Direct pyrolysis and ultrasound assisted preparation of N,S co-doped graphene/Fe3C nanocomposite as an efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions

Bifunctional electrocatalysts to enable efficient oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are essential for fabricating high performance metal–air batteries and fuel cells. Here, a defect rich nitrogen and sulfur co-doped graphene/iron carbide (NS-GR/Fe₃C) nanocomposite as an electrocatalyst for ORR and OER is demonstrated. An ink of NS-GR/Fe₃C is developed by homogeneously dispersing the catalyst in a Nafion containing solvent mixture using an ultrasonication bath (Model-DC150H; power − 150 W; frequency − 40 kHz). The ultrasonically prepared ink is used for preparing the electrode for electrochemical studies. In the case of ORR, the positive half-wave potential displayed by NS-GR/Fe₃C is 0.859 V (vs. RHE) and for the OER, onset potential is 1.489 V (vs. RHE) with enhanced current density. The optimized NS–GR/Fe₃C electrode exhibited excellent ORR/OER bifunctional activities, high methanol tolerance and excellent long-term cycling stability in an alkaline medium. The observed onset potential for NS–GR/Fe₃C electrocatalyst is comparable with the commercial noble metal catalyst, thereby revealing one of the best low-cost alternative air–cathode catalysts for the energy conversion and storage application.     

Ultrasound-assisted transformation from waste biomass to efficient carbon-based metal-free pH-universal oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts

Efficient carbon-based nitrogen-doped electrocatalysts derived from waste biomass are regarded as a promising alternative to noble metal catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), which is crucial to fuel cell performance. Here, coconut palm leaves are employed as the carbon source and a series of nitrogen-doped porous carbons were prepared by virtue of a facile and mild ultrasound-assisted method. The obtained carbon material (ANDC-900-10) conveys excellent pH-universal catalytic activity with onset potentials (E_onset) of 1.01, 0.91 and 0.84 V vs. RHE, half-wave potentials (E_1/2) of 0.87, 0.74 and 0.66 V vs. RHE and limiting current densities (J_L) of 5.50, 5.45 and 4.97 mA cm⁻² in alkaline, neutral and acidic electrolytes, respectively, prevailing over the commercial Pt/C catalyst and, what's more, ANDC-900-10 displays preeminent methanol crossover resistance and long-term stability in the broad pH range (0–13), thanks to its abundant hierarchical nanopores as well as effective nitrogen doping with high-density pyridinic-N and graphitic-N. This work provides sonochemical insight for underpinning the eco-friendly approach to rationally designing versatile metal-free carbon-based catalysts toward the ORR at various pH levels.     

Electrocatalytically Active Hollow Carbon Nanospheres Derived from PS‐b‐P4VP Micelles

A facile method using polystyrene‐b‐poly(4‐vinyl pyridine) (PS‐b‐P4VP) micelles is demonstrated to synthesize N/FeN₄‐doped hollow carbon nanospheres (N/FeN₄‐CHNS) with high electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reactions (ORRs). Uniform spherical micelles with PS core and P4VP shell are prepared by exposing PS‐b‐P4VP in a mixture of ethanol/tetrahydrofuran. Pyridinic N in shell cooperates with Fe³⁺ to induce an in situ polymerization of pyrrole. Tuning molecular composition of PS‐b‐P4VP can form hollow carbon spheres with controlled size down to sub‐100 nm that remains challenge using traditional hard template strategies. N/FeN₄‐CHNS possesses a series of desirable properties as electrode materials, including easy fabrication, high reproducibility, large surface area, and highly accessible porous surface. This electrocatalyst exhibits excellent ORR activity (onset potential of 0.976 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and half‐wave potential of 0.852 V vs RHE), higher than that of commercial Pt/C (20 wt%) in an alkaline media, and shows a good activity in an acidic media as well. In addition to its higher stability and methanol tolerance than Pt/C in both alkaline and acidic electrolytes, highly competitive single cell performance is achieved in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. This work provides a general approach to preparing functionalized small hollow nanospheres based on self‐assembly of block copolymers.     

