Full-wave numerical simulation of nonlinear dissipative acoustic standing waves in wind instruments

A finite volume full-wave method is used to simulate nonlinear dissipative acoustic propagation in ducts with a circular cross-section. Thermoviscous dissipative effects, due to bulk viscosity and shear viscosity in the boundary layer adjacent to the duct walls, are also considered. The propagation is assumed to be axisymmetric, and two different geometries are considered: a straight cylindrical tube, and a cylindrical tube joined smoothly to a slowly-flaring bell. Of special interest is the study of the onset of standing waves in the nonlinear regime. The full-wave numerical scheme is particularly well-adapted for this purpose, as it is not necessary to impose boundary conditions at the open end of the duct. A simplified model of excitation is adopted, where the lips are replaced by a spring–mass system which behaves like a pressure valve with a single degree of freedom. The full system behaves as expected, with a feedback cycle established between the pressure valve and the air column. The simulation is validated successfully in the linear regime using a theoretical solution. It is shown that increasing the stiffness of the lips leads to discrete jumps in playing frequency, which is behaviour typical of brass instruments. In the nonlinear regime, shock formation is observed for sufficiently high amplitudes of oscillation, and the radiation of these shock waves by the open end of the ducts can be visualised in the time-domain, along with edge-diffraction effects. The formation and evolution of standing waves in the nonlinear regime, where the effect of these shocks is very noticeable, is also examined.     

On a Rayleigh Wave Equation with Boundary Damping

In this paper an initial-boundary value problem for a weakly nonlinear string (or wave) equation with non-classical boundary conditions is considered. One end of the string is assumed to be fixed and the other end of the string is attached to a dashpot system, where the damping generated by thedashpot is assumed to be small. This problem can be regarded as a simple model describing oscillations of flexible structures such as overhead transmission lines in a windfield. An asymptotic theory for a class ofinitial-boundary value problems for nonlinear wave equations is presented. Itwill be shown that the problems considered are well-posed for all time t. A multiple time-scales perturbation method incombination with the method of characteristics will be used to construct asymptotic approximations of the solution. It will also be shown that all solutions tend to zero for a sufficiently large value of the damping parameter. For smaller values of the damping parameter it will be shown how the string-system eventually will oscillate. Some numerical results are alsopresented in this paper.     

New integral LEM formulae applied to the nonlinear bar

The linear equivalence method (LEM), introduced by [Bull. Math. Soc. Sci. Math. de la Roumanie 24 (72) (1980) 4417; An. Univ. Bucure ti, ser. Matematica 31 (1982) 75] to get solutions of nonlinear ODEs, was used so far to get differential type representations. New LEM representations of integral type are presented here and used for the study of the nonlinear elastic bar; a good approximating formula for the rotation of the cross-section at the bar end is also obtained, in case of a simply supported bar. A parallel old–new results is made by means of a programming code.     

变截面压杆稳定非线性微分方程边值问题的最优化算法研究

针对任意约束类型的变截面受压杆件的稳定临界载荷计算问题,结合非线性微分方程数值算法和最优化方法,以起点边界的初始条件、待求临界荷载和附加约束力为设计变量;以终点边值条件满足的函数关系与位型条件构建目标函数,提出变截面压杆临界载荷和稳定位型的优化求解算法。应用VB编制通用的优化计算程序,分析了典型算例;通过对比发现,本文以较少设计变量实现了临界载荷的高精度计算,为工程应用提供参考。     

Nonlinear Combination of Load Processes

An important problem in structural reliability is the combination of time-variant stochastic loadings. The failure probability in the case of nonlinear combinations of stochastic processes can be approximated by the mean crossing rates of time-variant loadings out of the safe domain of structural states. Except for linearly bounded safe domains, these rates are difficult to compute; therefore, the quality of veirious linearization points is investigated. Comparisons are made of some examples showing that for time-variant problems the Hasofer-Lind point is often suboptimal. A linearization at the point of maximum local outcrossing density might generally produce non-degenerate, sufficiently accurate results.     

Stress resultants plasticity with general closest point projection

In this paper, general closest point projection algorithm is derived for the elastoplastic behavior of a cross-section of a beam finite element. For given section deformations, the section forces (stress resultants) and the section tangent stiffness matrix are obtained as the response for the cross-section. Backward Euler time integration rule is used for the solution of the nonlinear evolution equations. The solution yields the general closest projection algorithm for stress resultants plasticity model. Algorithmic consistent tangent stiffness matrix for the section is derived. Numerical verification of the algorithms in a mixed formulation beam finite element proves the accuracy and robustness of the approach in simulating nonlinear behavior.     

