB rules for peptides are followed, see Eur. J. Biochem.27, 201 (1972); Glt=4-carboxybutyrul (glutaryl),-Nan=4-nitroanilide. All amino acids except glycine are of L-configuration.     

Selective inactivation of serine proteases by nonheme iron complexes

Oxidative inactivation of the serine proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin by nonheme iron complexes is described. The nonheme ligands N4Py (1) and derivative 3CG-N4Py (2), which contains a pendant guanidinium group, were used as ligands for iron. Ferryl (Fe(IV)O) species derived from these ligands, [Fe(IV)(O)(N4Py)](2+) (7) and [Fe(IV)(O)(3CG-N4Py)](3+) (8), inactivate trypsin and chymotrypsin by the oxidation of amino acid side chains. Ferryl 8 is most effective with chymotrypsin (IC(50) value of 26 μM for 8 vs 119 μM for 7). IC(50) values of 71 and 54 μM were obtained for trypsin with 7 and 8, respectively. Amino acid analysis confirmed that residues cysteine, tyrosine, and tryptophan are oxidized under these conditions. Trypsin is inactivated preferentially over chymotrypsin under catalytic conditions, where the enzyme was pulsed with H(2)O(2) in the presence of ferrous complexes [Fe(II)(OH(2))(N4Py)](2+)(5) and [Fe(II)(Cl)(3CG-N4Py)](2+) (6). Control experiments support the action of a unique oxidant, other than ferryls or hydroxyl radicals, under these conditions, where tyrosine residues are targeted selectively.     

A method for rapid protease substrate evaluation and optimization

We have developed a high throughput assay for the measurement of protease activity in solution. This technology will accelerate research in functional proteomics and enable biologists to streamline protease substrate evaluation and optimization. The peptide sequences that serve as protease substrates in this assay are labeled on the carboxy terminus with a biotin moiety and a fluorescent tag is attached to the amino terminus. Protease cleavage causes the biotin containing fragment to be detached from the labeled peptide fragment. Following the protease treatment, all biotin containing species (uncleaved substrates and the cleaved carboxy terminal fragment of the substrate) are removed by incubation with streptavidin beads. The cleaved fluorescently labeled amino terminal part of the substrate remains in solution. The measured fluorescence intensity of the solution is directly proportional to the activity of the protease. This assay was validated using trypsin, chymotrypsin, caspase-3, subtilisin-A, enterokinase and tobacco etch virus protease.     

Identification of novel macrocyclic peptidase substrates via on-bead enzymatic cyclization

Peptidase-catalyzed formation of macrocyclic lactams on solid phase identifies ring systems that are favorably bound in the enzyme active site. We evaluated several cyclic peptide motifs linked by ester bonds between the P2 and P1' or the P1 and P2' side chains. The depsipeptide represented by structure 5 was readily generated by a variety of peptidases from precursor omega-amino acids or omega-amino esters. This strategy for identifying ring systems for potential macrocyclic transition state analogues was demonstrated with the serine peptidases trypsin and chymotrypsin, with the aspartic peptidase pepsin, and with the zinc peptidase thermolysin.     

A flow-through enzymatic bioreactor based on immobilized α-chymotrypsin

With the aim to develop a flow-through enzymatic bioreactor based on a macroporous monolithic sorbent, immobilization of chymotrypsin was performed by the reaction of amino groups of the enzyme with epoxy groups of the sorbent. The enzymatic hydrolysis of low- and high-molecular-weight substrates, N-benzoyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester and human serum albumin, was studied.