Reduced Graphene Oxide decorated with Manganese Cobalt Oxide as Multifunctional Material for Mechanically Rechargeable and Hybrid Zinc–Air Batteries

Spinel MnCo₂O₄ nanoparticles on nitrogen‐doped reduced graphene oxide (MnCo₂O₄/NGr) are synthesized for advanced zinc–air batteries with remarkable cyclic efficiency and stability. The synthesized MnCo₂O₄/NGr exhibits good oxygen‐reduction reaction (ORR) activity with half‐wave potential E _1/2 of 0.85 V (vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE)), comparable to commercial Pt/C with E _1/2 of 0.88 V (vs RHE) along with superior oxygen electrode activity ΔE = 0.91 V for the ORR/OER (oxygen‐evolution reaction) in alkaline media. Durability tests confirm that MnCo₂O₄/NGr is more stable than Pt/C in alkaline environment. MnCo₂O₄/NGr functions with stable discharge profile of 1.2 V at 20 mA cm^?2, large discharge capacity of 707 mAh g^?1_Zn at 40 mA cm^?2 and a high energy density of 813 Wh kg^?1_Zn in a mechanically rechargeable zinc–air battery. The electrically rechargeable MnCo₂O₄/NGr zinc–air battery displays hybrid behavior with both Faradaic and oxygen redox charge–discharge characteristics, operating at higher voltage and providing higher power density and excellent cyclic efficiency of 86% for over 100 cycles compared to Pt/C with efficiency of around 60%. Moreover, hybrid zinc–air battery operates with a stable and energy efficient profile at different current densities.     

Co9S8 Nanoparticles Incorporated in Hierarchically Porous 3D Few‐Layer Graphene‐Like Carbon with S,N‐Doping as Superior Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), using nonprecious metal catalysts, has attracted great attention due to the importance in renewable energy technologies, such as fuel cells and metal–air batteries. A simple and scalable synthetic route is demonstrated for the preparation of a novel 3D hybrid nanocatalyst consisting of Co₉S₈ nanoparticles which are incorporated in N,S‐doped carbon (N, S–C) with rational structure design. In particular, the hybrid catalyst is prepared by direct pyrolysis and calcination of a gel mixture of Mg,Co nitrate‐thiourea‐glycine under Ar atmosphere, with subsequent HCl washing. The properties of obtained hybrid catalyst are quite dependent on calcination temperature and added glycine amount. Under a molar ratio of Co5‐Mg15‐tu10‐gl45 and a calcination temperature of 900 °C, Co₉S₈ nanoparticles are embedded in a well‐developed carbon matrix which shows a porous 3D few‐layer graphene‐like N, S–C with open and hierarchical micro–meso–macro pore structure. Because of the synergistic effect between Co₉S₈ nanoparticles and well‐developed carbon support, the composite exhibits high ORR activity close to that of commercial Pt/C catalyst. More importantly, the composite displays superior long‐term stability and good tolerance against methanol. The strategy developed here provides a novel and efficient approach to prepare a cost‐effective and highly active ORR electrocatalyst.     

Highly Strong Interaction between Fe/Fe3C Nanoparticles and N-Doped Carbon toward Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Reaction Performance

Transition metal compounds anchored on N-doped carbon (NC) show intrinsic activity and stability for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, the interaction between the transition metal compounds and NC still needs to be strengthened for electron transfer at the compounds/carbon interface. Herein, Fe/Fe₃C hybrid nanoparticles encapsulated into N-doped carbon (Fe@NC) are used as high-performance ORR catalysts. Benefiting from the strong interaction at Fe/Fe₃C nanoparticles/NC interface, the electrons can transfer from Fe/Fe₃C hybrid nanoparticles to NC, redistributing the electron density of active sites and promoting the ORR process. The as-synthesized Fe@NC exhibits outstanding ORR catalytic activity with an onset potential of 1.01 V and a half-wave potential of 0.92 V in alkaline media. It also shows prominent cycling stability and tolerance to methanol crossover, superior to Pt/C catalyst. The theoretical analysis reveals that the Fe nanoparticles have regulated the electron distributions at the heterojunction interface. The Gibbs free energy diagrams for ORR illustrate that the rate-determining step is the conversion of OH* to OH⁻. In situ Raman spectra give evidence of O-containing intermediates to prove the ORR process.     