Random uncertainty modeling and vibration analysis of a straight pipe conveying fluid

A new procedure on random uncertainty modeling is presented for vibration analysis of a straight pipe conveying fluid when the pipe is fixed at both ends. Taking real conveying condition into account, several randomly uncertain loads and a motion constraint are imposed on the pipe and its corresponding equations of motion, which are established from the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory and the nonlinear Lagrange strain theory previously. Based on the stochastically nonlinear dynamic theory and the Galerkin method, the equations of motion are reduced to the finite discretized ones with randomly uncertain excitations, from which the vibration characteristics of the pipe are investigated in more detail by some previously developed numerical methods and a specific Poincaré map. It is shown that, the vibration modes change not only with the frequency of the harmonic excitation but also with the strength and spectrum width of the randomly uncertain excitations, quasi-periodic-dominant responses can be observed clearly from the point sets in the Poincaré’s cross-section. Moreover, the nonlinear elastic coefficient and location of the motion constraint can be adjusted properly to reduce the transverse vibration amplitude of the pipe.     

Analysis of nonlinear stability and post-buckling for Euler-type beam-column structure

Based on the assumption of finite deformation, the Hamilton variational principle is extended to a nonlinear elastic Euler-type beam-column structure located on a nonlinear elastic foundation. The corresponding three-dimensional (3D) mathematical model for anaiyzing the nonlinear mechanical behaviors of structures is established, in which the effects of the rotation inertia and the nonlinearity of material and geometry are considered. As an application, the nonlinear stability and the post-buckling for a linear elastic beam with the equal cross-section located on an elastic foundation are analyzed.One end of the beam is fully fixed, and the other end is partially fixed and subjected to an axial force. A new numerical technique is proposed to calculate the trivial solution,bifurcation points, and bifurcation solutions by the shooting method and the Newton-Raphson iterative method. The first and second bifurcation points and the corresponding bifurcation solutions are calculated successfully. The effects of the foundation resistances and the inertia moments on the bifurcation points are considered.     

Vibration analysis of a rod with complex boundary conditions

This paper deals with the forced longitudinal vibration of a rod carrying a concentrated mass and supported by a spring at one end. The vibration of the rod is excited by the motion of the support point at the other end. Since the boundary conditions of the problem are complex and it is necessary to consider the damping, we determine only the steady state periodic solution. First the linear system is analysed; then the material nonlinearity is considered and the approximate analytic solution of nonlinear partial differential equation with nonlinear boundary conditions is obtained by the perturbation method.     

Transversely isoiropic beam under initial stress

Starling from Novozhilov’s nonlinear equations of elasticity by appropriate simplification and integration over the beam cross-section, a linearized set of equations for a transversely isotropic beam under initial non-uniform state of stress is obtained. In the absence of initial stress, the obtained equations are reduced to well-known Timoshenko beam equations.These equations are applied to investigate the vibration and buckling characteristics of a transversely isotropic beam under uniform initial axial force and bending moment.     

Existence and Stability of Multidimensional Transonic Flows through an Infinite Nozzle of Arbitrary Cross-Sections

We establish the existence and stability of multidimensional steady transonic flows with transonic shocks through an infinite nozzle of arbitrary cross-sections, including a slowly varying de Laval nozzle. The transonic flow is governed by the inviscid potential flow equation with supersonic upstream flow at the entrance, uniform subsonic downstream flow at the exit at infinity, and the slip boundary condition on the nozzle boundary. Our results indicate that, if the supersonic upstream flow at the entrance is sufficiently close to a uniform flow, there exists a solution that consists of a C ^1,α subsonic flow in the unbounded downstream region, converging to a uniform velocity state at infinity, and a C ^1,α multidimensional transonic shock separating the subsonic flow from the supersonic upstream flow; the uniform velocity state at the exit at infinity in the downstream direction is uniquely determined by the supersonic upstream flow; and the shock is orthogonal to the nozzle boundary at every point of their intersection. In order to construct such a transonic flow, we reformulate the multidimensional transonic nozzle problem into a free boundary problem for the subsonic phase, in which the equation is elliptic and the free boundary is a transonic shock. The free boundary conditions are determined by the Rankine–Hugoniot conditions along the shock. We further develop a nonlinear iteration approach and employ its advantages to deal with such a free boundary problem in the unbounded domain. We also prove that the transonic flow with a transonic shock is unique and stable with respect to the nozzle boundary and the smooth supersonic upstream flow at the entrance.     