NiWO3 Nanoparticles Grown on Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g‐C3N4) Supported Toray Carbon as an Efficient Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for Oxygen and Hydrogen Evolution Reactions

Catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are at the heart of water oxidation reactions. Despite continuous efforts, the development of OER/HER electrocatalysts with high activity at low cost remains a big challenge. Herein, a composite material consisting of TC@WO₃@g‐C₃N₄@Ni‐NiO complex matrix as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for the OER and HER is described. Though the catalyst has modest activity for HER, it exhibits high OER activity thereby making it a better nonprecious electrocatalyst for both OER and HER and is further improved by g‐C₃N₄. The catalytic activity arises from the synergetic effects between WO₃, Ni‐NiO, and g‐C₃N₄. A Ni‐NiO alloy and WO₃ nanoparticles decorated on the g‐C₃N₄ surface supported toray carbon (TC) matrix (TC@WO₃@g‐C₃N₄@Ni‐NiO) by a facile route that show an excellent and durable bifunctional catalytic activity for OER and HER in the alkaline medium are developed. This carbon nitride with binary metal/metal‐oxide matrix supported with TC exhibit an overpotential of 0.385 and 0.535 V versus RHE at a current density of 10 mA cm^?2 (Tafel slopes of 0.057 and 0.246 V dec^?1 for OER and HER, respectively), in 0.1 m NaOH . The catalyst is tested in water electrolysis for 17 h.     

Co3O4 Hollow Polyhedrons as Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Reduction and Evolution Reactions of Oxygen

It is very important to exploit low‐cost and efficient oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts for the development of renewable‐energy conversion and storage techniques. Although much attention has been made to develop efficient catalysts for ORR and OER, it is still highly desired to create new bifunctional catalysts. In this study, Co₃O₄ hollow polyhedrons are synthesized as efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for ORR and OER by simple one‐step annealing Co‐centered metal–organic frameworks (ZIF‐67). Due to the large specific surface areas and high porosity, the as‐prepared Co₃O₄ hollow polyhedrons exhibit excellent electrocatalytic activities for ORR and OER in alkaline media. Co₃O₄ hollow polyhedrons show higher peak current density (0.61 mA cm^?2) with four‐electron pathway than Co₃O₄ particles (0.39 mA cm^?2), better methanol tolerance and superior durability (82.6%) than commercial Pt/C electrocatalyst (58.6%) for ORR after 25 000 s. In addition, Co₃O₄ hollow polyhedrons also display excellent OER performances with smaller overpotential (536 mV) for 10 mA cm^?2 than Co₃O₄ particles (593 mV) and superior stability (86.5%) after 25 000 s. This facile one‐step strategy based on metal–organic frameworks self‐sacrificed templates can be used to develop the promising well‐defined porous hollow metal oxides electrode materials for energy conversion and storage technologies.     

In situ,facile synthesis of La<Subscript>0.8</Subscript>Sr<Subscript>0.2</Subscript>MnO<Subscript>3</Subscript>/nitrogen-doped graphene: a high-performance catalyst for rechargeable Li-O<Subscript>2</Subscript> batteries

We have successfully devised a simple method to synthesize La_0.8Sr_0.2MnO₃ with nitrogen-doped graphene composites (LSM/NrGO) and investigated their catalytic performance in the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Interestingly, the LSM/NrGO composites demonstrate outstanding catalytic performance in ORR, including high limiting current density and superior onset potential, compared to bare LSM nanocrystals or nitrogen-doped graphene, showing a performance close to that of commercial Pt/C. Moreover, Li-O₂ batteries assembled based on the LSM/NrGO catalysts exhibited brilliant performance, especially during long-term cycling, where the terminal discharge voltage still exceeded 2.31 V after 360 cycles. The excellent catalytic performance is mainly attributed to the large specific surface area (152.24 m² g^?1) of the materials, which provides many catalytic active sites, and the mesoporous structure (2 to 50 nm), which can facilitate the penetration of oxygen molecules into the surface of the nanoparticles and mass transfer.     

B,N-codoped 3D micro-/mesoporous carbon nanofibers web as efficient metal-free catalysts for oxygen reduction

B, N-codoped carbon nanofibers were massively prepared by heat treatment of electrospun carbon nanofibers with the mixture of boric acid/urea in N₂ (BNC_f-N) and subsequently activated in NH₃ (BNC_f-NA). The directly electrospun self-standing 3D non woven structure with void spaces between each fiber facilitates the mass transport of reactant and resulted molecules. Further NH₃ activation gives BNC_f-NA a high surface area of 306.3 m² g⁻¹ with micro/mesoporous structure, providing abundant passageway for proton transfer. Simultaneously, NH₃ activation also realizes the optimization of surface functionalities, such as more B–N–C and pyridinic-N. These intriguing features render BNC_f-NA excellent catalytic behavior with nearly four-electron oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) process in alkaline media, especially much better stability and methanol tolerance than the commercial Pt/C catalyst. Our work provides a large-scale preparation method for efficient metal-free catalysts toward ORR, thus further intensifying the commercial application of fuel cells.     

Octahedral to Cuboctahedral Shape Transition in 6 nm Pt3Ni Nanocrystals for Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalysis

Pt₃Ni stands as one of the most active electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The activity varies with the morphology of the nanocrystals with a high activity observed for the octahedral shape where only the high density {111} crystallographic planes are exposed. Herein, the synthesis of 6 nm Pt₃Ni octahedral nanocrystals with a Pt enriched shell or cuboctahedral nanocrystals with a Ni enriched shell is described. Interestingly, the cuboctahedral nanocrystals display a six-pointed star/skeleton of platinum, which features a very uncommon atomic distribution. In the synthesis, a decrease in the oxygen partial pressure induces the transition from octahedral to cuboctahedral morphology. The octahedral and cuboctahedral nanocrystals both demonstrate high ORR activity (1.1 mA cm⁻²_Pt and 1.2 A mg⁻¹_Pt at 0.9 V vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) are the highest values obtained for PtNi-20 and PtNi-15, respectively). After exposure to oxidative conditions in the acidic electrolyte, the cuboctahedral nanoparticles with a pristine Ni-rich skin show a Pt skin and retain their cuboctahedral morphology.     

Electroreduction of oxygen on Pd catalysts supported on Ti-modified carbon

Carbon supports modified with well dispersed anatase TiO₂ (C–Ti-X; X (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0) represents mass ratio of Ti precursor to carbon) were synthesized with various Ti loadings and used to support Pd catalysts for oxygen reduction. The anatase nanoparticles increased in size with increasing Ti loading. Pd dispersion improved with increasing Ti loading up to the C–Ti-0.75, which resulted in the best catalytic activity. Although the Pd dispersion was lowest on the C–Ti-1.0, it showed better catalytic performance than the catalysts supported on C–Ti-0.25 and C–Ti-0.5. At 0.8 V (vs. RHE), the best catalytic activity achieved was respectively 2.7 and 2.7 times the mass and specific activities of Pd supported on un-modified carbon. The interaction between Pd and highly dispersed TiO₂ is believed to improve the catalytic activity of Pd supported on TiO₂-modified carbons.     

室温合成非晶三硫化钼析氢催化剂的性能调制以及其在串联制氢器件中的应用

高催化活性、低成本、良好工艺兼容性以及高稳定性的析氢催化剂是实现一体化光电化学水解制氢器件的关键, 然而传统的贵金属催化剂由于储量稀缺、成本高昂而严重限制了光电化学水解制氢器件的产业化进程. 本文在室温下通过湿法化学合成法制备了高催化活性、成本低廉以及工艺兼容性好的非金属非晶三硫化钼析氢催化剂, 并研究了不同催化剂滴涂量对其催化活性以及串联制氢器件制氢性能的影响. 结果表明, 存在最优化非晶三硫化钼催化剂滴涂量以获得最佳催化活性(10 mA/cm²电流密度对应电势达260 mV vs. RHE(可逆氢电极), 塔菲尔斜率达68 mV/dec), 其粗糙表面以及多孔结构可获得更大的电化学接触面积以促进析氢反应. 进一步将其作为光阴极应用于串联制氢器件, 可有效降低过电势损失和提高光生电流密度输出, 与光阳极结合有望提高制氢效率.     

Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon with Mesopore Confinement Efficiently Enhances the Tolerance,Sensitivity, and Stability of a Pt Catalyst for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) present some of the most challenging vulnerability issues reducing ORR performance and shortening their practical lifetime. Fuel crossover resistance, selective activity, and catalytic stability of ORR catalysts are still to be addressed. Here, a facile and in situ template‐free synthesis of Pt‐containing mesoporous nitrogen‐doped carbon composites (Pt‐m‐N‐C) is designed and specifically developed to overcome its drawback as an electrocatalyst for ORR, while its high activity is sustained. The as‐prepared Pt‐m‐N‐C catalyst exhibits high electrocatalytic activity, dominant four‐electron oxygen reduction pathway, superior stability, fuel crossover resistance, and selective activity to a commercial Pt/C catalyst in 0.1 m KOH aqueous solution. Such excellent performance benefits from in situ covalent incorporation of Pt nanoparticles with optimal size into N‐doped carbon support, dense active catalytic sites on surface, excellent electrical contacts between the catalytic sites and the electron‐conducting host, and a favorable mesoporous structure for the stabilization of the Pt nanoparticles by pore confinement and diffusion of oxygen molecules.     

Highly Efficient Bifunctional Catalyst of NiCo2O4@NiO@Ni Core/Shell Nanocone Array for Stable Overall Water Splitting

Electrochemical splitting of water is an efficient way to produce clean energy for energy storage and conversion devices. Herein, 3D hierarchical NiCo₂O₄@NiO@Ni core/shell nanocone arrays (NAs) are reported on Ni foam for stable overall water splitting with high efficiency. The architecture and composition of the 3D catalysts are particularly tuned. The outstanding structural and component features of the as‐prepared 3D catalysts are characterized by the vertically grown NiCo₂O₄ nanocone/NiO nanosheet core/shell structure and Ni decorated 3D‐conductive networks, which largely prompt the catalytic performance. The hybrid catalyst with core/shell nanocone array structures exhibits superior bifuncational activities for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with an overpotential of 240 and 120 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm^?2, respectively. The Tafel slope of the optimal 3D electrode is about 43 and 58 mV dec^?1 in an alkaline electrolyte for OER and HER, respectively. An alkaline electrolyzer constructed by two symmetric NiCo₂O₄@NiO@Ni electrodes delivers splendid activity toward overall water splitting with a current of 10 mA cm^?2 at only ≈1.60 V and almost no deactivation after 10 h. This work provides a promising strategy to design ternary core/shell electrodes as high performance Janus catalysts for overall water splitting.     

A Highly Effective,Stable Oxygen Evolution Catalyst Derived from Transition Metal Selenides and Phosphides

Recently, transition metal chalcogenides and phosphides have been increasingly reported as efficient and stable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts in alkaline medium, despite the fact that they are thermodynamically unstable under highly oxidative potentials. Here the active forms of these materials are elucidated by synthesizing a hybrid catalyst, which has a metal chalcogenide in the form of CoSe₂ and metal phosphide in the form of CoP—CoSe₂|CoP. Both CoSe₂ and CoP in the as‐prepared catalyst are completely transformed into their respective oxyhydroxides and hydroxides, which are, in fact, the true OER‐active species in alkaline medium and not the selenide and phosphide themselves. The derived oxides from the hybrid catalyst deliver an excellent OER activity by reaching a current density of 10 mA cm⁻² at a low overpotential of 240 mV (vs reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE)) and a Tafel slope of 46.6 mV dec⁻¹. The stability of the derived oxyhydroxide/hydroxide catalyst shows no appreciable deactivation during 120 h of continuous electrolysis, displaying an extraordinary operational stability.     