Primary wave transmission in systems of elastic rods with granular interfaces

We study analytically and numerically primary pulse transmission in one dimensional systems of identical linearly elastic non-dispersive rods separated by identical homogeneous granular layers composed of n beads. The beads interact elastically through a strongly (essentially) nonlinear Hertzian contact law. The main challenge in studying pulse transmission in such strongly nonlinear media is to analyze the ‘basic problem’, namely, the dynamical response of a single intermediate granular layer, confined from both ends by barely touching linear elastic rods subject to impulsive excitation of the left rod. The analysis of the basic problem is carried out under two basic assumptions; namely, of sufficiently small duration of the shock excitation applied to the first layer of the system, and of sufficiently small mass of each bead in the granular interface compared to the mass of each rod. In fact, the smallness of the mass of the bead defines the small parameter in the asymptotic analysis of this problem. Both assumptions are reasonable from the point of view of practical applications. In the analysis we focus only in primary pulse propagation, by neglecting secondary pulse reflections caused by wave scattering at each granular interface and considering only the transmission of the main (primary) pulse across the interface to the neighboring elastic rod. Two types of shock excitations are considered. The first corresponds to fixed time duration (but still much smaller compared to the characteristic time of pulse propagation through the length of each rod), whereas the second type corresponds to a pulse duration that depends on the small parameter of the problem. The influence of the number of beads of the granular interface on the primary wave transmission is studied, and it is shown that at granular interfaces with a relatively low number of beads fast time scale oscillations are excited with increasing amplitudes with increasing number of beads. For a larger number of beads, primary pulse transmission is by means of solitary wave trains resulting from the dispersion of the original shock pulse; in that case fast oscillations result due to interference phenomena caused by the scattering of the main pulse at the boundary of the interface. Considering a periodic system of rods we demonstrate significant reduction of the primary pulse when transmitted through a sequence of granular interfaces. This result highlights the efficacy of applying granular interfaces for passive shock mitigation in layered elastic media.     

Energy Transfers in a System of Two Coupled Oscillators with Essential Nonlinearity: 1:1 Resonance Manifold and Transient Bridging Orbits

The purpose of this study is to highlight and explain the vigorous energy transfers that may take place in a linear oscillator weakly coupled to an essentially nonlinear attachment, termed a nonlinear energy sink. Although these energy exchanges are encountered during the transient dynamics of the damped system, it is shown that the dynamics can be interpreted mainly in terms of the periodic orbits of the underlying Hamiltonian system. To this end, a frequency-energy plot gathering the periodic orbits of the system is constructed which demonstrates that, thanks to a 1:1 resonance capture, energy can be irreversibly and almost completely transferred from the linear oscillator to the nonlinear attachment. Furthermore, it is observed that this nonlinear energy pumping is triggered by the excitation of transient bridging orbits compatible with the nonlinear attachment being initially at rest, a common feature in most practical applications. A parametric study of the energy exchanges is also performed to understand the influence of the parameters of the nonlinear energy sink. Finally, the results of experimental measurements supporting the theoretical developments are discussed. This study was carried out while the author was a postdoctoral fellow at the National Technical University of Athens and at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.     

Impulsive loading of ideal fibre-reinforced rigid-plastic beams—III Cantilever beam

The theory outlined in Part I is applied to the problem of a cantilever beam struck transversely at any point by a mass which subsequently adheres to the beam. In the subsequent motion, slope and velocity discontinuities propagate outwards from the point of impact. Solutions for the velocity and deflection of the various segments of the beam are obtained for the case of linear strain-hardening, and simpler approximate solutions are derived for the case of low impact velocity and/or slight strain-hardening. The discontinuity propagating towards the free end of the beam always comes to rest before it reaches this end, but for sufficiently high values of impact mass and velocity, and a strain-hardening parameter, one or more reflections of the discontinuity may occur at the fixed end of the beam and at the point of impact.     

Studies of nonlinear deformation and stability of oval and elliptic cylindrical shells under axial compression

The stability of noncircular shells, in contrast to that of circular ones, has not been studied sufficiently well yet. The publications about circular shells are counted by thousands, but there are only several dozens of papers dealing with noncircular shells. This can be explained on the one hand by the fact that such shells are less used in practice and on the other hand by the difficulties encountered when solving problems involving a nonconstant curvature radius, which results in the appearance of variable coefficients in the stability equations. The well-known solutions of stability problems were obtained by analytic methods and, as a rule, in the linear approximation without taking into account the moments and nonlinearity of the shell precritical state, i.e., in the classical approximation. Here we use the finite element method in displacements to solve the problem of geometrically nonlinear deformation and stability of cylindrical shells with noncircular contour of the transverse cross-section. We use quadrilateral finite elements of shells of natural curvature. In the approximations to the element displacements, we explicitly distinguish the displacements of elements as rigid bodies. We use the Lagrange variational principle to obtain a nonlinear system of algebraic equations for determining the unknown nodal finite elements. We solve the system by a step method with respect to the load using the Newton-Kantorovich linearization at each step. The linear systems are solved by the Kraut method. The critical loads are determined with the use of the Silvester stability criterion when solving the nonlinear problem. We develop an algorithm for solving the problem numerically on personal computers. We also study the nonlinear deformation and stability of shells with oval and elliptic transverse cross-section in a wide range of variations in the ovalization and ellipticity parameters. We find the critical loads and the shell buckling modes. We also examine how the critical loads are affected by the strain nonlinearity and the ovalization and ellipticity of shells.     