Selective Etching of N‐Doped Graphene Meshes as Metal‐Free Catalyst with Tunable Kinetics,High Activity and the Origin of New Catalytic Behaviors

New N‐doped reduced graphene oxide (N‐RGO) meshes are facile fabricated by selective etching of 3–5 nm nanopores, with controllable doping of N dopants at an ultrahigh N/C ratio up to 15.6 at%, from pristine graphene oxide sheets in one‐pot hydrothermal reaction. The N‐RGO meshes are illustrated to be an efficient metal‐free catalyst toward hydrogenation of 4‐nitrophenol, with new catalytic behaviors emerging in following three aspects: (i) tunable kinetics following pseudofirst order from commonly observed pseudozero order; (ii) strikingly improved activity with 26‐fold increased rate constant (1.0 s⁻¹ g⁻¹ L); (iii) no induction time required prior to reaction due to depressed back conversion, and dramatically decreased apparent activation energy (E_a) (17 kJ mol⁻¹). The origin of these new catalytic properties can be assigned to the synergetic effects between graphitic N doping and structural defects arising from nanopores. Deeper understanding unveils that the concentration of graphitic N is inverse proportion to E_a, while the pyrrolic N has no impact on this reaction, and oxygenate groups hampers it. The porous nature allows the N‐RGO meshes to conduct catalyze reactions in continuous flow fashion.     

超小金纳米团簇的电催化氧还原性质

Ultrasmall gold nanoclusters consisting of 2-4 Au atoms were synthesized and their performance in electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reactions (ORR) was examined. These clusters were synthesized by exposing AuPPh₃Cl to the aqueous ammonia medium for one week. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses indicate that the as-synthesized gold clusters (abbreviated as Au_x) consist of 2-4 Au atoms coordinated by the triphenylphosphine, hydroxyl, and adsorbed oxygen ligands. A glassy carbon disk electrode loaded with the Au_x clusters (Au_x/GC) was characterized by the cyclic and linear-sweep voltammetry for ORR. The cyclic voltammogram vs. RHE shows the onset potential of 0.87 V, and the kinetic parameters of J_K at 0.47 V and the electron-transfer number per oxygen molecule were calculated to be 14.28 mA/cm² and 3.96 via the Koutecky-Levich equations, respectively.     

A facile sonochemical route for the synthesis of MoS2/Pd composites for highly efficient oxygen reduction reaction

For the alkaline fuel cell cathode reaction, it is very essential to develop novel catalysts with superior catalytic properties. Here, we report the synthesis of highly active and stable MoS₂/Pd composites for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), via a simple, eco-friendly sonochemical method. The bulk MoS₂ was first transformed into single and few layers MoS₂ nanosheets through ultrasonic exfoliation. Then the exfoliated MoS₂ nanosheets served as supporting materials for the nucleation and further in-situ growth of Pd nanoparticles to form MoS₂/Pd composites via ultrasonic irradiation. Cyclic voltammetry and rotating disk voltammetry measurements demonstrate that as-prepared MoS₂/Pd composites which provides a direct four-electron pathway for the ORR, have better electrocatalytic activity, long-term operation stability than commercial Pt/C catalyst. We expect that the present work would provide a promising strategy for the development of efficient oxygen reduction electrocatalyst. In addition, this study can also be extended to the preparation of other hybrid with desirable morphologies and functions.     

无表面活性剂Pt和PtRu纳米粒子制备及其甲醇氧化活性

利用一种简单的方法制备不含任何表面活性剂并具有高甲醇氧化活性的Pt和PtRu纳米电催化剂. 以CO为还原剂, CO和多壁碳纳米管(MWCNT_s)为保护剂和载体,通过一步反应得到沉积在多壁碳纳米管上Pt纳米粒子,在制备过程中无需使用任何有机溶剂或表面活性剂. 利用循环伏安法和计时电流法表征了所合成催化剂的甲醇氧化活性,甲醇氧化的峰电位(ca. 0.9 V vs. RHE)处的电流密度和比质量电流高达11.6 mA/cm² 和860 mA/mg_Pt. 在Pt/MWCNT_s表面电沉积Ru后,催化剂在低电位处的甲醇氧化活性得到提高,其在0.5和0.6 V的稳态比质量电流分别达到了20和80 mA/mg.