确定悬索桥主缆成桥线形的参数方程法

假设悬索桥主缆自重沿弧长均匀分布,加劲梁、桥面等其余恒载沿水平均匀分布,导出了悬索桥主缆成桥线形的参数方程解。然后由边界条件及连续性条件,建立了确定主缆成桥线形的非线性方程组。根据中跨方程组可求出成桥状态主缆张力水平分量和中跨端点处对应的参数,再由中跨与边跨主缆张力水平分量相等的假定,根据边跨方程组来确定边跨端点处的参数。这样,主缆吊点坐标计算最终被转换成求解一个非线性方程。本文采用拟牛顿法求解非线性方程组,采用对分法求解非线性方程,算例结果表明本文方法具有适合程序计算、收敛速度快、计算精度较高的特点。     

Global nonlinear stability in the Bénard problem for a mixture near the bifurcation point

The nonlinear stability of the motionless state of a binary fluid mixture heated and salted from below, in the Oberbeck-Boussinesq scheme, for stress-free and rigid-rigid boundary conditions and Schmidt numbers P_C greater than Prandtl numbers P_T, is studied in the region around the bifurcation point of linear instability. An improvement of the results in Mulone [11] is found for small values of p = P _C /P _T and P_T. For p sufficiently large the critical nonlinear Rayleigh number is very close to the linear one (with relative difference less than in the sea water case) Received December 12, 2002 / Published online April 23, 2003 RID="a" ID="a" e-mail: mbasurto@dmi.unict.it RID="b" ID="b" e-mail: lombardo@dmi.unict.it ID="Communicated by Brian Straugham, Durham"     

Interactive buckling in long thin-walled rectangular hollow section struts

An analytical model describing the nonlinear interaction between global and local buckling modes in long thin-walled rectangular hollow section struts under pure compression founded on variational principles is presented. A system of nonlinear differential and integral equations subject to boundary conditions is formulated and solved using numerical continuation techniques. For the first time, the equilibrium behaviour of such struts with different cross-section joint rigidities is highlighted with characteristically unstable interactive buckling paths and a progressive change in the local buckling wavelength. With increasing joint rigidity within the cross-section, the severity of the unstable post-buckling behaviour is shown to be mollified. The results from the analytical model are validated using a nonlinear finite element model developed within the commercial package Abaqus and show excellent comparisons. A simplified method to calculate the local buckling load of the more compressed web undergoing global buckling and the corresponding global mode amplitude at the secondary bifurcation is also developed. Parametric studies on the effect of varying the length and cross-section aspect ratio are also presented that demonstrate the effectiveness of the currently developed models.     

Postbuckling of elastic beam subjected to a concentrated moment within the span length of beam

This paper aims to present the exact closed form solutions and postbuckling behavior of the beam under a concentrated moment within the span length of beam. Two approaches are used in this paper. The nonlinear governing differential equations based on elastica theory are derived and solved analytically for the exact closed form solutions in terms of elliptic integral of the first and second kinds. The results are presented in graphical diagram of equilibrium paths, equilibrium configurations and critical loads. For validation of the results from the first approach, the shooting method is employed to solve a set of nonlinear differential equations with boundary conditions. The set of nonlinear governing differential equations are integrated by using Runge–Kutta method fifth order with adaptive step size scheme. The error norms of the end conditions are minimized within prescribed tolerance (10⁻⁵). The results from both approaches are in good agreement. From the results, it is found that the stability of this type of beam exhibits both stable and unstable configurations. The limit load point existed. The roller support can move through the hinged support in some cases of β and leads to the more complex of the configuration shapes of the beam.     

Dynamics of cantilevered pipes conveying fluid. Part 1: Nonlinear equations of three-dimensional motion

In a three-part study, the first part being this paper, the investigation of the three-dimensional nonlinear dynamics of unrestrained and restrained cantilevered pipes conveying fluid is undertaken. The full derivation of the equations of motion in three dimensions for the plain cantilevered pipe is presented first in this paper, using a modified version of Hamilton's principle, adapted for an open system. Intermediate (between the clamped and free end) nonlinear spring constraints are then incorporated into the equations of motion via the method of virtual work. Furthermore, a point mass fixed at the free end of the pipe is also added to the system. The equations of motion are presented in dimensionless form and then discretized with Galerkin's method.